Zhu Kuizang: Mao Zedong Ink Treasure
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Some time ago, the Western media reported and publicized the excavation of a large gram of gold coin of Eukratis I of the ancient Greek Pontus kingdom known as the "Emperor" by posterity in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan reminds China!
Coincidentally, in Chinese cellars, large grams of gold coins were found in the ancient Greek kingdom of Pontus.
Only one Eukratis I gold coin was found in Afghanistan, and this batch of gold coins, only Eucratis I gold coins, has two kinds, which are displayed below.
Diameter: 35mm, weight: 46 grams
The ancient Greek kingdom of Pontus, Eucrates I's large-gram heavy gold coin, which appeared in the cellar in China, is the same pattern as the large-gram heavy gold coin of Eucratis I found in Afghanistan.
The obverse of the coin is a statue of Eucrates I wearing a ridged helmet, the outer edge of the coin is decorated with a bamboo bead ring, and the reverse of the coin is a horseback statue of the Roman archaeoptery, the Brothers of Dioscuri the Constellation, holding spears and palm branches;
The upper half-ring arranges the Greek inscription "ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ" (translated as Eucrates), and in front of the horse's leg in the lower right corner is the mint logo.
The Greek inscription below reads "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ" (translated as: King, Savior).
Diameter: 33mm, weight: 42.5 grams
The ancient Greek Pontus kingdom euclidean heavy gold coin that appeared in China is not the same pattern as the eucratic I large gram gold coin found in Afghanistan.
The obverse of the coin is a ridged helmet of Eucrates I, the outer edge of the coin is decorated with a bamboo bead ring; on the back of the coin is a horseback statue of the Roman archaeoptery, the Geisha Brothers Dioscury holding palm branches;
It is another version of gold coins.
Gold coins of the Kingdom of Pontus appear in China: Mithradatis VI (121-63 BC) large gram heavy gold coins (42.4 grams), with the head of King Mithradatis with a headband on the front; the back is a wreath of vines and fruits, the Pegasus grazing on the bow of the head, the crescent moon in front of the horse's head; the text is "Born Noble King Mithradatis".
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Because of the importance of ancient Greek coins in the history of world coins and her unique charm, the collection of ancient Greek coins has become not only In Europe, but also in the world's collection of spring friends love and favor.
Here it is necessary to popularize a little knowledge about ancient Greek coins:
The world numismatic community unanimously recognizes that the ancient Greek coins, which are the source of Mediterranean numismatic culture (and Western numismatic culture), actually originated from the Lydian Kingdom of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) in Asia Minor.
The capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor was Sardis.
A natural mixture of gold and silver grains often appears in the Pactolus riverbed that flows through the city. This precious metal ore of different weights and sizes was marked with stripes as the most primitive medium of exchange (coins), and gradually spread throughout the western coastal areas of Asia Minor.
Because this ore is a mixture of gold and silver (about 3 gold and 1 silver), the color is lighter than pure gold, close to amber, so it is called amber gold (Latin Electrum).
Ancient Greek coins, typically made coins, required a pair of copper yin and yang molds, the billet was placed between the two molds, and the caster stamped it with a heavy hammer.
By the time of King Croesus (560 BC – 547 BC), the kingdom of Lydia had been able to separate gold and silver from amber gold and produce pure gold coins and pure silver coins.
Since then, pure gold coins and pure silver coins have quickly spread to cities along the coast of Asia Minor, crossing the Aegean Sea to the west, to the south of the Greek mainland, and to the East through Asia Minor to the Persian Empire.
After two Greco-Persian wars (the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC and the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC), Athens, under the leadership of Pericles, became the richest city-state in ancient Greece, creating the Golden Age of Classical Greek culture (including his numismatic culture).
Back to the truth: As we all know, the gold coins found and collected by the spring friends around the world for circulation in ancient Greece weigh about 8 grams, and the heaviest gold coins found, the gold coins made by Alexander III, weigh 17.24 grams, and experts and scholars believe that this coin is not a circulating coin, but a gift.
And this batch of ancient Greek gold coins, the lightest 26 grams, the heaviest nearly 60 grams, is not a circulating coin, when the nobles or royal families as wealth collection or as gifts and rewards.
Moreover, all these gold coins, like the large grams of gold coins of the ancient Greek kingdom of Pontus I found in Afghanistan, are unknown and have never been recorded or discovered.
Most importantly, the discovery of these obscure ancient Greek gold coins in China will be even more shocking and shocking to the discovery in Afghanistan, because only the ancient Greek kingdom of Pontus, Eukratis I, has been found in Afghanistan, while nearly a hundred kinds of large-gram ancient Greek gold coins and about 10 kinds of large-gram ancient Roman gold coins have been found in China.
