Tao surname origin Shanxi said (4): Shanxi Tao Di Kao

Tao Huaping

Abstract: This article introduces four kinds of Shanxi pottery sayings, such as "Yongji Taocheng Theory", "Eldest Son Taoxiang Saying", "Tao Temple Yaodu Tao saying" and "Pingyao Ancient Tao Guo Saying", and my views are simply summarized as follows.

1. "Yongji Taocheng Theory" is the mainstream view of historians. Yongji has Tao River, Yao Mountain, Yao City, Yao Guo, and the water of The Concubine, so the mainstream view identifies Pu Han (Yong Ji) as Shanxi Pottery Land. Based on this conclusion, I think there are sufficient reasons for the conclusion that Yao was first sealed in TaoZhi Tao land in Shanxi and not in Shandong. However, it is believed that Yongji is Yao Chu sealed in Tao Zhi Tao Land, and the author has reservations: Yu Shun's birthplace and Yao Chu Feng Tao Land should not be the same place, because the fief should be within the sphere of influence of his own tribe. Sealing the thirteen-year-old Yao to the Shun clan is suspected of being in a timeless disorder. As shundu, Yongji (蒲阪) is undoubtedly the center of Shun's activities. Yao zhi to Shun, Yan Gong, Zen to Shun; Yan Private, Yao married the second daughter Empress Dowager and Lady Ying to Shun. Enwei is mighty and unmatched. In his capital city, Shun named the mountains and rivers after Yao, and built the city, whether it was for Yao or Yao's daughter, it should be an act of gratitude and gratitude, of course! Yao Guo, which belongs to the Fang State of the Shang Dynasty, whether the Yao Shun period already exists needs to be further examined.

2. "The eldest son Tao Xiang said" can be excluded. The reason why Di Yao is called "Tao Tang Clan", the first seal in Tao Zhi Tao Di and the later seal in Tang Zhi Tang Di should be basically equal. Tao di to the large, should be the ancient pottery country, to the small, at least taoyi, tao city, and at that time should be pottery production and trade town. Tao Township in Changzi County seems to be too small in area and too light in weight to match Tang and be called "Tao Tang". In addition, Yao's birthplace and initial fiefdom are in a narrow area of Changzi County, and the evidence is also insufficient.

3. "Tao Temple Yao Du Tao said" has a high degree of credibility. Mr. Wei Wencheng's research and conclusion about the discovery of the tomb of Emperor Yao in the ruins of the Tao Temple, the ruins of the Tao Temple as the imperial capital of Tang (Yao), and the "capital of the Emperor 'Wo (Yao)" is the "Tao Di", which is the most logical, the most rigorous argument, and the less critical conclusion of the "Tao Said" that I have seen. Yao Jiandu is in Tao, buried in Tao, which should be a very convincing conclusion. The only flaw is that the family's words have not yet reached a consensus in the historical community.

4. "Pingyao Ancient Tao Guo Said" is worth looking forward to.

(1) Pingyao has been known as "Ancient Pottery Land" since ancient times, and at that time belonged to the sphere of influence of Emperor Yao' father. As for whether it is an ancient pottery city, an ancient pottery or an ancient pottery state needs further investigation, but it is a Shanxi pottery subway nail, there is no doubt about it.

(2) The "Pingyao Ancient Tao Guo Theory" originated from the Ming and Qing Dynasties "Shanxi Tongzhi", "Fenzhou Fuzhi", "Pingyao County Chronicle" and the restoration inscriptions of temple buildings in Pingyao City, and earlier texts seem to need to be further discovered. Most of the more than 500,000 residents of Pingyao consider themselves to be "Yaofeng Ancient Pottery Land (Country)", and it is indeed an indisputable fact that they are proud and proud of it.

(3) Although the ancient pottery city before King Xuan of Western Zhou and Zhou was small in scale, it did exist as a prototype of Pingyao City. This echoes the legend that Shun built Yao (Turtle) Castle in honor of Yao. It should be no dispute that Pingyao is an "ancient pottery city".

(5) In addition to the discovery of pottery, there are two pottery kiln sites in Wenshui's Shangxian Ruins, which dates back to about 6,000 years ago. Later Pingyao "Baby Creek Village Ruins" found a large number of Neolithic fragments of pottery piled up, which is basically consistent with the ancient pottery land (country) Pingyao in time and space, indicating that the Yao Shunyu era and even before the Pingyao area has formed a considerable scale of large-scale pottery farms, pottery production industry has been quite developed. Nowadays, with the identification technology of modern science 'cultural relics dating' - radiocarbon dating and pottery thermal exhaust method dating, it should not be difficult to determine the exact age of these pottery, especially the pottery thermal exhaust method can not only determine the generation, but also distinguish the geographical attribution and authenticity of the pottery. Looking forward to some discoveries and breakthroughs in this regard!

In summary, my conclusion is that Yao cannot do without Tao in his life. There are many pottery sites in Shanxi, Yao was first sealed in Tao (present-day Pingyao), later sealed in Tang (present-day Linfen Yicheng), built in Tao (present-day Linfen Tao Temple), and buried in Tao (Tao Temple).

There are many more. Or because of the pottery production of pottery, or because of the commemoration of Emperor Yao, or because of the Tao surname, or because of the relevant legends..... The examination in this article focuses on and explores the ancient pottery city, ancient pottery city, ancient pottery country [1] and ancient pottery country associated with Tao Village, Tao Township, Tao Mountain and Tao Shui!

In the past decade or so, with the archaeological results of the Tao Temple site and the Tianma-Houcun site announced to the world, historians, local governments and people have set off a wave of exploration of Shanxi pottery geothermia. At least Yongji, the eldest son, Tao Temple, and Pingyao entered their field of vision, and each of them excavated a lot of remarkable results. Where to find the pottery land in Shanxi? This paper will finally give its own conclusions based on the review of research results from various places.

One. Yongji Taocheng said that it originated from the Tang Dynasty Li Tai major, Xiao Deyan and others wrote the "Chronicle of The Land", the Northern Wei Li Daoyuan "Water Commentary", the current mainstream saying.

The Shuowen Jiezi cites the Shangshu Xia Shu as saying "YaoShan" and "Yaocheng" (Taocheng) in Puzhou (present-day Yongji, Shanxi); the Great Dictionary of Chinese Surnames and the Tang Dynasty's ancestral network about Yao's life adopted this theory.

"History of the Five Emperors Benji" "Shun, the people of Jizhou also." Shun cultivated The Mountain, Yu Lei Ze, Tao Hebin, and made the shi vessel in Shouqiu, just in the negative summer. ”

Tao Hebin, [Ji Xie] [2]: Emperor Fu Ming Yue: "Jiyin Ding Tao Southwest Tao Qiu Pavilion is also." ”

[Justice] [3]: Zhiyun: "Taocheng is thirty miles north of Puzhou Hedong County, that is, Shunshou Duya." Not far south to Alexandria. Or ploughing or pottery, where it is, why should the pottery be determined as taoye? Shun's Tao also, Si or Yi Yan. "The Chronicle of Kuo di uses Tao Cheng in Puzhou (present-day Yongji, Shanxi) to directly negate Emperor Fumian (Shi'an) Yao Chufeng in Tao Di Shandong Dingtao!

Northern Wei Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Classics, Volume IV: "Therefore, Lü Chenyue: "Erya" is different from the same stream as The Water. Its water flows southwest, west of Pusaka, and west of the river. The river runs south to the west of Taocheng. Shuntao Riverside, Emperor Fu Shi'an thought that dingtao, not here also. Ran Tao City is in the north of Pusaka Castle, the city, that is, Shun's capital. Not far from Dingshan in the south, or ploughing or pottery, where it is, why fix pottery, to be taoye? Shun's Tao also, Si or Yi Yan. Mengjin is known as the Tao River, and the cover begins from here. Li Daoyuan agreed with the negation of Emperor Fumian's (Shi'an) Shandong and Taocheng Puzhou (present-day Yongji, Shanxi) saying!

Northern Wei Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Classics, Volume IV: "Alexandre, Concubine, and Wei, the word is ze'an, and yu is obedient." The Book of Shang calls the second daughter of Yu (妫汭也). Kong An Guo yue: Inside the water of the concubine. Wang Suyue: 妫汭, Yu place name. Emperor Fu Mi Yue: Na Er Daughter Yu Yu Shui Shui, Ma Ji Chang Yue: The Water Out of the Water. However, it seems to be a non-water name, and now there are two waters of different origins, and the muddy stream flows west into the river. The river runs south of Lei Shou Shanxi, the mountain is adjacent to the big river, and the north goes to Pusaka for thirty miles, and the so-called Hukou Lei Shou in the Book of Shang is also. It is also known as Yao Mountain, there is an old city on the mountain, and the world is also known as Yao City. Kan: Pusaka, Yaodu. The Shuowen Jiezi cites the Shangshu Xia Shu as saying "YaoShan" and "Yaocheng" (Taocheng) in Puzhou (present-day Yongji, Shanxi). Li Daoyuan's geographical location through the water of The Concubine and the Yao Mountains and Yaocheng in Puzhou were strongly advocated by "Taocheng Puzhou (present-day Yongji, Shanxi)"!

