Sunflower Care Techniques Flower Language Breeding J Techniques

Sunflower alias: Sunflower

　　Flower Language: The Sun, Silent Love, Admiration.

　　It is not always clear to see, the mood behind your frown or bitter smile is not often said to you, all the joys and hurts in my heart are constantly appreciating each other in each other's lives, and then parting and embracing each other and then watching the seeds you have given me, planted in the sky with your warm gaze, like the sun shining bright and bright with me all the way to the mud, Struggling and falling repeatedly to get up and take root and sprout still indomitable obedience to Providence When I have experienced joy and sorrow I want to share with you Please let me hold your hand and accompany you to bask in the sun in different time and space, looking at each other calmly and silently as usual I understand all the watchfulness behind your deep gaze Needless to say that we have read each other.

　　Sunflowers, named after the inflorescences that rotate with the sun. Father was like the sun shining on my little sunflower all the time. With the flower language of admiration and faith, I bloomed towards warmth. Blue Thorn Ball is my little naughty, little naughty, Alice is my gentleness, romance. Bits and pieces of memories that spread from childhood to adulthood... Sunflowers allude to silent love, but this time I want to express it well – you will always be my sunshine.

　　Sunflowers are phototropic, and people call them sunflowers, flowers that circle with the sun. In the ancient Inca Empire, the sunflower was the symbol of the sun god. Hence the flower language of sunflowers is the sun.

　　PerennialSunflower

　　Flower Language: Affinity

　　Wild sunflowers are used for a wide range of purposes: seeds can be made into snacks and can also be refined into cooking oil; leaves are the favorite feed for livestock; flowers can be made into dyes, etc. It is closely related to human daily life and is a plant that is quite close to human beings. Therefore, its flower language is - tossing fate.

　　Folk festivals

　　Sunflower Festival in Thailand

　　Large areas of sunflower flowers bloom in the sun in Lopburi Province, central Thailand. The area is the largest sunflower grower in Thailand, and the Sunflower Festival is held every year from November 1 to December 31 when the sunflowers are in full bloom, which is one of Thailand's famous attractions. In flower language, sunflowers represent "worship" and "admiration". Among them, the yellow color of the sunflower represents nostalgia, love, etc., and the orange color represents joy, friendship and harmony, which is usually attracted as the main flower in the bouquet and never appears as a matching flower. Since December 5 is Father's Day in Thailand, and the flower meaning of sunflowers usually carries the meaning of "fatherly love" and "respect", sunflowers are the main ornamental flowers and gift flowers of Father's Day. In the provinces of central Thailand, the golden sunflower fields are endless, and people can walk into any field to take photos without any entrance fees or other fees. At this time of year, the sunflower fields are full of tourists, and everyone uses their free time to come to the suburbs to enjoy the flowers. The golden yellow flower disc contrasts with the emerald green flower stem, and the Blue Satin Sky of Thailand really gives people a beautiful enjoyment. Outside the fields are full of tourists, outside the fields villagers selling sunflower-related goods: potted plants, pins, headdresses, wind chimes, flower arrangements... The workmanship is unique and attracts many tourists to buy.

　　legend

　　Legend one

　　There was a poignant Greek myth and legend about sunflowers. Clytie was a goddess of the sea. She was the lover of helius, the sun god, but later fell in love with The Persian princess Leucothoe. Enraged, Clutieu denounced The Persian king Orchamus about Lucotoe's relationship with Helios. Camos ordered his unchaste daughter to be buried alive. When Helios learned of this, he completely severed his dealings with Clyutia. The infatuated Crutier did not eat or drink for several days, staring at Helios driving the sun car to rise and fall in the east, becoming increasingly haggard, and finally turning into a sunflower (sunflower).

　　Legend two

　　Krita is a Mizusawa fairy. One day, she met Apollo, the sun god who was hunting, in the woods, and she was so fascinated by this handsome god that she fell madly in love with him. However, Apollo left without even looking at her. Crete eagerly hoped that Apollo would speak to her one day, but she never saw him again. So she could only stare at the sky every day, watching Apollo drive the golden sun car across the sky. She watched intently as Apollo's journey unfolded until he descended the mountain. Every day, she sat like this, her hair disheveled and her face haggard. As soon as sunrise came, she looked at the sun. Later, the gods took pity on her and turned her into a large golden sunflower. Her face turned into a flower tray, forever facing the sun, following him every day---- Apollo, telling him about her eternal love and admiration. Therefore, the flower language of the sunflower is - silent love.