Through research, we found that these large grams of heavy gold coins are worth noting and scrutinizing:
One is the long historical span, the earliest originating from ancient Greece in 500 BC, and the latest from decades BC;
One is that the makers of these gold coins, that is, the mint, cover almost the entire pan-ancient Greek region, the entire pan-ancient Greek region, east, west, south, north, south, and north;
More importantly, as I mentioned earlier, the ancient Greek gold coins used for circulation weighed only a little more than 8 grams, and the gold coins of the earliest kingdom of Lydia weighed only 14 grams. The average gram weight of this batch of gold coins reached nearly forty grams per coin.
Quite simply, these are not circulating coins, but are used for wealth accumulation and gifts and offerings.
One more important point:
Who could have such a gold coin?
Who could enjoy the gifts and conceitours of the entire Pan-Ancient Greek state and kings?
What kind of person can have such a wealth accumulation?
At the same time as the ancient Greek gold coins were discovered, it was also found that the gold coins also included 1/7 of the few ancient Roman gold coins.
The discovery of these ancient Roman gold coins is also shocking.
We examined that in the ancient Greek gold coins, there are dozens of kinds of answers that can be found from the catalog, that is, to find the same pattern, the same text, the same place name, which is equivalent to finding the mint.
As for the ancient Roman gold coins, only two traces can be found, and the other existing information that has been found cannot be examined.
Strictly speaking, these gold coins, including the large-gram heavy gold coins of Euclides I of the Pontus Kingdom found in Afghanistan, are the first ancient Greek gold coins found in China for the first time.
From this, we can think that this is not a simple collection of gold coins, but the accumulation of wealth, and who can own such gold coins? So much wealth? And from the city-states and kingdoms of the pan-Ancient Greek civilization, including ancient Rome?
The discovery of this batch of ancient Greek and Roman gold coins will shake Greece! Alarm Italy! And then shock the numismatic world around the world!
What does this batch of ancient Greek and Roman gold coins illustrate?
This batch of relics proves by example the Silk Road in ancient China, and proves the trade and personnel exchanges between ancient Greece or Rome and ancient China.
This batch of remains also proves that in Chinese history, a branch of the royal family of a certain country related to the ancient Greek dynasty or the ancient Roman dynasty came to China and brought their exquisite gold works of art and their wealth:
Ancient Greek gold coins and works of art made of gold and silver (this text is only about gold coins).
Why?
For these works of art and vessels made of gold and silver and these large-weight ancient Greek gold coins were by no means used for circulation, but for the accumulation of wealth and the storage of monetary property and rewards and rewards, and because of the large number of his remains.
Because of this, the people who brought this wealth were either a branch of the ancient Greek royal family, or a royal family that had direct contact with the princes and nobles of ancient Greece and Rome.
Looking back at history, in that year, the conquest of the Pontus king was not far from China, but there is no record that one of their princes and nobles came to China.
However, history records that the princes of the ancient Persian Sassanid Dynasty, who had many intersections with ancient Greece since the founding of the country, once came to China, and from his father, he repeatedly proposed to Tang Taizong and Tang Gaozong that He hoped that China would help and resist the invasion of the Arab Empire, and neither emperor of the Tang Dynasty agreed to their request.
The first time the princes of Sassanid Persia stayed in China was 10 years, and 10 years later, Emperor Gaozong of Tang set up the Persian governorate in the Tang region to show his support for the restoration of the Persian prince.
A few years later, the Persian prince defeated China again, and Emperor Gaozong of Tang placed him and appointed him an official of the imperial court, and finally, the prince of Sassanid Persia and his retinue eventually aged China.
After consulting a large number of historical sources, the Persians in the Fars region of southwestern Iran migrated from Central Asia about 1000 years BC and once submitted to the Medians in the northwest.
In 550 BC, Cyrus II, king of Persia, destroyed the Medians and established the Persian Empire.
In 546 BC, Cyrus II destroyed the Lydian kingdom in Asia Minor, then conquered the Greek city-states on the western coast of Asia Minor, and in 539 BC, destroyed the Neo-Babylonian kingdom.
After Cyrus's death, he was succeeded by his son Cambyses II (reigned 529–522 BC). He conquered Egypt in 525 BC and remained in Egypt until 522 BC.
When he learned that someone had seized the throne, the pawn rushed back to Iran, but was mistakenly injured by his own sword and died of infection. As a result, darius, the commander-in-chief of his 10,000-man immortal army, rushed back to Persia and killed the high motor that launched the coup, that is, the throne, darius I.