Shangshu Yaodian (尚書尧典): "Emperor Yue: "I tried it!" When the female is in time, the second daughter is punished. "The second daughter of Li Descended to Concubine Yu and Concubine Yu.

Emperor Yao said, "I'll try it!" Marry my two daughters to Shun, and observe Shun's virtues from the two daughters. So he ordered his two daughters to go down to the banks of the Yu wei river and marry Yu Shun.

The Classic of Mountains and Seas records: "Concubines, water names, and Shun's dwelling places are also... Shun is a Shuren, the second daughter of Yao's wife, who lives in Concubine. ”

Xie Hongxi: "Water Commentary> Shanxi Data Collection": "Fei Shui, now known as Canglongyu Water, is 21 miles southwest of Yongji City. Shuishui , now known as Canglongyushui "Han and Tang Geography Book Notes And Shang Shu Di Ji" Yun 'Hedong County, Qingshan Mountain, there are two springs in the mountains, the lower south flow is the water, the north flow is the water'"

Tang Zhang Shoujie's "History of Justice" notes yun in the sentence "Shun, the man of Jizhou": "Puzhou Hedong County originally belonged to Jizhou. He also quoted the "Chronicle of the Lands" in the sentence "Shungeng Lishan": "Leishou Mountain, Hedong County, Puzhou, a Zhongtiao Mountain, also known as Alexandria ... South of Alexandria there is Shunjing. "According to Tang Pu Prefecture, the seat of government was in the area of present-day Yongji County, Shanxi.

Cui Shuyun, a Qing dynasty: "Yu is the border of Jizhou, Shun should not cultivate crops, Tao and fishing are two thousand miles away (Shandong), then think that Jizhou is close." ”【4】

Tao surname origin Shanxi said (4): Shanxi Tao Di Kao

Figure 1: Puzhou Ferry Sanchuan Shenshi Photograph Source: Yongji in "Water Passage and River Water Notes"

Honest Renyang's blog "Fang Guo (897) Appeared Before the End of the Warring States Period": "Yao Guo: Fang Guo of the Shang Dynasty, in the area of YaoShan in present-day Yongji County, Shanxi. ”

The place names mentioned in the above quotations are: Shishui, Pusaka, Concubine, Shuishui, Taohe, Alexandre, Leishoushan, Taocheng, Yaocheng, Yaoshan, Yaoguo, etc. Among them, Taohe, Lishan, Leishoushan, Taocheng, Yaocheng and other Shandong Shanxi have them, how to determine the authenticity of history? My opinion is as follows:

1. The Book of Shang here should refer to the Book of Shangshu Xia, which seems to have two editions, and the original version lost four chapters, and indeed there are two books in the Shuowen and The Notes on the Water Classics, which quote the "so-called head of the pot mouth." It is also commonly known as Yao Mountain, there is an old city on the mountain, and the world is also known as Yao City, where Yao lives. "Content, existing version is not available.

2. The Chronicle of The Lands is a large-scale geographical work presided over by Li Tai, the fourth son of Emperor Taizong of Tang, and collectively written by famous scholars Xiao Deyan, Gu Yin, Jiang Yaqing, Xie Yan and other famous scholars at that time, with high historical value and authority. Tang Zhang Shoujie wrote "History of Justice", which mainly explains ancient place names based on it. Other Tang and Song dynasty people wrote books, and also quoted many books to explain geography. Even after the book was scattered, it was still quoted by various families, which can be seen from this.

3. The 40 volumes and more than 300,000 words of "Notes on Water Classics" comprehensively and systematically introduce the historical geography, physical geography, economic geography, human geography and hydrogeography of the areas through which more than 1,000 rivers flow in China, and is a comprehensive geographical encyclopedia with high historical, geographical and literary value. "Notes on Water Classics" was selected as the first monograph on hydrological geography in China by the China World Records Association, which is another Chinese best in ancient Chinese hydrological geography. The Northern Wei Dynasty was a famous historian, geographer, and traveler in Chinese history. In today's terms, the geography is the best among historians, the history is the most profound among geographers, and more importantly, his footprints have traveled through the thousands of mountains and rivers of the motherland, and he is in favor of Yao's initial sealing of Tao Zhitao in Shanxi, when he believes in him.

4. The shang shu Yao Dian (尚書· 尧典) (尚書· Yao Dian) (尚書· YaoDian) (尚書· YaoDian) (尚書·尧典) refers specifically to Yao's marriage of his two daughters, Emperor E, and Daughter Ying to investigate Shun's personality as his successor, and the legend is known to women and children. The two waters of The Two Rivers converge in Puhan (Yongji), which is not found in Shandong.

5. Yongji has Taohe, Yaoshan, Yaocheng, and Yaoguo, so the mainstream view identifies Pusaka (Yongji) as Shanxi Pottery. I basically agree with this, but I also have some reservations.

I wrote in the article "The Origin of the Tao Surname shanxi (3): Yao Chu Feng Yu Tao and Yao Zi Ju in Tao Qiu": In the past, according to the Eastern Han Xu Shen's "Explanation of The Sayings": "Tao, then chengqiu ye, in Jiyin. From the hiss. Xia Shuyi: As for Taoqiu in the east, Taoqiu has Yaocheng, and Yaoyu lives (!) ), therefore, the Yao number Tao Tangshi. This passage positions Shandong Dingtao as Yao Chu sealed in TaoZhi Tao, which is a misreading and misunderstanding of Mr. Xu Shen's statement. The mainstream view identifies Pusaka (永吉) as Shanxi Pottery. Based on this conclusion, I think it is reasonable to conclude that Yao was first sealed in Tao Zhi Tao and was not in Shandong. However, it is inevitable that it is far-fetched to believe that Pusaka (Yongji) is Yao Chu sealed in the pottery land of Tao. Here's why:

Yu Shun's birthplace and Yao Chu's fengtao land should not be the same place, because the fiefdom should be within the sphere of influence of his own clan. Sealing the thirteen-year-old Yao to the Shun clan is suspected of being in a timeless disorder. As shundu, Yongji (蒲阪) is undoubtedly the center of Shun's activities. Yao zhi to Shun, Yan Gong, Zen to Shun; Yan Private, Yao married the second daughter Empress Dowager and Lady Ying to Shun. Enwei is mighty and unmatched. In his capital city, Shun named the mountains and rivers after Yao, and built the city, whether it was for Yao or Yao's daughter, it should be an act of gratitude and gratitude, of course! Yao Guo, which belongs to the Fang State of the Shang Dynasty, whether the Yao Shun period already exists needs to be further examined.

As a descendant of the Tao surname, the search for Yao was originally sealed in the Tao Zhi Tao Land, feeling that the mission was on his shoulders, the responsibility was heavy, and he should discuss it with a scientific and realistic attitude, and must not blindly believe in blind obedience and be biased.

Two. The eldest son, Tao Xiang, said -- Professor Li Xiang said this

Professor Li Qi, director of the Chinese Department of the Normal College of Shanxi University and director of the Institute of Ancient Book Collation, "Danzhu Sealed in the Birthplace, Birthplace and Prosperity of the Eldest Son Examination and Discussion of Yao": "Where Danzhu was sealed, the ancient records are divergent. Historians of ancient dynasties generally believe that Emperor Yao did not pass on the emperor to Danzhu out of his dual concern for the people of the world and for Danzhu. Then, out of the same mentality, Di Yao must have sealed his eldest son Dan zhu in a safer place, which was the birthplace of Di Yao, that is, Dan centered on the eldest son Dan Zhu Ling, also known as Dan Yuan or Dan Yuan, and he built the eldest son city. This is the origin of the name of changzi county in Shanxi Province today... Di Yao's birthplace was in the tao township of the eldest son, and his prosperity was in tangcheng village of Yicheng. "The birthplace of this Wen Di Yao refers to the fact that Emperor Yao was first sealed in Tao Zhi Tao, and Professor Li Qi's original theory was originally created in Tao Township in Changzi County; xingwang refers to the Tang Dynasty that was later sealed in Tang Zhi Tang, which is the same as the mainstream theory.

< > Professor Li Qi attached great importance to the study of pottery

Di Yao has always been called "Tao Tang", no matter how it is interpreted, it cannot avoid the question of why add a "Tao" word in front of "Tang"? "...The Bamboo Book Chronicle says: "(Yao) Eighty-nine years as a tour of the palace in Tao, ninety years of emperor you in Tao... One hundred years of emperor Yu Tao. "It shows Yao's deep affection for Tao's place..." How important 'Tao' is to 'Tang' in Yao's life course. Without "Tao", "Tang" seems to have only the symbol of Yu Yao's strong period. ”

< second> questioned Shandong Dingtao

Professor Li Qi quoted Qing Zhu Heling as writing the "Biography of Shang Shu Pi" Volume VII Note "Only Pi Tao Tang" Yun: "Zhao Wei Yue: "Zuo Chuan" notes 'Tao Tang, Yao Rule. 'Present-day Jinyang County, Taiyuan also. According to the "History Record", "Di Yao is Tao Tang", Wei Zhaoyun: "Tao Tang, all are the names of the country, and Yu Tang is called Yin Shangye." 'Throughout the history of the book, there is no Emperor Yaoju Tao, but tao crowns Tang. Gaidi is named after two words, and the name is either single or complex... Therefore, Fan Xuanzi said that 'the ancestor of Xi Zhao, from above Yu is tao tang clan' also. Yu Press, Yao for the Son of Heaven, the capital of Pingyang, present-day Linfen County, Jinzhou also. Cai Chen: 'Yao Du Tao, so tao Tang. Gaiben's "Road History" Yun: "Yao was enfeoffed by Tao, and changed the country to Tang." Tao, now Ding Tao also. Of course, it may not be evidence-based. ”

Zhu Heling quoted the opinions of Zhao Fan, Wei Zhao, and Fan Xuanzi, insisted on the view of Yaodu Pingyang, and questioned the "Road History" that Tao was The Dingtao of Shandong, and thought that "it may not be based on evidence." So, Yao was sealed by Tao, where is Tao?