　　Legend three

　　There is also a wonderful legend about sunflowers in history. In ancient times, there was a farmer's daughter named Minggu, who was thick and honest and handsome, but she was regarded as a thorn in the eye by her stepmother "female overlord" and was humiliated and abused in every way. Once, because of a small matter, he bumped into the harem, angered the harem, and used a leather whip to beat her, but suddenly hit the biological daughter who came to persuade her, at this time the harem was angry and hateful, and at night she took advantage of Minggu's sleep to gouge out her eyes. Minggu was in excruciating pain, broke the door and fled, died soon after, and after her death, a plate of bright yellow flowers bloomed on her grave, facing the sun all day long, it was a sunflower. It means that Minggu yearns for light and hates darkness, and this legend inspires people to hate violence, darkness, and pursue light. This sunflower has multiplied to this day.

　　The national flower of Russia

　　The people of the former Soviet Union loved the sunflower and designated it as the national flower. Russia still designates the national flower as a sunflower, "and there is no willow that rises because of the wind, but the sunflower falls to the sun." The sunflower, the flower of longing for the light, the flower that brings good hope to people, is a treasure all over its body, and it selflessly dedicates itself to mankind.

　　Shape characteristics

　　It is an annual herb growing 1.0 to 3.5 m tall, with hybrid varieties with plants half a m tall. The stem is erect, stout, rounded and angular, with white coarse hairs. The leaves are usually alternate, heart-shaped ovate or ovate, sharply or tapering at the apex, with 3 basal veins, coarsely serrated edges, rough on both sides, hairy, and long stalks.

　　Cephalic inflorescence, very large, 10 to 30 cm in diameter, grows solitaryly at the top of the stem or at the end of the branches, often leaning downwards. The total bracts are multi-layered, leafy, shingled arranged, covered with stiff hairs, flowering in summer, and yellow tongue-like flowers at the edges of the inflorescence, which are not fruitful. The middle of the inflorescence is an amphoteric tubular flower, brown or purple, and firm.

　　Lean fruit, inverted ovate or ovate oblong, slightly flattened, lignified peel, gray or black, commonly known as sunflower seeds.

　　The most common sunflower height is 2.5 to 3.5 meters. According to a scientific literature report in 1567, it has historically been thought that single-headed sunflower plants were planted in Padua and can reach heights of up to 12 meters. The same seeds, planted at other times and locations (such as Madrid), can reach a height of almost 8 meters. More recently ( about twenty years ago ) there were plants taller than 8 meters , acquired in the Netherlands and Ontario , Canada.

　　Growing environment

　　Sunflowers can be planted in all seasons, and the important ones are mainly summer and winter. Flowering can take more than two weeks. Varieties can be divided into "general ornamental" varieties or "edible" varieties, and individual ornamental varieties are characterized by shorter plants, usually no more than half a meter. Ornamental sunflowers are thus suitable for planting in potted plants; The edible varieties are taller, planted in the soil of normal open-air nurseries, and can grow to more than 2 meters. Sunflowers grow commensurately and agilely, with a flowering period of up to two weeks or more, and sunflower growth is closely related to factors such as temperature, moisture, light, and soil.

　　temperature

　　Sunflowers are native to the tropics, but are highly adaptable to temperature, and are warm-loving and hardy crops. Its seeds have a strong low temperature tolerance, the local temperature is stable, above 2 ° C, the seeds begin to germinate; at 4 ~ 5 ° C, the seeds can germinate and take root; when the ground temperature reaches 8 ~ 10 ° C, it can meet the needs of seed germination. The optimal temperature for germination is 31 to 37 °C, and the maximum temperature is 38 to 44 °C. Sunflowers can grow normally throughout the reproductive process, as long as the temperature is not less than 10 ° C. In the appropriate temperature range, the higher the temperature, the faster it develops.

　　moisture content

　　Sunflower plants are tall, densely leafy, and are water-intensive crops. It absorbs 1.74 times more water than corn. However, because its growth and development are mostly synchronized with local rain and heat, the contradiction between water supply and demand is not prominent. The water requirements of sunflowers vary greatly in different growth stages. From sowing to budding, it is relatively drought-resistant and does not require much water, only 1.9% of the total water demand. Appropriate drought is conducive to root growth and enhances drought resistance.