Darius I consolidated the empire he inherited with strict institutions and legislation.
In 490 BC, Darius I sent the Median Datas to invade Greece, but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon. Later, his son Xerxes I (reigned 486-465 BC) continued his plans to conquer Greece. As a result, the navy was defeated by Salami, the army was defeated by Platia, and the warships at Cape Mikale in the Aegean Sea were burned by the Greeks.
The defeat in the war of aggression against Greece was a turning point in the history of the Persian Empire, after which the country gradually declined. By the time of the last king, Darius III (reigned 337-330 BC), Greek Macedonia rose.
In 330 BC, Alexander the Great of Greece conquered the capital city of Persepolis, Darius III was killed in exile, and the empire collapsed.
At this point, Persia as a whole entered the Hellenistic period, and was later ruled by the Seleucid Kingdom, which was subordinate to Panheland.
From its inception, the Persian Dynasty has always intersected with ancient Greece, either conquering or conquering, so it is not surprising that the Persian Dynasty had ancient Greek gold coins and all the ancient Greek gold and silver vessels.
In 224 AD, Ardashir I established the Sassanid Empire, replacing the Persian Empire, which was considered one of the two great powers in West Asia and Europe, and the Persian Empire was rebuilt.
It coexisted with the Roman Empire and the by-then Byzantine Empire for more than 400 years.
At a time when the Sassanid Empire was in its prime, the neighboring Arab Empire was established, and with the struggle for power and the expansion of the outside world, the eyes were on the rich Sassanid Dynasty, and then launched an invasion war.
At that time, the third emperor of the Sassanid Dynasty, Yazdegerd III, asked the Chinese Tang Dynasty for military assistance, but unfortunately, Tang Taizong, who was too worried about himself at that time, was busy resisting the enemy and refused Yazdegerde III's request. Subsequently, Yazdegelde III, who did not give up, launched several requests for assistance to the Tang Dynasty in 639 (Tang Zhenguan 13th year), 647 (Tang Zhenguan 21st year), and 648 (Tang Zhenguan 22nd year), but did not receive a nod from the Tang Dynasty.
In 651 AD, Yazdegerd III was killed, and the Sassanid empire collapsed.
The son of Yazdegelde III, Belus, as the prince of the kingdom, fled along the Silk Road to China, and in 654 AD (the fifth year of Emperor Gaozong of Tang's reign), he asked the Tang Dynasty for rescue and restoration, but Tang Gaozong refused on the grounds that the road was far away.
In desperation, Belus led his army to engage the Arab army, which was like a tug-of-war, repelling the enemy thousands of miles and then being snatched back by the enemy.
In 661 (the first year of Tang Longshuo), Belus again sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for help, and this time Emperor Gaozong of Tang freed his hands to help, not only sending people to lead the expedition to assist Belus, but also helping him to establish a Persian governor's palace within the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty.
The following year, Belus was crowned King of Persia by Emperor Gaozong of Tang. However, due to the strength and disparity in strength of the Arab Empire, Belus was forced to flee again, this time to Chang'an.
Later Belus was made a general of the Right Wei Wei and died in Chang'an in 677. His son inherited his title of "King of Persia" and was given the title of General of Zuo Weiwei, just as he was the last man of Chang'an.
Since the establishment of the Persian Dynasty began with the conquest of the ancient Greek city-states, coupled with the enmity with the ancient Greeks, and finally the conquest by alexander of Greece, these gold and silver treasures plundered by conquest - the gold and silver utensils of ancient Greece will surely become the wealth of the Persian Dynasty and be passed down from generation to generation, and in the case of the last hopeless restoration of the Sassanid prince Plus, who fled to China again, all the wealth of the royal family was also brought to China.
The friendship between the Sassanid Dynasty and the Tang Empire of China, from another aspect, proves the strength of the Tang Dynasty in China and proves the "Dynasty of All Nations" during the Tang Dynasty in China.
At the same time, it proves the tolerance of the Chinese nation and the peaceful coexistence of the Chinese peoples for thousands of years.
At the same time, it also proves a truth:
There's nothing new under the sun.
China's Belt and Road Initiative is a continuation of the Tang Dynasty and the world-renowned Silk Road.
It is also the repetition and beginning of the Chinese nation once again presenting the atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty.
Here are some of the gold coins I have collected in China (originating in China) to delight lovers of ancient Greek and Roman gold coins around the world.
Thank you for the inheritance of our ancestors!
Thank you to my dear friend Mr. Kuwata!
Thank you for having you!