< Third > Yao was first sealed in TaoXiang Kao, The Eldest Son of Tao County

The logical premise of the discussion of the problem, a unified and comprehensive examination of Emperor Yao was born in Danling, lived in Tao, flourished in Tang, and was buried in Gu (Grain) Forest after death.

"Yao's birthplace and its birthplace (the initial fiefdom) must not be far away, and his birthplace and its prosperous land (post-fiefdom) should also have a certain connection - we should take into account the difficulty of the migration of a tribe in ancient times, especially the transfer of agricultural tribes, the land cultivated for many years, will never be easily abandoned, which is the fundamental reason for the ancient Chinese people to "relocate the land", not to mention at the beginning of ancient agriculture. Regarding Yao's birthplace of Danling, birthplace of Tao, prosperous Tang, and posthumous burial place Gulin, the ancient books contain no less than a dozen places involved in the three provinces of Present-day Shandong, Henan, and Hebei. How can you be sure that a legend somewhere is more reliable? I think that judging from the ancient people's habit of "birds flying against their hometowns, foxes dying will be the first hill" (this habit is still derived from agricultural production's nostalgia for the old soil), Yao's burial place and its birthplace must not be separated. The Bamboo Book Chronicle says: "(Yao) 89 years as a tour of the palace in Tao, ninety years emperor you in Tao... One hundred years of emperor Yu Tao. This shows Yao's deep feelings for Tao's place, and Emperor Fu's "Emperor Collapse YueZhi", that is, Yao finally died in Tao's place. This also confirms our logic of understanding. The greatest possibility for Yao to let Danzhu "come out of Dan" is to place him in his birthplace; or Yan Shun or Yu Feng Dan zhu, since it is to let him worship his ancestors, it is necessary to seal him in Yao's burial place. The place of birth, the burial place, and the fiefdom of the yuanzi (or eldest son) can be unified to confirm that a certain place is Yao's birthplace, birthplace, and burial place. In Shandong, Henan, and Hebei, no matter where they are, they cannot be unified, and only the eldest son is the place where these three points are consistent. ”

Figure 2: The eldest son newly completed the statue of Emperor Yao Source: Li Xiang "Emperor Yao originated in Changzi County, Shanxi, and later sealed the eldest son Danzhu here"

1. Nagako Prefecture is Yao's birthplace (omitted)

Professor Li Qi's essay "Danzhu Sealed in the Examination of the Eldest Son and on the Birthplace, Birthplace and Prosperity of Yao" is full of emphasis on the argument that Changzi County is Yao's birthplace. See this article for details.

2. Changzi County is also the birthplace of Yao (Chu Fiefdom)

(1) Changzi County has Tao Township and Tao Shui

Volume 13 of the "Unified Chronicle of the Great Qing Dynasty": "Tao Shui originates from the Xiongshan Mountains in the south of Changzhi County, flows northwest to the boundary of Changzi County, and enters the Zhangshui, which is a taoshui of a rumor." "Notes on the Water Classics": "Taoshui, south out of the southern pottery, north to the east of The Eldest Son City, west through the north of the city, east of the Zhangshui." "Wei Shu Topographical Chronicle": "Changzi County's Sheep's Head Mountain is lower than the grain pass, and there are springs flowing north to Tao Township, the name of Tao Shui, Heyangtou Landscape, and the north flows into Turbid zhang. ”

(2) Tao Shui originates from Qianshan Mountain, where there is Yao Temple.

Qianshan is also known as Yaomiao Mountain. The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Second Classic of the Northern Times: "Looking west to Osawa, Hou Ji is also submerged." "What is "diving"? Guo Pu notes: "Hou Ji was born and gnostic, and its final, incarnated into a god who escaped from this ze, and also said to ride on the tail of Miya." "Final", "incarnation", "for god", "riding a tail" are all euphemisms for ancient death. Therefore, "submerged" is hidden, that is, buried, and the reason why there is a Yao temple on the submerged mountain is to indicate where Yao is buried, and it also shows that Yao has "transformed" into a god. As Cao Pi's "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, and Emperor Wen" said: "Those who bury their husbands are also hidden, and those who desire people are not allowed to see." ”

We are particularly concerned about the Qianshan (Yaomiao Mountain), which has a village called "Xiyao" in the north and a village called "Yao Shengou" in the east. There is both Xiyao and Dongyao or Yao village, and now there is no trace of Yao village from the newly drawn map drawn in the Chronicle of Changzi County. Yao and Tao are the same, so Tao Shui is also called Yao Shui. We can also speculate that the Tao Shui contained in the Wei Shu Topographic Chronicle, that is, the Tao Township through which Yao Shui passes, is Yao Township, should be in the east of Xi Yao, that is, the present-day Nan Yao Village, which may have been called Yao Village at the beginning.

The "Spring and Autumn of the Lü Dynasty" says "Yao Burial Valley (Grain) Forest", and does not say where the Valley (Grain) Forest is. Emperor Fumian said, "Gu (grain) forest is Chengyang." Yao du Pingyang, Yu Shi for the Tang Kingdom. "I didn't say where Chengyang was." Carefully understanding the meaning of the emperor, he said that the city of Yang should be in the pingyang area.

There is Baigrai Mountain in Changzhi County, thirteen miles northeast of the county, where Former Shennong tasted Bai grain; there is Bai Grain Spring, in front of the Shennong Temple on Bai grain mountain (Shanxi Tongzhi volume 19), there is Bai Grain Temple under the mountain (Shanxi Tongzhi volume 169); there is Gaoping County in Zezhou Prefecture (present-day Jincheng City) There is Guyuan Mountain, in the northeast of the county twenty miles (Shanxi Tongzhi volume 23), and Changzi County now has a valley village township, which is suspected to have been originally regarded as "Yu Village"... Then, the so-called "valley (榖) forest" is not a specific location, but a multitude of areas named after the valley (榖), which is also the meaning of many. This area has nothing else to ask for but the area around Changzi, Gaoping, Changzhi, and Lingchuan, centered on The Yangtou Mountain in southeastern Jin.

(3) The eldest son also has dozens of place names related to Yao. The names of the mountains are Qingyun Mountain, Qianshan Mountain, Danling, Sarcophagus Ridge, etc.; the water names are Yaoshui, Taoshui, Yongshui, Lanshui, Daishui, etc.; the names of the villages are Taotang Village, Yaonan Village, Yaoshengou Village, Xiyao Village, Chengyang Village, etc.; the temple names are Yao Temple, Sansheng Temple, Lingyinghou Temple, etc., as well as Danzhu City, Iron Terrace and many other ruins. Li Qi emphatically pointed out that Emperor Yao was known as Tao Tang Clan, and there was a village in Changzi County called Tao Tang Village. At the end of 2005, Mr. Li Qi visited the village, and the villagers told him that there was a land temple not far from the village gate, which was unique in the world... The general land temple is very small, and there is only one, while the land temple in Taotang Village has three. Li Qi believes that the three land shrines hide three "soil" characters, and the three earths are superimposed, that is, the ancient characters of Yao.

(4) The area of Gaoping, Changzi and Changzhi in the southeast of Jin is one of the places where pottery was first produced.

Qinyuan County was called Gu (Grain) Yuan County in ancient times, and Changzhi had Baigu (Grain) Mountain, and there are legends everywhere in this area about tasting Hundred Valleys (Grain) with the Yandi Shennong clan. The Sheep's Head Mountain at the junction of Gaoping County and Changzi County is the birthplace of the Shennong clan, which has been confirmed by ancient and modern academic circles, and the hundred grains (grains) become food, which is inseparable from utensils, so agricultural production and pottery manufacturing must be accompanied by companionship. Since the birthplace of agricultural production is in southeastern Jin, then the area of Gaoping, Changzi and Changzhi in southeastern Jindong is at least one of the places where pottery was first produced, and it is no accident that Taoxiang (Yaoxiang) is a place name. Di Yao's advanced technology should also lie in the manufacture of pottery and agricultural production, which should be the reason why Yao can prosper and attract many tribes to join.

3. Changzi County is also Yao's burial place

(2) Tao Shui originated from Qianshan Mountain, where there is a Yao Temple. "Dive" is hiding, that is, burial, and the reason why there is a Yao Temple on the QianShan mountain is to indicate where Yao is buried. Nagako County has a large number of areas named after the valley (榖), the valley (榖) forest is buried in the eldest son, and the Yao burial in the valley (榖) forest is buried in the eldest son.

