The Statute of the King Ding Academy, that is, the "Nongyin School System", was the first modern school system issued in Chinese history, but due to its own shortcomings and other reasons, it was not implemented in the end, so the "Statute of the Gongding School", that is, the "Zhenyin School System", was the first modern school system to be implemented.
The decanter system consists of a number of outlines and statutes, the enumeration of which is shown in the figure:
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" >1, ordinary pedagotology system</h1>
The general education system is divided into three classes and seven levels:
(1) The first stage of primary education is divided into three levels: the nursing home (4 years), the primary school hall (5 years), and the higher primary school hall (4 years);
(2) The second paragraph is secondary education, including the first level of middle school (5 years);
(3) The third paragraph is higher education, which is divided into higher schools or preparatory departments (3 years), university halls (3 to 4 years) and Confucian colleges (5 years).
The educational system of the Nursing Home
There is a nursing home in the Nursery and The Festival Hall, and the students are children aged 3 to 7 years old. The purpose of conservation is to "develop their bodies, gradually enlighten their hearts, so that they are far from the evil winds of thinness, and they are accustomed to the track of goodness." "Classes cannot exceed 4 hours per day. The educational content is mainly based on children's favorite games, songs, and children's handicrafts, and is limited to children's favorite conversations. Provincial government schools are required to compile books such as the "Filial Piety Classic", "Four Classics", "Biography of Daughters", "Female Commandments", and "Women's Training" into a book after interpretation, and each family will be issued one, and it is also necessary to choose foreign family education books that are not contrary to the chinese women's taoist women's positions to be widely published for each family to study. The school system does not include nursing homes, which belong to pre-school education.
Nursing home
Elementary School Education System
The school system "aims to enlighten the knowledge that they should have in life, to establish the foundation of their ethical love for the country, and to take care of the child's body so that his development is the purpose", and "to make the literate people more effective". Children enter school at the age of 7, there are three kinds of government, public and private, divided into complete subjects and simple subjects. There are 8 compulsory courses such as self-cultivation, Bible reading and lecturing, Chinese literature, and arithmetic, which need to be graduated within 5 years In addition, one or two courses of painting and handicraft can be added according to local conditions. The subjects of the simple subjects mainly include self-cultivation, Bible reading, Chinese literature, history, style, arithmetic, gymnastics, etc., and are also graduated in 5 years. No more than 30 hours of lectures per week, of which 12 hours of Bible reading and lecturing are given. Alongside the junior high school, there is an art apprenticeship school, which lasts from half a year to four years. In December 1910, the faculty was revised to graduate in four years from the next year. The first and second academic years are taught for 4 hours per day, and the third and fourth academic years are taught for 5 hours per day.
Secondary education system
There are three types of middle schools: government, public and private. Each province must set up a government secondary school as a demonstration to recruit graduates of higher primary schools or equivalents to study for 5 years. The curriculum not only includes self-cultivation courses such as self-cultivation, Bible reading and lecturing, gymnastics, but also cultural subjects such as Chinese literature, foreign Chinese, history, and financial management. The number of teaching hours per week is 36 hours. In the early twentieth century, the German secondary school curriculum divided the secondary school disciplines into liberal arts and practical subjects, and the Faculty applied this system of study to secondary schools, and since then, there has been a beginning of liberal arts and practical subjects.
Higher education system
The academic system stipulates that higher education is divided into three levels: higher education, sub-discipline university, and Confucian institute. There are many preparatory departments in higher education, but the subjects of the preparatory departments are separated. The academic system stipulates that "the purpose of the preparatory department of the university is to take the preparatory department as the purpose of the higher education school." "Each province has set up one school with a study period of 3 years. Recruit secondary school graduates and equivalent academics. Those who are prepared to enter universities such as economics and political science are the first type of study subjects, those who are prepared to enter the University of Gezhi, Engineering, and Agriculture are the second type of study subjects, and those who are prepared to enter the medical university with the last are the third type of study subjects. The nature and degree of the preparatory departments set up by the provincial higher schools and the Beijing Normal University halls are the same. Courses are divided into two categories: main courses and general courses. The first type of main courses are foreign Chinese, history, geography, law, and financial management, and the general courses are set up in Latin for those who want to enter the political and legal sciences, such as human ethics, classics and righteousness, Chinese literature, military studies, gymnastics, psychology and debate. The second type of main course is the foreign Chinese, arithmetic, physics and other courses, the general courses are from the study of classics, Chinese literature, military science, gymnastics, civil engineering, mechanical science and other disciplines that want to enter the engineering discipline, and the arithmetic and physics disciplines of the discipline of gezhi are all added to the measurement, and the relevant students who want to enter the discipline of gezhi and agriculture set Latin as a random subject. The third main course is foreign Chinese, arithmetic, physics, chemistry, animals and plants, latin, and the general courses are human ethics, classics, Chinese literature, military science, and gymnastics.