Gold Coins of the Kingdom of Thrace: Lisimachus Gold Coin (297 BC - 281 BC), on the left is the deified head of Alexander the Great with ram's horn, on the right is Athena holding the goddess Naik in one hand, holding a round shield in the other hand, with a wolf's tooth stick in front of the left, and a wolf's tooth stick in front of the left, and a wolf's tooth stick at the foot.
The text reads "King Lisimachus".
Seleucid gold coins: Antiochus VIII gold coins (121 BC - 113 BC), on the left is Antiochus VIII, the king's headband portrait; on the right is Zeus holding a man's star, the other holding a power battle statue, surrounded by olive branches, the coin is "Noble King Antiochus".
Seleucid Gold Coins: Seleucid I Gold Coins (312-300 BC), the left is the head of King Seleucus I; the right is Zeus holding an eagle in one hand, and the seated statue of the power warrior in the other, and the coin is "King Alexander".
Seleucus I was governor of Syria from 312 to 305 BC, so the coin was coined under the name Alexander.
Seleucid gold coins: Troas Ilion gold coins (85 BC - 84 BC), the left is the head of the Athena ridge helmet, the right is Athena shoulder spear, holding a spindle statue, behind the feet of the owl, in front of the feet of the olive branch.
The left and right sides are called "Athena. Elias", at the bottom is the name of the magistrate.
Seleucid gold coins: Troas Ilion gold coins (85 BC - 84 BC), with the head of Athena's ridge helmet on the left, Athena carrying a spear on her shoulder, holding a spindle, and an owl in front of her right foot.
Seleucid Gold Coins: Antiochus IV Gold Coins (169 BC – 164 BC).
On the left, Antiochus IV is dressed as the laurel head of Zeus, and on the right, Zeus holds the goddess Nike in one hand and the seated statue of the power warrior on the other.
The coin reads "The victorious king of Antioch of the divine nobility".
Seleucid Gold Coins: Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII Gold Coins (125 BC – 121 BC).
On the left is the stacked heads of Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII; on the right, Zeus holds the seated statue of the goddess Nek and the throne. The coin reads "Queen Cleopatra and King Antiochus VIII".
Attica Gold Coins: Athenian gold coins (131 BC – 130 BC), left Athena ridge helmet, right owl standing on a clay pot, eagle standing on the right, surrounded by olive branches, the top coin is the place name. Next is the name of the magistrate.
Such Athenian gold coins are Hellenistic Macedonian (323-167 BC) owl coins, and the more uniform owl stands on a clay pot, and other similarities.
Attica Gold Coins: Athenian gold coins (131 BC – 130 BC), left Athena ridge helmet, right owl standing on a clay pot, eagle standing on the right, surrounded by olive branches, the top coin is the place name.
Macedonian Dynasty Coins: Antigonus II Gold Coins, 270 BC. Amphipolis Mint.
On the left is a Macedonian-style shield, with the head of Pan, the god of the forest, in the center, and a shepherd driving animals on his shoulder.
On the right, Athena stands with a thunderbolt in her hand and a shield in the other.
The coin is "King of Antigo".
Macedonian Dynasty Coins: Antico III Gold Coins, 229-221 BC.
On the left is poseidon's wreath crown head, and on the right is Apollo sitting naked on the mast with a bow.
On the mast of the ship is the inscription, "King of Antigotides".
Macedonian Dynasty Coins: Philip V Gold Coins, 186-179 BC.
On the left is the statue of the king with his hair tied, and on the right is Apollo holding a shield and a thunderbolt standing statue in the other.
The coin is "King Philip".
Macedonian Dynasty Coins: Gold coins of Aesillas, treasurer of the Roman province of Macedonia (95-70 BC).
On the left side of the mythical Alexander the Great has a horned haired head, and the coin below is "Macedonia";
Inside the wreath on the right is a chest, sticks and a backless seat, with the coin "Aesillas" on the top and "Treasurer" on the bottom.
Gold Coins of the Kingdom of Pergamum: Philatelos Gold Coins (282-263 BC).
On the left is the head of Philatelos, on the right is Athena carrying a spear on her shoulder, holding a seated statue with a round shield, a small sphinx behind the elbow, and a bow behind the coin. The coin is "Philatelos".
Ptolemaic Coins: Ptolemaic I gold coins (305 BC – 288 BC).
On the front, Ptolemaic I has a head and a head, and on the back, a war eagle stands, and the left and right coins are "Ptolemaic kings".
There are words to be written on the front and back of the war eagle and between its legs.
Ptolemaic coins: Ptolemaic I gold coins (319 BC – 315 BC).
Portrait of Alexander the Emperor on the obverse.
Athena stands with a spear and shield on the back, a Corinthian helmet in front of her right, and an eagle on her lower right. The coin on the left is "Alexander".