Professor Li Qi summed up: "According to this, we can explain why Yao is called Tao Tangshi, and we can also draw the development route of Yao: Yao began to live in the Tao Township of the eldest son, and was famous for pottery making and agricultural production, and tribes near and far were attached." Then along the Zhangshui river to the west, over the Fa Jiu Mountain, to Yicheng, changed its name to Tang, and then developed and expanded, occupying the entire Pingyang area. Then it went north along the Fen river and occupied the Taiyuan area. At the same time, it occupies the entire "Three Rivers" region to the south. He became the great leader of an unprecedented generation of many tribes. ”

Regarding Professor Li Qi's proposition of Tao Xiang, the eldest son of Yao Chu Feng Tao Di, I would like to make two points:

1. Professor Li Qi's examination of the birthplace of Emperor Yao (Chufeng Taodi) is not a single region or a legend or place name of a certain place as a Yao "fief", but a comprehensive consideration of the four aspects of birth, birthplace (Chufeng Pottery), Prosperity (Later Fengtang), and Burial in Gulin. This is undoubtedly a very correct research method in ancient history and archaeology. A systematic analysis is more convincing than the fact that some parts of the country, based on a legend alone, a place name, consider itself a yaosheng, a first fief, a later fief, or a burial place. I think that Professor Li Qi's analysis is reasonable and well-founded, and it is very convincing. But there is a common shortcoming across the country: the lack of archaeological evidence. It is expected that in the future, Nagako Prefecture will make new discoveries in archaeology.

2. I disagree with his conclusion that the first fiefdom was the eldest son, Taoxiang. In the "History Record", "Emperor Yao is the Tao Tang clan", wei Zhaoyue, a major minister of the Four Dynasties of Eastern Wu and a famous historian during the Three Kingdoms period: "Tao Tang, all are the names of the country, and Yu Tang is called Yin Shangye." The reason why Di Yao is called "Tao Tang Clan", the first seal in Tao Zhi Tao Di and the later seal in Tang Zhi Tang Di, should be basically equal. Tao di to the large, should be the ancient pottery country, to the small, at least taoyi, tao city, and at that time should be pottery production and trade town. Tao Township in Changzi County seems to be too small in area and too light in weight to match Tang and be called "Tao Tang". In addition, Yao's birthplace and initial fiefdom are in a narrow area of Changzi County, and the evidence is also insufficient.

Three. Tao Temple Yao Du Tao said -- Mr. Wei Wencheng, a scholar of oriental historical language and writing, said this

< > A Brief Introduction to The Study of Mr. Wei Wencheng and the History of Chinese Civilization

In my opinion, Mr. Wei is first and foremost an accomplished scholar of Chinese historical language and writing, who has a high degree of achievement in the study of ancient Chinese characters. He graduated from Liaoning University with a bachelor's degree in Chinese self-examination, and his graduation thesis "Han characters are anti-cut pinyin characters", and authored "Creative Writing and Character Creation", which founded the "Chinese Character Reverse Cut Pinyin Theory", which proved that the Chinese character is a reverse cut pinyin character that integrates the meaning of the pictographic table tone table.

Secondly, he is also a historian and archaeologist with a deep foundation in the study of ancient Chinese history and archaeology. His works such as "Civilization of the Xia Dynasty" and "The Present Bamboo Book Chronicle Of the Year Of the Common Era" are good proofs.

In short, he used the "Huaxia script anti-cut pinyin theory" he created to "crack the mystery of Cangjie's creation of characters, understand that the Huaxia script is an anti-cut pinyin script that integrates pictographic table tone and expression, and crack the ancient characters recorded in history and even unearthed one after another "mysterious characters" - "Heavenly Book". ”

This article focuses on his discovery of the Tao Temple "Jade Beast Face", that is, the mysterious pictorial meaning of the jade title, the Tao Temple found the concave (Yao) Emperor's Mausoleum, the Tao Temple as the Tang Concave (Yao) Imperial Capital, and the Tao Temple ruins are the "Tao Temple Yao Du Tao Said" of the "Tao" site.

< second> Tao Temple Yao Du Tao said

Among the scholars who studied Yao's life, Mr. Wei Wencheng was one of the few scholars who held the view that "Yao was sealed in Tang, you built a palace in Tao, "Tang" was a state, "Tao" was the imperial capital, died in Tao, and was buried in Tao".

1. The Tao Temple found the tomb of the concave (Yao) Emperor

The ruins of Xiangfen Tao Temple in Shanxi Have a total area of 4 million square meters. Among the more than 1,000 large and small tombs, there are 9 large tombs, all of which have unearthed shrew drums, special chimes and earth drums representing the royal family's heavy weapons. In particular, Tomb M3015 unearthed 178 pieces of various burial items, including 14 pieces of pottery, 23 pieces of woodware, and 130 pieces of jade ware. There are also imperial jade titles, that is, what archaeologists call "jade beast face", as well as imperial jade and jade.

The jade title of Tomb M3015 excavated from the site of Tao Temple in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province. Height 3.5cm, width 6.4cm, thickness 0.3cm. The artifacts belonging to the middle period of the Tao Temple culture (about 2300 BC to 2100 BC) are also the most important cultural relics that are not favored by archaeologists and ignored. Mr. Wei believed that this was a jade title that emperor (Yao) wore on the imperial crown to symbolize his imperial status. It is also the earliest jade title found in the Chinese archaeological community. See figure below.

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the cracking of the title of Emperor Yaoyu unearthed from the Tao Temple Source: Wei Wencheng's "Civilization of the Xia Dynasty"

The above most important treasure of the Tao Temple site, which was ignored by archaeologists and excluded from the three treasures of the Tao Temple, that is, the so-called "Jade Beast Face" by archaeologists, is actually the jade title of "Emperor Concave", which is actually an unmistakable indication of the identity and status of this owner as "Emperor Concave". Please take a look at the illustration of the jade title of the "Emperor Concave" written by the author in red characters.

(1) The first thing to see is that the outer outline of this jade title is a "emperor" character, and then look at the jade title that was originally just a "emperor" character below, and then take a closer look, and find that the following is the beautification of the "concave" word.

(2) There is a small hole under the jade title that fixes the jade title to the comb-like insert, and the single hole means "lonely", "unique", and "supreme". Therefore, it is understood that it is a combination of the two words of "Emperor Concave", thus constituting the title of jade carving and jade that the "Emperor Concave" graphic and text allegorical painting is.

(3) While the jade title of "Emperor Concave" obviously does not belong to "(Wen Ming)", that is, Xia Yu's, the "Emperor Concave" jade title obviously belongs to the funerary items excavated from the tombs of nobles in the middle period, and the "(Wen Ming)" flat clay pot belongs to the waste excavated from the ash pit in the later period. At the same time, because Yu Shun's tomb is in the Shun Mausoleum under the famous peak of the Nine Ridges Mountain in Hunan. Therefore, it can be fully inferred that the tomb with the title of "Emperor Concave Jade" is the tomb of Emperor Yao of Tang, and the tomb of the current Emperor Yao.

(4) Through the phonetic analysis of the ancient characters of the imperial concave (Yao) jade title, the pronunciation of the word "concave" in the medieval era and even today's northern dialect is the same as "Yao", so the owner of tomb M3015 "Di'ao" is "DiYao". (The author only understands Chinese modern pinyin, and has no understanding of ancient character pinyin.) Its conclusions can only be copied. For details, see the above figure and the article "Xia Dynasty Civilization".

In addition, other imperial markers excavated from tomb M3015 are as follows:

A. A sign of military and political power - 戉;

B. Signs of the formation of the national ritual music system: (1) Jade ceremonial vessels: the jade bi jade of the imperial symbol; (2) musical instruments such as shrew drums, stone chimes, and special-shaped pottery.

C. Signs of controlling the financial and economic power of the state: Pottery was a precious luxury of life at that time, especially faience pottery. What is different from small and medium-sized tombs is that in large tombs, there are not only a wealth of burial items, including painted pottery, painted wood and other crafts with a high level. All this shows that the difference between rich and poor in society and the hierarchical system in the Tang Yao period were very obvious. In summary, the owner of tomb M3015 is "Emperor Yao", and the Tao Temple is the Tang Ou (Yao) Imperial Tomb.

2. Tao Temple is the imperial capital of Tang Dynasty (Yao).

Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty's "Chronicle of The Chronicle of Cargo Colonization": "In the past, the Tang people were all in Hedong (in the territory of present-day Southern Jin), the Yin people were in Hanoi (Yin Xu), and the Zhou people were all in Henan (Luoyang). Fusan River is in the world, if it is enough, the king is more dwelling, and the founding of the country is hundreds of thousands of years old..." The Eastern Han Dynasty Bangu's "Book of Han and Geography": The land of Hedong is flat, there is salt and iron, the Tang Dynasty (Yao) lives, the poetry style of Tang Wei's kingdom is also thousands of years old. Both Sima Qian and Ban Gu only generally pointed out that the Tang Dynasty (Yao) capital "Hedong", that is, the Hedong County of the Han Dynasty, that is, the territory of today's Jinnan, did not indicate which county it was in, which showed that by the Han Dynasty, people did not know where the specific location of Yao's capital was in Hedong County.