　　From bud to flowering, it is the peak of water demand, and the water demand accounts for about 43% of the total water demand. The lack of water during this period has a great impact on production. This stage coincides with a lot of rainfall, which can basically meet the water needs of sunflower growth and development. If it is too dry, it needs to be replenished with irrigation. The amount of water required from flowering to maturity is also relatively large, accounting for about 38% of the total water volume. If there is not enough moisture, it not only affects the yield, but also reduces the oil content.

　　illumination

　　Sunflowers are short-day crops. But it is not very sensitive to the reaction of sunshine. For example, under the sunshine conditions in Tianjin, no special treatment is required, and it can flower and mature normally. Sunflowers prefer plenty of sunlight and their seedlings, leaves and discs are highly phototropic. Sufficient sunshine, strong seedlings can prevent growth; sufficient sunlight in the middle of growth can promote the growth of stems and leaves, normal flowering and pollination, and improve the fruiting rate; sufficient sunlight in the late stage of growth, and the seeds are full and full.

　　soil

　　Sunflowers have low soil requirements and can grow on all kinds of soils, from fertile soils to drylands, barren and saline lands. It has a strong tolerance to salinity and alkali, which is related to the fact that sunflower habits have the following habits:

　　(1) Salt resistance

　　Sunflowers have strong salt tolerance, and the soil salt content is 0.4% to produce whole seedlings. At the bud stage, when the salinity content of the soil layer of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm is 0.42% and 0.445%, respectively, sunflowers can still grow normally. Sunflowers not only have strong salt resistance, but also have salt absorption properties. According to laboratories, sunflower stems contain up to about 0.5% sodium chloride, so it is one of the saline-alkali crops.

　　(2) Drought tolerance

　　Sunflowers are highly drought tolerant. According to the test, after nearly 40 days of drought before and after flowering, the soil moisture content of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm was 8.8%, 15.12% and 19.6%, respectively, and sunflowers still grew normally.

　　Drought tolerance causes:

　　(1) The root system is developed into the soil deep, and can absorb and utilize the water in the deep soil;

　　(2) The stem is filled with a sponge-like marrow, which can store more water;

　　(3) The stem is densely bristled, and the leaf surface has a waxy layer, which can reduce the transpiration of water.

　　(3) Waterlogging resistance

　　According to the verification, from the bud stage, in the flooded state (50 cm of water in the ground area) for 40 days, more than 90% of the plants do not die, there is still a harvest. This is because the sunflower root and stem ventilation tissue is developed, and the ability to grow new roots after encountering water is quite strong, and the increase in new roots in 5 days is equivalent to 21% of the total root amount.

　　Propagation methods

　　First, the method of sunflower sowing and propagation

　　1. Select the seed

　　Sunflower propagation method is generally sown, first choose a full sunflower seed, planted outdoors can not consider the size of the variety, if you want to plant in the indoor pot, you need to choose a relatively short variety, large area of planting can be in the yard or flower bed.

　　2. Reasonable sowing

　　The most suitable time for sowing is in April, the temperature is best around 20 ° C, the healthy and full sunflower seeds are buried in the humid pot soil, as long as the temperature and humidity are enough, it will germinate in about 3 days, and the sunflower seedlings can be transplanted after 5 days. If you sow it in a pot at the beginning, you naturally don't have to transplant it.

　　3. Appropriate transplantation

　　After the sunflower's leaf buds have fully grown, they can be transplanted to large pots or other planting places. After the transplantation is completed, it is necessary to water enough fixed root water, water thoroughly, and then place the seedlings in the sunny place of the room for maintenance.

　　4. Maintenance and growth

　　When the sunflower seedlings grow 3 to 4 pairs of true leaves, it is easy to spray some potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves every few days, which can strengthen the root system and stem and promote the growth and development of the plant.

　　Second, the conservation skills of sunflowers

　　1. Water appropriately

　　The root system of sunflowers is relatively developed, and it is dry and wet when watering, and in an arid environment, it is more conducive to the growth and development of sunflower root systems. However, the growth and development of sunflowers can not be dehydrated, so it is best to dry and wet. It is necessary to maintain sufficient moisture during the flowering season so as to ensure the quality of the flowers.

　　2. Sufficient light

　　Sunflower growth requires plenty of sunlight, in the case of sufficient light, the plant will grow robustly, the color of the flowers is more colorful and shiny. If it is a sunflower potted plant, it can be placed completely in a sunny place, and when the light is strong and the temperature is high, it must be replenished in time.

　　3. Control the temperature

　　Sunflowers are suitable for growing at 18 ~ 30 ° C, at night at about 10 ~ 18 ° C, to maintain a suitable temperature difference between day and night, so that it is conducive to the growth of stems and leaves. As long as it is within the right temperature, the higher the temperature, the faster the sunflower will grow.

　　4. Reasonable fertilization

　　Sunflowers are fertile, and can be applied to dilute fertilizer every 7 to 10 days during growth, and nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used at the long seedling stage. Wait until the sunflowers are budding, and appropriately increase the phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to promote the development and growth of the buds.