At this time, Ptolemy I was not yet governor and did not claim the title of king, and Gu still used the name of Alexander.
Gold Coins of the Kingdom of Cappadocia: Gold Coins of Prussias II (182 BC – 149 BC).
On the front, the king is tied with a head and a head portrait; on the back, Zeus holds a garland and a cane standing statue, with a war eagle and a thunderbolt under the elbow; the coin is "King Prousias".
Sicily Gold Coins: Entela Gold Coins (345–315 BC)
The left head of the seed goddess Persephone on the front, showing the characteristics of Sicily surrounded by four dolphins; on the back horse's head and Sicilian palm trees.
The text is the name of the treasurer.
The front of the seed goddess Persephone faces the left head, the back horse to the left and the Sicilian palm tree.
Sicilian Coins: Syracuse Agassoples Gold Coins.
The right head of the seed goddess Persephone on the front, with the place name written on the back of the head, and the back winged goddess Nek standing, holding the trophy pillar.
Southern Italian Peninsula Coin: Lucania Metapong Gold Coin (540 BC – 510 BC).
The obverse is nine convex ears of wheat, and the coin is the place name; the back is the nine grains of concave wheat, and the coin is the place name.
Phoenician coins; Sidondrakma gold coins (102–101 BC)
On the front is a statue of the titan of the goddess of the city, and on the back, the eagle stands on a plough.
Ancient Greek gold coins: Arados Gold Coins (174 BC - 110 BC), the obverse is the tikha goddess city tooth crown crown, the reverse side is a circle of olive branches, the winged goddess Naik holding an eagle standing statue, the left letter is the chronology and mark, the right letter is the place name.
Ancient Greek gold coins: Aradors Gold Coins (174 BC - 110 BC), this coin is the reverse version of the above coin. On the obverse is a crowned crown of the goddess Tika, on the reverse is a circle of olive branches, the winged goddess Naik holds an eagle standing statue, the left letter is the place name, and the right side is the chronology and marker.
Western Asia Minor: Aeanis Murena Gold Coin (155–145 BC)
On the front, the head of the Apollo moon crown, on the reverse, surrounded by olive branches, the ring of the Apollo standing statue, one holding a beaded chain branch, the other holding a sacrificial plate, in front of the right foot there is a navel stone and a clay pot, the left text is a place name, and there is a sign next to the place name.
Different versions from the above: the front, the Apollo moon crown head, the reverse, surrounded by olive branches, the ring of Apollo standing, one holding the olive bead chain, the other holding the altar plate, the right foot in front of the clay pot, the left text is the place name, next to the place name and the above one is different.
Hellenistic Kingdom Coins: Pergamum Kingdom Snake Basket Gold Coin (166 BC – 160 BC), obverse, two snakes coiled quivers, on which the currency is written? On the left side there is a coin, on the right side there is an arrow; on the reverse side, the flowers and fruits are entangled, and a snake crawls out of the sacrificial basket. The Kingdom of Pergamum created this patterned coin for many years in a row, becoming a distinctive form of coin.
Ancient Greece, Sicily gold coins (345 BC - 315 BC), palm trees on the front, horses on the reverse, gods, below the place name.
Central Greek Coins: Thebes Gold Coins (425-400 BC), Obverse Clay Pots, Left and Right Place Names, Upper ? Shield of Viotias on the reverse.
Southern Greek Coins: Western Zion Gold Coins (350-340 BC), with the front (right) of the Kamala monster to the left, a garland on the back, a place name under the belly, and an olive branch on the reverse surrounds the peace dove.
Western Asia Minor and coastal island coins: Ionian Ephesus gold coins (387 BC – 295 BC), bees on the obverse, place names on both sides, the front half of the bull on the back, palm trees on the left, and the names of magistrates on the right.
Northern Asia Minor and the city coins around the Black Sea: Pavlagonia Sinop Gold Coin (330 BC – 300 BC), with a fairy on the front wearing a hair mesh on the left, an eagle on the back, and a place name in the inscription.
Alexander the Great Coin: Alexander Philip III Gold Coin (323-327 BC) Babylonian Mint, obverse? On the reverse side, the winged goddess drives forward. Coined, King Philip.
Northern Greek coins: Akansos gold coins (424 BC - 390 BC), on the front, inside the bead circle, the fierce lion pounced on the bull; on the reverse, four embossed marks, the middle bulge like a mountain.
Zhu Kui Collection: Mao Zedong Ink Treasure
Life is easy to grow old, years are heavy,
Now it is sunshine again, and the yellow flowers of the battlefield are particularly fragrant.