In the past 20 years, with the discovery of the ruins of Xiangfen Tao Temple, especially the tombs, ancient cities, observatories and temples of heaven in the Yao Shun period, archaeologists have successively excavated, from the scale of these important ruins and city walls, the grandeur of the ancient city ruins of Tao Temple can be fully seen. In particular, the division of different functional areas such as palace area, sacrifice area, storage area and tomb area shows that the tao temple site is not only a typical city, but also an imposing ancient imperial capital.

Archaeologists such as Mr. He Yi and others have basically speculated that the site of the Tao Temple is Yaodu, which is completely certain. It is a pity to ignore this jade title of "Emperor Concave (Yao)" and think that it is a dispensable so-called "jade beast face".

Mr. Wei's contribution is to discover that what archaeologists call the so-called "jade beast face" is actually the "Emperor Concave (Yao) Jade Title", and the two allegorical pictures of "Emperor Concave" on it show the two fine art characters of "Emperor Concave (Yao)", and the discovery of other imperial markers proves that the site of the Tao Temple is undoubtedly where the "Concave (Yao) Capital - Tao" is located.

3. The "capital of Emperor Yao" is the "Tao" land

(1) "Tao" is "Yao", "Yao" is "concave"

Conclusions drawn from the study of the phonetic table tone of the word "Tao". How can "Tao Temple" be "Yao Temple", Mr. Wei has obtained the result of analyzing the ancient pronunciation carried by the text itself according to the anti-cutting pinyin nature of the phonetic alphabet that has mastered the Chinese script, combined with the reverse cut Zhuyin of the Middle Ages of the text itself.

Before ancient times, "tao" and "匋", "匋" and "Yao", "Yao" and "concave" were all homophonous. From this conclusion: "Di Concave" is "Di Yao", "Tao Tang" is "Yao Tang", and "Tao Temple" is "Yao Temple". The "concave", "tao" and "匋" are all different eras of "Yao", different people's writing, and with the changes of the times and different regions, the pronunciation has the result of different changes. The ruins of the Tao Temple are the "pottery" land in ancient history. That is to say, "the capital of Di Ou (Yao)" is the "Tao" land. The analysis process is shown in the following figure:

Figure 4: Picture of phonetic analysis of Tao Kui ancient characters Source: Wei Wencheng's "Civilization of the Xia Dynasty"

(2) The ruins of Tao Temple "for the world"

A. The Warring States Lü Buwei's "Lü Shi Chunqiu Shenshi": "The king of the ancients chooses the world to establish a kingdom (the capital), chooses the kingdom to establish a palace, and chooses the palace to set up a temple." ”

The ancients searched for the target place of "the world under heaven" from the time of the Yellow Emperor, and recognized it as "zhongzhong" as "central". "Huainanzi Astronomical Training": Central, Tuye, its Emperor Huangdi, its Zuohou Tu, holding the rope and making the four sides; its god Zhenxing, its beast Huanglong, its Yin Palace, its Ri Pengji. Only the True Dragon Heavenly Son, like the Yellow Emperor, would live in the "world under heaven", so the ancients all worked hard to find "the middle earth" - Middle-earth - the middle earth. Therefore, the ancient Emperor Ou (Yao), that is, the "Tao" of the Tao Tang clan, that is, the ruins of the tao temple, can be worthy of the reputation of "in the world". It cannot be the "dingtao" of shandong now. The "in the middle of the world" at the beginning of the ancient era refers to the "Tao" of the Tang Yao era, which is the imperial capital of the Tang State. Later, the Zhou Dynasty began to re-choose "in heaven and earth" is a later story.

B. Dingtao was the capital of the Cao Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, that is, "in the Cao Kingdom", and its geographical location could not have become the middle of the world.

"Dingtao County, located in the southwest of Shandong Province, in the middle of Heze City, in the upper reaches of the Wanfu River. It is located between 30 degrees 57 minutes north latitude and 35 degrees 14 minutes north latitude, east and west longitude 115 degrees 20 minutes east longitude to 115 degrees 40 minutes east longitude, 20 kilometers north of Heze city, south of Cao County, adjacent to Chengwu County in the east, and bordering Juye County in the northeast. No matter from what point of view, "Dingtao" cannot become "under the heavens". Because it belonged to the territory of the State of Qi in the Middle Ages, and generally called "the world under the heavens", in any case, it had to be in the center of the various princely states in terms of geographical location, or in the position of the transportation hub of the princely states, so that it became a commercial and trade center, and even a political, economic and cultural center, and it was possible to obtain the reputation of "in the world". ”

C. Archaeologists and astronomers conducted astronomical survey experiments on the observatory of the Tao Temple site, that is, the Temple of Heaven, based on the records of the Zhou Hip Arithmetic Sutra, and the length of the sundial of the Observation Deck of the Tao Temple Site and the Temple of Heaven on the Summer Solstice was consistent with the Zhou Hip Arithmetic Sutra, indicating that the place of astronomical measurement recorded in the Zhou Hip Arithmetic Sutra was "Tao", that is, today's Tao Temple site. It proves that the ruins of Tao Temple are "under the heavens". It coincides with the "tao" land recorded in the historical and ancient books of "tao, for the world".

"Shanxi Daily" recorded the experiment: "On June 21, 2009, the day of the summer solstice, Sun Xiaochun, a researcher at the Institute of Natural Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of the Chinese Ancient Astronomy Research Center, and chief expert of the project team of "Archaeological Astronomy Research of the Tao Temple Prehistoric Observatory", and other astronomers came to the Tao Temple Ancient Observatory and together with Dr. He Yi's colleagues used 1:1 copies of the "Gui and Table" excavated from the Tao Temple site to verify. At 11:30 a.m., archaeologists and astronomers had come to the ancient observatory of The Tao Temple, where journalists from the central and local media and some cadres and masses from Xiangfen County gathered. In the summer sky, the scorching sun looms in the clouds, and the experts install the copied Gui and watch instruments, seize the opportunity, and carefully measure, study and verify. The projection of the eight-foot watch shines on the "Gui" of the Tao Temple ruins, and the edge of the sun shadow is not clear, and the shadow is fainter the closer to the edge. Experts use the imitation "Qi" to make the daylight shine through the small holes and then to the gui surface, and the edges of the shadows become clear. At 12:36, the exact time of the 2009 summer solstice, the experts at the scene gathered their eyes and focused on the gui watch, and the camera and camera also focused on this moment. Gathered eyes together to see: the projection of the "table" fell between the two red marks on the "Gui", the shadow length was 41 cm, minus the change error of the "yellow and red angle" for 4,000 years is 40 cm. 40 centimeters is "one foot and six inches", which is exactly the same as the "middle of the earth" in the Zhou Ji Suanjing. ”

This experiment carried out by modern people just proves that the astronomical observations of the ancients are completely consistent with the historical records, and also proves from one side that the ruins of the Tao Temple are the "pottery, for the world" in the ancient era. The ruins of tao temple are "tao", "the capital of the emperor (Yao)" - tao temple is "yao temple", and "yao temple" is the "tao" place recorded in ancient historical books.

4. The tao temple ruins are the ruins of "tao"

"Bamboo Book Chronicle": "Eighty-nine years, as a tour of the palace yu Tao." In the ninety years, the emperor lived in Tao. One hundred years, Emperor Zhi yu Tao"

This shows that Emperor Yao (Yao) once established a palace in 2268 BC, that is, at the site of the present-day Tao Temple, Tao, which is what later generations called the palace. Instead of Dingtao in present-day Shandong. In 2269 BC, Emperor Yao completed the project of establishing a palace in Tao in only one year, and stayed in Tao's palace. Emperor Tang Yao began to live in the "Tao" palace, and was first called Tao Tang. In 2259 BC Emperor Ou (尧) died in Tao. Today, the ruins of Tao Temple have not only excavated the ruins of its ancient city, but also found the tomb of Emperor Ou (Yao) no. 3015. Therefore, there is no doubt that the ruins of the Tao Temple are the sites of the "pottery" of the ancient era. This era is fully consistent with the era of the middle period of the Tao Temple culture. That is, the Tao Temple culture has been divided into three periods by archaeologists according to the 14C: early (2,500-2,300 BC), mid-period (2,300-2,100 years), and late (2,100-2,000 years).

5. Tang is the state, Tao is the imperial capital

Tao, just a place name, that is, the ruins of the ancient city of Tao Temple, was originally used as the palace of Emperor Yao of Tang, that is, a temporary station at the time of the flood, and later because the flood was still flooded a long time later, it was finally moved from Taiyuan to Tao. From the history of the founding of the Tao Temple site, the initial era of the middle period was ruled by Emperor Ou (Yao), and then ruled by Emperor Yu Shun. Therefore, it was the palace that began as the imperial palace, and eventually became the new capital of the imperial concave (Yao), and then ruled by Emperor Yu Shun as the imperial capital.