The academic system stipulates that the university is divided into subjects and is integrated. The University Hall "aims to obey the instructions of the encyclical, straighten out the trend, and cultivate generalists." Graduates of higher schools or preparatory courses in university halls may enter the university halls. There are 8 subjects in the university hall, of which 8 sections must be completely set up in the Beijing Division, and at least 3 sections must be set up in each province. Each subject has a number of disciplines, and students must choose one of them to specialize in. The homework of each course is divided into three categories: main course, subsidized course, and random course. In the third academic year, at the time of graduation, the graduation grade of each student is determined by the student's submission of the graduation result and graduation thesis to the academy. Those who do not have significant grades or misconduct shall be ordered to withdraw from school by the General Supervisor.
There is also the Tong confucian temple, which is designated as the highest institution of learning, including the hall of Kyoshi University. The "Tongru-in" is similar to the "Graduate School" in Japan, and in order to enter the Tongru-in Academy, you must graduate from each branch university. The academic system stipulates that the "Confucian Academy" is an institution that "makes progress in the Chinese Academic Day, can invent new theories to write books, and can manufacture new instruments for the benefit of civilian use." This is where Chinese graduate schools begin in the sense of academic system.
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At the same time as reforming general education, the Qing government also recognized the importance of the profession of teachers and the necessity of training teachers. Therefore, it advocates teacher training schools to train school teachers and meet the needs of schools. All provinces are required to first set up teacher training schools at all levels.
Teacher education is divided into primary normal school education and excellent teacher training school education, which is a self-contained system.
There must be 1 primary normal school in each prefecture and county, and in the early stage, 1 can be set up in the provincial city, and then slowly increased. The Provincial City Normal School has a complete department, and the graduation time is 5 years; the simple subject, the graduation time is 1 year. Age of admission: 18 years to 25 years old in the full section and 25 years old to 30 years old in the simple section. The subjects studied in the whole subject include self-cultivation, interpretation of classics, Chinese literature, pedagogy, history, geography, arithmetic, natural history, physics and chemistry, calligraphy, drawing, gymnastics. Depending on the local situation, one or more of the subjects of foreign Chinese, agriculture, commerce, and handicrafts can be added. Simple subjects are exempt from reading the Bible and lecturing and learning words, and other subjects are taught on the main points. There is also a preparatory department for those who want to enter the teacher training school but do not have enough academic ability. The primary school teacher training institute is equipped with the function of supplementing the academic strength of primary school lecturers and tutoring general subjects and teaching methods for Mongolian lecturers. The Primary Normal School shall be attached to the Primary School for the purpose of internship for teacher training students. Teacher training graduates have the obligation to work as primary school teachers. At the end of the year of duty, the award is given to an official position.
Kyoshi University Hall Normal Hall
The excellent teacher training school mainly trains junior teachers and middle school managers. There should be one capital division and one each provincial capital. There are 3 kinds of disciplines: the first, public subjects, including ethics and morality, Qunjingyuanliu, Chinese literature, English, etc., study for 1 year. The second type, classification subjects, a total of 4 categories, students according to academic strengths, choose any one category. Limited to 3 years of study. Third, add subjects to learn the in-depth content of management and teaching methods. Students are selected by the supervision of the academy for graduates of various classification subjects and study for 1 year. After graduation, students are required to serve voluntarily for 6 years, and at the end of the service period, they can apply for university courses. The Superior Normal School also has an affiliated middle school hall and a small school hall, which serves as a place for students' educational internship and research. There is an education museum attached for students to test their effectiveness and be visited by outsiders.
