Fermentation time: 45-60 days
The fermentation process of high-quality organic fertilizer composting generally takes 45-60 days. This is because in the warming stage and high temperature stage of the pre-composting stage, it will kill harmful microorganisms such as pathogenic pathogens, insect eggs, weed seeds, etc., but the main role of microorganisms in this process is metabolism and reproduction, and only a small amount of metabolites is produced, and these metabolites are unstable and not easily absorbed by plants. In the later cooling period, microorganisms will undergo humification of organic matter, and in the process produce a large number of metabolites beneficial to plant growth and absorption, a process that takes 45-60 days.
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The compost through this process can achieve three purposes, one is harmless; the other is humification; and the third is to produce a large number of microbial metabolites such as various antibiotics, proteins, etc.
The fever stage → the high temperature stage→ the cooling stage→ the decomposition and heat preservation stage
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The fermentation process of organic compost can be simply divided into the following four stages
Febrile phase
In the early stage of compost production, the microorganisms in the compost are mainly medium temperature and good temperament, and the most common are non-spore bacteria, sporangia bacteria and mold. They start the fermentation process of compost, decompose and decompose organic matter (such as simple sugars, starch, proteins, etc.) under good gas conditions, generate a lot of heat, and continuously improve the compost temperature, rising from about 20 °C to 40 °C, called the fever stage, or the medium temperature stage.
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High temperature stage
With the increase of temperature, the hot microorganisms gradually replace the medium temperature type and play a leading role, and the temperature continues to rise, generally reaching more than 50 ° C within a few days, entering the high temperature stage.
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In the high temperature phase, good heat release bacteria and good heat fungi become the main species. They strongly decompose complex organic matter (such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin substances, etc.) in the compost, accumulate heat, and the compost temperature rises to 60-70 °C, and even as high as 80 °C.
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Subsequently, most of the hot microorganisms also die in large numbers or enter a dormant state (more than 20 days), which is very important for accelerating the decomposition of compost. Improper composting compost has only a short high temperature period, or does not reach the high temperature at all, so the decomposition is very slow, and it cannot reach the semi-decomposed state within half a year or longer.
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When the high temperature stage lasts for a certain period of time, most of the cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin substances have been decomposed, leaving complex components (such as lignin) that are difficult to decompose and newly formed humus, and the activity of microorganisms weakens, and the temperature gradually decreases. When the temperature drops below 40 ° C, the medium temperature microorganism becomes the dominant species.
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If the cooling stage comes early, it indicates that the stacking conditions are not ideal and the decomposition of plant substances is insufficient. At this time, you can turn over the pile and mix the piled material well to produce a second heat and heating up to promote the decomposition of the compost.
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After the compost is decomposed, the volume is reduced, the stack temperature drops to slightly higher than the temperature, then the compost should be pressed tightly, causing an anaerobic state, so that the mineralization of organic matter is weakened, which is conducive to fertilizer preservation.
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Composting is actually a form of waste stabilization, but it requires special humidity, ventilation conditions, and microorganisms to produce the right temperature. Studies have shown that heating at a certain temperature for a period of time can destroy pathogens and weed seeds. Usually at a temperature of 60-70 ° C (moist heat), heat for 5-10 min (minutes). It can destroy the activity of non-sporangia bacteria and non-dormant bodies of spore bacteria. Using heat sterilization, heating for 30 min (min) at 70 °C can eliminate pathogens in the sludge.
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However, at lower temperatures (50-60 ° C), the inactivation of some pathogenic bacteria can be as long as 60 days. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a temperature above 60 °C for a period of time during the composting process. The decomposition rate of residual organic matter after reasonable composting is low, relatively stable and easily absorbed by plants. The odor can be greatly reduced after composting.
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The mineralization of compost organic matter provides quick-acting nutrients for crops and microorganisms, provides energy for microbial activities, and prepares basic raw materials for the humification of compost organic matter.
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When composting is dominated by good gas microbial activities, organic matter is rapidly mineralized to generate more carbon dioxide, water and other nutrient substances, the decomposition rate is fast and thorough, and a large amount of thermal energy is released; when the gas-like microbial activity is the mainstay, the decomposition rate of organic matter is slow, and often incomplete, the release of thermal energy is small, and its decomposition products In addition to plant nutrients, it is easy to accumulate organic acids and reducing substances such as CH4, H2S, PH3, H2, etc. When it reaches a certain level, it is unfavorable or even harmful to crop growth.
Therefore, the tipping during compost fermentation is also to convert the type of microbial activity to eliminate harmful substances.
The death, replacement and transformation of various organisms and microorganisms in the composting process are carried out at the same time, whether from the perspective of thermodynamics, biology or material conversion, these reactions can not be completed in a short period of days or ten days, which is why even if various temperature, humidity, moisture, microorganisms and other conditions are well controlled, the composting still has to go through 45-60 days.
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