6. The ruins of Tao Temple were reduced to rubble due to Danju's battle against Yu Shun

In summary, the tao temple site is the most accurate location of the "tao" land in ancient history, that is to say: "the tao temple site is "the capital of the emperor(yao)" or called "the emperor's (yao) palace" - tao. That is to say, the Tang State established by Emperor Yao of Tang yao (Yao) in ancient history had to move its capital to "Tao", that is, the site of the present-day Tao Temple, when the world flood broke out, or for Tang Yao's palace. Therefore, the ruins of the Tao Temple, the capital of The Emperor's Wo (Yao), are "tao". Shun also ruled here as the supreme ruler for a period of time, and later because of the outbreak of the "Emperor Zhu" (帝朱), the son of Emperor Yao (Yao), Dan Zhu after the outbreak of the Tao Temple site - Tao, Dan Shui raised an army to take revenge on Emperor Yu Shun, and began a war with Emperor Shun for the throne, as a result, the capital of Tang Yao, Tao, was completely destroyed and eventually became a ruin.

A few comments from me:

1. I fully agree with Mr. Wei Wencheng's argument and conclusion that the tomb of Emperor Yao was found in the ruins of the Tao Temple, the ruins of the Tao Temple are the imperial capital of Tang Ou (Yao), and the "capital of the Emperor (Yao)" is the "Tao" land. This is the most logical, the most rigorous argument, and the less critical conclusion in the "Tao Said" that I have seen. The only flaw is that the family's words have not yet reached a consensus in the historical community.

2. I have doubts about Mr. Wei's statement that "Yao was sealed in Tang, first built the Palace of You in Tao, then rebuilt in Tao, "Tang" is a state, and "Tao" is the imperial capital."

(1) The denial of the historical mainstream theory of "Yao Chu Sealed in Tao" seems to lack sufficient evidence, and it is difficult to form a conclusive conclusion.

(2) The title of Tao Tangshi should have a twofold relationship: one is the juxtaposition relationship of the place of residence, and the other is the sequential relationship of the time of residence. Yao first sealed Tao, then Tang, so called "Tao Tang", if according to Mr. Wei "Tang for the state, Tao for the imperial capital", to solve the juxtaposition relationship, but from the order of residence, Yao seems to be called "Tang Tao".

3. My guess: whether this will happen, Yao was first sealed in Tao: Pingyao or Tao Temple, and in the middle and late years of his career, out of nostalgia for the pottery land in his childhood, he returned to the taodi (tao temple) to build the capital. Pingyao, many years ago, due to the flooding of the Jinyang Lake in the Jinzhong region, the Fenhe River flooded south and moved south, making it difficult to move back. To be tested.

Four. Ancient Tao Guo Pingyao Said -- The Ming and Qing Dynasties "Shanxi Tongzhi", "Fenzhou Fuzhi", "Pingyao County Chronicle" historical records; Zhang Zhongwei, Wang Keqiang and other lords said this

< > Pingyao Said

During the Ming Dynasty, "Shanxi Tongzhi Jianzhi History": "Pingyao County, ancient pottery land, Emperor Yao was first sealed in Tao, that is. ”

During the Ming Dynasty, the Fenzhou Fuzhi Vol. 2 "Geography and History" contains "Pingyao County, Ancient Pottery Land, Yao Chufeng." ”

Guangxu edition of the "Pingyao County Chronicle": "Pingyao ancient pottery land, Emperor Yao was first sealed in Tao, that is. ”

The Qing Dynasty rebuilt the inscription of the Pingyao Confucian Temple: "Pingyao is an ancient pottery land, and the Yaozuo Emperor's sincere sealing plant was sealed here." ”

Pingyao County People's Government Official Website Pingyao Introduction: The location of the ancient city of Pingyao is an ancient pottery land. Yu Shunshi belonged to the prefecture. After Da Yu ruled the water, it belonged to Ji Prefecture. ”

"Pingyao is a heritage city that combines ancient and modern accumulations. Emperor Yao was first sealed in Si, where Emperor Shun used to make pottery and cultivate crops. Qin Shi Huang named it "Pingtao", and later changed his name to Pingyao to avoid the name of Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei. Pingyao Ancient City is the most complete preserved ancient city in China, the county has a total of 1075 immovable cultural relics, 19 state-level cultural security units, the ancient city, Shuanglin Temple, Zhenguo Temple is the essence, 3798 ancient houses with great protection value, is one of the counties and cities with more state security units in county-level cities in the country. ”

The blog of the ancient pottery swordsman Lao Cao, "PingTao (Ancient Tao) should be sealed before Emperor Yao": "It can be seen from ancient texts that "Yao was thirteen years old and assisted and was enfeoffed in Tao" This can be inferred that before Yao was knighted, there was already a tao land... The only thing called "ancient pottery land" in ancient texts is that Pingyao is in the center of the ancient "Jinyang Lake" in the Middle of the Taihang Mountains and the Lüliang Mountains. It is also the center of the three-legged (Yandi, Yellow, and Jiuli tribes)..." "One possibility is that the Jiuli tribe occupied Pingyao before Yao and called it 'ancient pottery land'. ”

< second> Pingyao Ancient Tao Guo said

The Guangxu edition of the Pingyao County Chronicle records that" (平瑶县志·Miscellaneous Records) records: "In the thirteenth year of the emperor's year, Zuo Zhi (帝喾子, later emperor Zhao as emperor) was sealed in Tao. In the fifteenth year, he changed his title to Tang. In the eighteenth year, for the Son of Heaven, the tao tang clan, Gai did not forget the country of its first seal, Tao first Tang and then also. ”

Xi Liang Guangxu, who served as the commander of Pingyao County, wrote in the "Chronicle of Pingyao County" that "The capital of Emperor Tao Ze Yao was first sealed".

Kang Naixin Kangxi, who served as the commander of Pingyao County, recorded in the "Preface to the Chronicle of Pingyao County": "Yu Zichangzhi transferred power to Pingyao, and the ancient Tao Guoye. ”

Figure 5: Pingyao Ancient City Central "City Building" "Ancient Pottery Scenic View" plaque Source: Network

Zhang Zhongwei's "Di Yao and Ancient Pottery Land": "In the late Neolithic period, about 2,500 BC, during the period when the clan tribes entered the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" headed by men, within forty or fifty kilometers centered on the present-day Wenshui Tao Village, including the current Wenshui, Fenyang, and Pingyao as the main areas, an early princely state called the Tao Kingdom was established, and at least by the time of "Yao Chu FengTao", it had developed into a northern important town-type city in the Huaxia Kingdom. ”

"Sincere is the heavenly son, Yao as an important auxiliary helper, the place of the sub-sealing should also be one of the most important places in the world, so "the thirteenth year of the emperor is sealed in Tao", indicating that the city of the Tao kingdom is both the capital of the Tao kingdom and the king-level capital city second only to the tianzi capital... It shows that as early as the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were already many research scholars or officials who believed that Pingtao City was the capital of the Tao Kingdom in the past. ”

<3> Exploring the source of Pingyao Tao (Yao) City

When it comes to the history of the ancient city of Pingyao, the people of Pingyao will generally tell you that it was built in the western Zhou Xuanwang period (827 BC ~ 782 BC), and expanded and rebuilt in the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370). In fact, the history of the founding of Pingyao is much earlier than that of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Fortunately, we have found some clues from the vast historical texts.

1. The Ming Dynasty Daoyi, Qing Sun, and Xiang Xiu's Fenzhou Fuzhi (汾州府志) states that "the old city is the narrowest, the southeast and southeast are low on both sides, and during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, Yin Jifu was on the northern expedition to the north, [6] garrisoned in the northeast, because the pass could not be tolerated, and built the northwest two sides."

2. Guangxu 'Pingyao County Chronicle· Jianzhi:" "The old city is small, the east and west sides are low, when King Xuan of Zhou, the general Yin Jifu was on the Northern Expedition, stationed troops here, and built the northwest two sides." ”

The Ming and Qing "Fenzhou Fuzhi" and "Pingyao County Chronicle" clearly record that before King Xuan of Zhou, Pingyao already had an old city. General Yin Jifu reinforced and expanded on the basis of the original old city.

3. Wang Keqiang's "Exploring the Source of Guyao City": "Zhou Qingshi [7] After Yin Jifu achieved a decisive victory in the Northern Expedition, he "increased the city and built a platform, and the priests taught martial arts, and took the imperial rong Kou" in the ancient pottery land. This is the sentence in the inscription of the ming Dynasty Pingyao ancient city "Rebuilding the Zhou Qingshi Yin Jifu Temple", since it is "rebuilt", then the founding date must be very early. What I noticed was the words "Zengcheng and Build Tai" in the inscription, and the expression in the inscription was "Zengcheng", not the beginning of the city, which shows that there was originally a city here, and General Yin Jifu expanded the scale on the basis of the original old Yao City, built a high platform according to military needs, and built a new type of castle fortress with strong defensive functions. Based on this, we can speculate that yaocheng in the ancient pottery land existed for many years, during which it must have undergone many repairs, until the time of King Xuan of Zhou, the scale of Yaocheng still existed, but the name of Yaocheng was not passed down, so that posterity passed on the expanded new city to Pingtao according to the name of "Tao". In the long historical evolution in the future, Guping Tao City has changed its name many times, of which it was renamed Jingling, according to the "Cihai" explanation, "Jing" refers to the artificially built high hills, "Ling" refers to the Big Tu Mountain, in the northeast of the city five or six miles away from the Jingling City Village still uses the old name, which further confirms the historical facts that Emperor Yao once piled earth and stones here to build Yao City.　　Based on the above research, we can conclude that the ancient pottery land is indeed the fiefdom of Emperor Yao and the hometown of Yao. The earliest name of Pingyao Ancient City is Yaocheng, the earliest owner is Fangxun The Great, and pingyao Ancient City has a history of more than 4200 years. ”

4. The Legendary Turtle (Yao) City [8]

Legend has it that 4,000 years ago, Emperor Yao was "first sealed in Tao", because of his good governance, developed pottery industry, and outstanding reputation, he was pushed to be the leader of the tribal alliance, and the pingyao area flourished. Later, due to the siltation of the lower reaches of the Fenhe River, the Flood flooded, and the Jinzhong Basin was reduced to a lake.