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With the gradual expansion of the impression of vocational education, the original weak and scattered vocational education has finally developed slowly in educational practice, and in 1904, the industrial education system was established, and industrial education became an independent and complete system.
Industrial education is divided into three parts: formal industrial education, industrial remedial education, and industrial teacher education. Formal industrial education includes merchant marine, industry, agriculture, business schools, etc., which are divided into three levels: primary, middle and high. The tuition school and the art apprentice school are the sub-divisions of industrial tuition education. Industrial teacher education mainly refers to the industrial teacher training center.
(1) Although the middle school and the middle school are at the same level, the middle school is still slightly higher than the middle school, not only the number of subjects, but also the preparatory and undergraduate. Generally, undergraduates graduate in three years, while preparatory courses graduate in two years.
(2) Higher agricultural schools are divided into preparatory and undergraduate courses. Graduate in 1 year of preparatory studies. Bachelor's degree in 3 years (4 years of agronomy), divided into agricultural disciplines, forestry disciplines, veterinary medicine disciplines. The Higher Industrial School "aims to teach higher industry theory and technology, so that it can manage public and private industrial affairs in the future, as well as the engineers of various bureaus and factories, and can serve as the teachers and administrators of each industrial school", and graduates in three years; the higher business school "aims to teach higher business education, to make it proficient in foreign business affairs and academic laws about business, to manage public and private business and accounting in the future, and to serve as administrators and teachers of each business school", which is divided into preparatory and undergraduate courses. Graduate in 1 year of preparatory studies. Bachelor's degree is 3 years; the Higher Merchant Marine Academy only has a bachelor's degree, divided into navigation and engine division, and the graduation time is 5 years and 5 and a half years respectively.
(3) The academic system stipulates that the industrial teacher training center shall recruit graduates of the middle school or junior normal school, with the purpose of "teaching teachers of various industrial schools and industrial remedial ordinary schools and art apprenticeship schools" to achieve results in all kinds of industrial teachers. The Industrial Teachers' Training Center is divided into three types of agricultural, commercial, and industrial teacher training centers, with 2 to 3 years of study, and the simple subject is limited to 1 year. Graduates of the training institute shall be obligated to engage in education for six years after graduation.
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The most prominent feature of the school system is that "the middle school is the body, and the Western learning is the use", which runs through the whole text of the school system and has a very strong feudal nature. The Statutes of the School of Music and Determination "are all based on loyalty and filial piety, based on the study of Chinese scripture and history, and the students' mental skills are pure, and then they learn their wisdom and practice their artistic abilities in the west, and they become talents in the future, and each of them is suitable for practical use, so as to rely on the vice-country to cultivate generalists and be cautious against abuses." This is the embodiment of the idea of loyalty and filial piety in Chinese feudal society. The purpose of this education was put forward for the first time since the end of the education system in feudal society in China that the educational purpose was explicitly stipulated by the government. The Outline of Academic Affairs is the general outline of the Constitution of the Academy, and its main contents are:
(1) The school-running policy of each school is "to take loyalty and filial piety as the basis for teaching, etiquette as the method of discipline, and practice of art as a tool for life." It fully embodies the policy of "using Chinese bodies in the West".
(2) It is stipulated that students are not allowed to interfere in state affairs and oppose students' participation in revolutionary activities.
(3) Requires that the bible be read in the curriculum. Each school should formulate a detailed teaching catalogue, compile its own lecture notes, and carefully select textbooks.
(4) Pay attention to the training of school administrators, and send personnel to go abroad to investigate education first.
(5) The faculty members of the academy are listed as officials.
(6) Elementary primary schools and teacher training halls are free of charge, and other schools pay tuition fees.
(7) When students graduate, they will be awarded to the Imperial Examination.
(8) Establish educational administrative organs at the central and local levels. It stipulates the scale of construction of various types of schools at all levels and puts forward the requirements for the establishment of sections.
In summary, the "Decaux School System" takes "middle school as the body, Western learning as the use" as the programmatic characteristics, and hierarchical and diverse as the institutional characteristics of academic qualifications.
bibliography:
[1] Zhang Baixi, Zhang Zhidong, Rong Qing: Statutes of the Songding Academy, 29th year of Qing Guangxu (1903).
[2] Shu Xincheng: Materials on the History of Modern Chinese Education (Middle Volume), People's Education Publishing House, 1961.