Di Yao, in order to avoid floods, led his clan to move to Pingyang.

Di Yao has always regarded the control of the flood of Jinyang Lake as a major event. He had successively sent Cang and his son Yu to control the water, and after more than twenty years of efforts, after Dayu chiseled open the Lingshi mouth, the water in Jinyang Lake was dredged into the Yellow River, and since then, there has been no major siltation and flooding in the Fenhe River for thousands of years, and Dayu has succeeded in controlling water. After Emperor Yao ascended to heaven, Yu Shun and his two wives, Emperor E, and Nüying, in order to comfort Yao's spirit in heaven and commemorate Yao's exploits, decided to build a city in Pingyao, the original "fiefdom" of Yao, their birthplace, so as to ensure the residence and safety of their fathers and fellow villagers who had returned from a long way away, and also to show the world that this was the birthplace of Emperor Yao, Tao. Where should the city be built? A large golden turtle climbed up from the rolling waves of the Fenhe River, and people were amazed to see it.

When the spirit turtle came to the ground of Pingyao City, it crawled still. So The Emperor Shun pointed to the spirit turtle and said to everyone, "Let's build a city here." Emperor Shun entrusted the task of building the city to Dayu. Dayu mobilized the people and built a city according to the route that the spirit turtle climbed. When the ancients built the city, they were afraid of the "turtle" crawling away, straightened its left hind leg, and tied it to a platform 10 kilometers away from the city with a rope, that is, the foothill tower built by the later Lu Ban. After a year and a half, a Pingyao turtle city rose up under the personal command of Dayu. Di Shun also named the city "Ancient Pottery" or "Ping Tao" based on Yao's achievements in spreading pottery products during his lifetime, which means both "Ancient Pottery Land of Diguangyuan Ping" and "Pingtao". And outside the north gate designed and built the "Yao Temple" that has been passed down to this day, for generations of ancient potters to worship and commemorate.

Figure 6: Pingyao Turtle City Source: Network

This seemingly false legend reflects the ancient people's great admiration for the "turtle". The turtle is an immortal spiritual creature, and in the minds of the ancients, it is naturally as holy as a god. They hoped to borrow the power of the turtle god to make the ancient city of Pingyao as solid as a rock, and the golden soup would be solid, unharmed, and eternal.

< Four > The glory of the ancient pottery country

Zhang Zhongwei's article "Di Yao and Ancient Pottery Land" gives a more detailed description of the ancient pottery state as an important political, economic and cultural center of early Chinese civilization.

1. An important political center area of early Chinese civilization.

The 23rd year of the Qianlong Qing Dynasty city building rebuilt the monument: "Pingyao is the ruins of Tao Tang, the land is only a hundred miles, and the west passes through Qinlong, the north reaches Yanjing, and the hinterland is important, and The Yi is called Fanju. "Moreover, Taocheng itself is already the capital of a country, and Emperor Yao has been crowned king here, which proves to be an important imperial capital of the whole country." Under the conditions at that time, if the capital was erected in The Imperial Hill of Henan, it was also very possible and necessary to control and control the vast area in the north and establish and strengthen such a northern important town as Tao Guo. "Yi called the drama", vividly illustrating the real situation of the economic prosperity and busy government affairs here at that time.

2. An important economic center area of early Chinese civilization

Tao Guo, named after the word "Tao", indicates that as early as the Neolithic Period 4,000 years ago, it was already a handicraft production area with pottery as an important production capacity, and it was also the central area of Yangshao culture (5000 BC to 3000 BC) divided by later archaeologists. For example, at that time, the pottery manufacturing industry could radiate trade in several nearby provinces, which was enough to make the pottery land claim to be hugely rich in the country... What's more, with the progress of the times, there are more bronzes (flat pottery coins, now exhibited in the provincial museum), liuli (there are exhibits in the Libin Cultural Park), ironware (There are Song Dynasty iron man products in the Jinci Scenic Area) and other manufacturing industries to follow! All this evidence is a very realistic proof of the product characteristics and customary characteristics of the pottery.

In the first year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (424), Pingtao changed to Pingyao to avoid Tuoba Tao, that is, took "Tao" and "kiln" as ancient harmonic sounds, and "kiln" and "yao" were harmonic, and they coincided with Ping, and also had the meaning of Pingguangyuan Ping, so they were named "Pingyao". What I want to emphasize now is that in the two words "pottery" and "kiln", there is a "sui" that represents the large and small mouth of the ancient period, indicating that as early as when Yao was first sealed in the pottery land, this area was not only famous for ceramics, but also fenjiu was already very famous.

Figure 7: The word "Tao" on the wall in the "Diyao Temple" in Pingyao Source: Zhang Zhongwei's "Diyao and ancient pottery land"

It made a historic contribution to promoting the rapid division of labor between agriculture and animal husbandry at that time. Of course, with the development of agriculture, the cultivation of cultivated cattle has become an important agricultural project, so it is natural that beef in this area has become a beautiful food that matches fenjiu. As a result, the areas of Pingyao and Wenshui, centered on pottery, became the earliest producers of the best beef.

It can be seen from this that the ancient pottery land, namely Wenshui, Fenyang and Pingyao, has been the most important developed and rich area of Chinese civilization since the late neolithic period of ancient times.

3. An important cultural center area of early Chinese civilization

Since the Tao Kingdom in ancient times, with the handicraft pottery industry, winemaking industry, slaughtering industry has become the economic and political center of the dominant side, it must be accompanied by the prosperity of culture. As mentioned earlier, the astronomers Xi Zhong, Xi Shu, he Zhong, and Shu Wai, who invented the original calendar during the Di Yao period, and later came to Taodi in the Spring and Autumn Period, and a famous cultural figure was Bu Zixia, who was ranked among the disciples of Confucius's Ten Sages. Zixia was not only proficient in teaching, but also well versed in historical changes and the way of governing the country, and also received in-depth consultation on the way of governing the country by Marquis Wen of Wei, leaving a large record of dialogue on governing the country in history. Although we cannot say that Zixia came to the land of ancient pottery to teach purely for the sake of high salary, if there is no better salary treatment and the attraction of rich and famous places, it is certainly not possible to come to a sage talent like Zixia. This is also just like the Chaoshan Academy in the city during the heyday of Pingyao Tickets, which attracted Xu Jizuo, who had been the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, to be the head of the mountain, all of which were backed by strong economic resources and places of interest.

<5> Pingyao's "Baby Creek Village Ruins" and Wenshui County's "Shangxian Ruins" are all Neolithic remains.

(1) "Ruins of Infant Creek Village", according to Xu Guangji's editor-in-chief of the "Neolithic Ruins of Baby Creek Village, Pingyao County": "The pottery site of Baby Creek Village covers an area of about 10,000 square meters, divided into two layers, the upper layer is mainly red pottery, the lower layer is mainly gray pottery, and the distinguishable shapes are mainly bowls, zuns, pots, plates, pots, urns, koshiki, kettle stoves... The pottery color is mainly gray pottery, followed by red pottery, and there are a small number of red-brown tire black leather pottery, which are mostly found in bowls..... In addition, there are pile patterns, string patterns, poke patterns, nail patterns, and scratch patterns. The pottery method has wheeling and molding, and the collected products are mostly wheeled. The types of cookers include kettle stoves and koshiki. The kettle stove is decorated with round mud cakes and a chicken crown-shaped ear at the waist. There are fewer eating utensils. The stone tools collected include hand axe ornaments, mainly pottery rings and so on. The era should be the late Yangshao culture of the Yijing type; there are also some earlier and later materials. The discovery of the Liandi site provides physical data for the study of the late Yangshao culture in the Neolithic period in Shanxi. [9] A large number of Neolithic broken pottery pieces have been found at the site of Infant Creek Village, indicating that there were already large pottery farms in Pingyao in ancient times, and the pottery production industry has been quite developed.

(2) "Shangxian Ruins" "covers an area of 20,000 square meters. The specimens collected include stone axes, stone chips, pottery bristles, gray pottery pieces, red pottery pieces, etc., and two pottery kiln sites were found. To the west is a hillside with the remains of cave dwelling houses. According to research, as early as 6000 AD, there were humans in Shangxian Village who inhabited, multiplied, survived and developed here. The cultural relics department of Wenshui County determined that the ruins of Shangxian Village belonged to the Longshan culture. In 1965, Shanxi Province listed it as a provincial key cultural protection unit. At present, a large number of pottery and bronzes have been excavated in Shangxian Village, and they are very exquisitely made. ”【10】

Many of the pottery, stone tools, bronzes and pottery kiln sites unearthed in the above two sites can be used as evidence of cultural relics from the ancient Pottery Kingdom period.

I would like to make a few comments.

1. Pingyao has been known as "Ancient Pottery Land" since ancient times, and at that time belonged to the sphere of influence of Emperor Yao. As for whether it is an ancient pottery city, an ancient pottery or an ancient pottery state needs further investigation, but it is a Shanxi pottery subway nail, there is no doubt about it.

2. "Yao Chu Feng Tao Di Pingyao Theory" seems to originate from the Ming and Qing Dynasties "Shanxi Tongzhi", "Fenzhou FuZhi", "Pingyao County Chronicle" and the restoration of temple buildings in Pingyao City, and earlier records need to be further discovered. Most of the more than 500,000 residents of Pingyao consider themselves to be "Yaofeng Ancient Pottery Land (Country)", and it is indeed an indisputable fact that they are proud and proud of it.

3. Although the ancient pottery city before King Xuan of Western Zhou and Zhou was small in scale, it did exist as a prototype of Pingyao City. This echoes the legend that Shun built Yao (Turtle) Castle in honor of Yao. It should be indisputable to say that Pingyao is an "ancient pottery city".

4. Pingyao is called ancient pottery land, and it is very likely that yao was an ancient pottery country when it was first sealed. The "ancient kingdom" of the Ancient Yao Shunyu period was a tribal confederation. Similar to Mr. Su Bingqi's definition of "ancient country", "ancient country refers to a stable and independent political entity above the tribe", "that is, a primitive state of the early city-state", and "The Hongshan culture took the lead in entering the ancient state stage five thousand years ago". [11] Extrapolating from the more than 800 states that existed during the Xia-Shang-Zhou period[12], (the "Fang State" in the Xia-Shang-Zhou period generally refers to the countries of various places as opposed to the Central Dynasty or the Central Kingdom. At that time, the "kingdom" was almost a state based on a surname or tribe, with small and many characteristics. For example, the Yao kingdom was in Puzhou (present-day Yongji, Shanxi), the ancient Tang kingdom was in southern Jin (Linfen Yicheng), and the ancient Tao kingdom was in Pingyao.

5. Pingyao "Baby Creek Village Ruins" found a large number of Neolithic broken pottery pieces piled up, the older Wenshui "Shangxian Ruins" in addition to the discovery of pottery, there are two pottery kiln sites, indicating that Yao Shunyu era or even earlier Pingyao already had a large pottery farm, the pottery industry has been quite developed. Nowadays, with the identification technology of modern science 'cultural relics dating' - radiocarbon dating and pottery thermal exhaust method dating, it should not be difficult to determine the exact age of these pottery, especially the pottery thermal exhaust method can not only determine the generation, but also distinguish the geographical attribution and authenticity of the pottery. Looking forward to some discoveries and breakthroughs in this regard!

Pingyao ancient tao guo said "it is worth looking forward to."

Five. brief summary

The author spent some time, energy and space in this article to introduce four kinds of Shanxi pottery sayings, such as "Yongji Taocheng Saying", "Eldest Son Taoxiang Saying", "Tao Temple Yaodu Tao Saying" and "Pingyao Ancient Tao Guo Saying", and my views are simply summarized as follows.

2. "The eldest son Tao Xiang said" can be excluded. The reason why Di Yao is called "Tao Tang Clan", the first seal in Tao Zhi Tao Di and the later seal in Tang Zhi Tang Di should be basically equal. To the larger extent, the pottery land should be the ancient pottery country, and to the smaller one, at least it is also Taoyi and Taocheng, and it should be an important town for pottery production and trade at that time. Tao Township in Changzi County seems to be too small in area and too light in weight to match Tang and be called "Tao Tang". In addition, Yao's birthplace and initial fiefdom are in a small area of Changzi County, and there is a slight lack of evidence.

3. "Tao Temple Yao Du Tao said" has a high degree of credibility. Mr. Wei Wencheng's argument and conclusion about the discovery of the tomb of Emperor Yao in the ruins of the Tao Temple, the ruins of the Tao Temple are the imperial capital of Tang (Yao), and the "capital of the Emperor's Wo (Yao)" is the "Tao Di", which is the most logical, the most rigorous and less critical in the "Tao Said" that I have seen. The only flaw is that the family's words have not yet reached a consensus in the historical community.

(1) Pingyao has been called "Ancient Pottery Land" since ancient times, and it belongs to the rule of Emperor Zhao. As for whether it is an ancient pottery city, an ancient pottery city or an ancient pottery state needs further investigation, but it is a pottery subway in Shanxi, there is no doubt about it.

(2) "Pingyao Ancient Tao Guo Theory" originated from the Ming and Qing Dynasties "Shanxi Tongzhi", "Fenzhou Fuzhi", "Pingyao County Chronicle" and the restoration of temple buildings in Pingyao City, and earlier written records in classics seem to need to be further discovered. Most of the more than 500,000 residents of Pingyao consider themselves to be "Yaofeng Ancient Pottery Land (Country)", and it is indeed an indisputable fact that they are proud and proud of it.

(3) Although the ancient pottery city before King Xuan of Western Zhou and Zhou was small in scale, it did exist as a prototype of Pingyao City. This echoes the legend that Shun built Yao (Turtle) Castle in honor of Yao. It should be indisputable to say that Pingyao is an "ancient pottery city".

(4) Pingyao is called ancient pottery land, and it is very likely that yao was an ancient pottery country when it was first sealed. The "ancient kingdom" of the Ancient Yao Shunyu period was a tribal confederation. At that time, the "kingdom" was almost a state based on a surname or tribe, with small and many characteristics. For example, if the Yao kingdom is in Puzhou (present-day Yongji) in Shanxi, and the ancient Tang kingdom is in jinnan (Linfen Yicheng), why can't the ancient tao state be in Pingyao, which is called the ancient pottery land?

(5) Pingyao's "Baby Creek Village Ruins" found a large number of Neolithic broken pottery pieces piled up, and earlier Wenshui "Shangxian Ruins" found pottery, there are two pottery kiln sites, indicating that in the Yao Shunyu era and even before Pingyao, there were large pottery farms, and the pottery industry was already quite developed. Nowadays, with the identification technology of modern science 'cultural relics dating' - radiocarbon dating and pottery thermal exhaust method dating, it should not be difficult to determine the exact age of these pottery, especially the pottery thermal exhaust method can not only determine the generation, but also distinguish the geographical attribution and authenticity of the pottery. Looking forward to some discoveries and breakthroughs in this regard!

In summary, my conclusion is that Yao cannot do without Tao in his life. There are many pottery sites related to Yao in Shanxi, which were first sealed in Tao (present-day Pingyao), later sealed in Tang (Linfen Yicheng), built in Tao (present-day Linfen Tao Temple), and buried in Tao (Tao Temple).

The above is my point of view, Shanxi pottery exploration should keep pace with the times, as long as there are more, richer, more valuable, more decisive archaeological relics are excavated and discovered, the conclusion can become a conclusion, of course, it may also be rewritten! I believe that through the joint efforts and continuous discoveries of local governments, experts and scholars in the field of history, and folk history and culture enthusiasts, this day will surely come as soon as possible!

Tao surname origin Shanxi said (1)

Tao surname origin Shanxi theory (2): taking the origin of the Tang surname as circumstantial evidence

Tao surname origin Shanxi said (3): "Yao Chu sealed in Tao" and "Yao Zi lived in Tao Qiu" distinguished

Tao surname YuanLiuxin said

exegesis:

[1] Yi, this word first appeared in the Shang Dynasty oracle bones, the city. In ancient times, the capital of the princely states was also called Yi.

[2] [Justice] refers to Tang Zhang Shoujie's "History of Justice", together with Tang Sima Zhen's "Historical Record Index" and Liu Song Pei's "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records", collectively known as the Three Notes on The History of History.

[3] [Ji Xie] refers to Liu Song Pei Xiao's "Historical Records Collection Interpretation".

[4] Cui Shu 's Testament of Cui Dongbi and The Letter of Tang Yu's Examination'.

[5] 猃狁, pronounced xiǎn yǔn, is the name of an ethnic minority in ancient northern China. Also written as "Badger".

[6] Qingshi is an ancient Chinese official name. He also made a history of the secretary of state and a secretary of state affairs. (1) Refers to Qing, Doctor. Later, it was used to refer to officials in general. (2) The ruler of the Zhou Dynasty. In charge of the affairs of the dynasty. Combined with this article, the Western Zhou Dynasty was in charge of military commanders or generals.

[7] The inscription was rebuilt in the 23rd year of the Qianlong Dynasty.

[8] Windyroc's blog "The Legend of Pingyao Turtle City"

[9] Annals of Chinese Archaeology, 1994.

[10] Baidu Encyclopedia "Shangxian Ruins".

[11] Baidu Encyclopedia "Fangguo" entry.

[12] Honest Renyang's blog "Fang Guo (897) That Appeared Before the End of the Warring States Period".