　　Cultivation techniques

　　Location selection

　　Sunflower cultivation should choose plots with flat land, medium fertility, convenient irrigation and drainage, and relatively small soil viscosity. Stubble should not be replanted. It is best to reproduce in the form of seeds, preferably peat soil when sowing. Seed mixing with a new high-fat membrane before sowing can drive away underground pests, isolate viral infections, and improve seed germination rate.

　　seed

　　The seeds are first soaked in warm water, and then planted in the soil with the tip of the seeds facing down, and can germinate in about 4 to 5 days.

　　sow

　　Sowing can be sown at a temperature of 125 px soil layer at 5°C. The basic principles of sowing period selection are: first, according to the law of salinity and alkali occurrence, appropriate early sowing or late sowing, so that seedlings avoid salinity and alkali damage; second, spring sowing or summer sowing according to the growth period of the variety; third, adjust the sowing period according to the incidence law to avoid the disease-prone season; fourth, adjust the sowing period according to the growth characteristics, so that the flowering and grouting period avoids high temperature weather above 28 °C

　　The germination rate and emergence rate of sunflowers are lower than those of oil sunflowers, and the top soil capacity is not as good as that of oil sunflowers. In order to ensure the number of seedlings, the actual sowing amount should be increased by 10-20% compared with the calculated sowing amount. The self-regulation ability of sunflowers is very strong, and the planting density is large, the small grain of the flower disc is small, and the small density is also large of the large grain of the flower disc. Under the premise of ensuring both yield and commerciality, the number of seedlings of 667 square meters should be maintained at about 3000 plants, with a row spacing of 60-1750px and a plant spacing of 30-875px. The sowing amount is determined according to the characteristics of the variety and the cultivation requirements. Generally, 600 grams of artificial on-demand per 667 square meters and 700 grams of machine broadcasting.

　　The growing period of the sunflower with seed fertilizer is long, and the plant is tall. The amount of seed fertilizer per 667 square meters of hole application or strip application of diammonium phosphate is 5-8 kg, or 10 kg of three-material phosphate fertilizer.

　　Sowing method When sowing seeds, the moisture should be good, and the depth is 3-100px. The sowing method adopts:

　　(1) Manual or mechanical work, on-demand or trenching strip broadcasting;

　　(2) Concentrate on demand, 1-2 capsules per hole. In arid areas, deep trenches and shallow cover can be used to sow seeds on wet soils with better moisture conditions.

　　Sowing conditions

　　Sunflower sowing time: March to April;

　　Suitable temperature for sowing: 18~25°C;

　　Budding time: 5 to 7 days;

　　Sowing method: on-demand, about 25px soil cover, flowering about 50 to 80 days after sowing, slightly different due to different varieties.

　　Field management

　　Field management is an important part of cultivating robust plants to achieve high quality and high yields. As the saying goes, "Three points, seven points." ”

　　1. Check the field and replenish the seedlings

　　Sunflowers are dicotyledonous crops, and it is more difficult to emerge from the top soil, coupled with land preparation, sowing quality is not high or after sowing, the topsoil is compacted, or diseases, insects, rats, finches and other pests are easy to cause lack of seedlings and ridges. In order to ensure that the whole seedling is sown, it must be checked line by field at the emergence stage; if there is a lack of seedlings in rows, it should be replanted in time, and the seeds should be soaked and sprouted and whitened, and then replanted in time. If there are few seedlings, it is necessary to transfer the dense and thin, transplant with soil (pay attention to the sunny orientation of the seedlings), and water the fixed root water, and the survival rate can generally reach more than 95%. It is also possible to breed a part of the insurance seedlings to ensure the needs of the whole seedlings.

　　2. Seedling fixation

　　It is necessary to prepare seedlings early to prevent seedlings from squeezing seedlings, affecting the cultivation of strong seedlings, and even the future yield. According to the test: 1 pair of true leaf and early seedlings, 2-3 pairs of true leaf seedlings have 1200-1500 small flowers in each flower disc, compared with 3 pairs of true leaves after the seedlings, seedlings, each flower tray more than 200-300 flowers, the yield is 19%-26%. As for saline land and pest-infested plots, the seedling fixing time can be appropriately postponed. Early seedling fixing is conducive to cultivating strong seedlings and also conducive to the development of flower discs, and seedlings should be carried out when there are 2 pairs of true leaves

　　3. Cultivate and weed

　　Cultivate 2-3 times during the whole growth period. The first medium tillage was carried out at 1-2 pairs of true leaves when combined with seedlings at a depth of 250 px. The second medium tillage is carried out 1 week after the seedling is fixed at a depth of 375 px. The third medium tillage was completed before the ridge was sealed, combined with trenching, soil cultivation, fertilization, and depth of 500 px. It mainly plays the role of weeding and loosening soil, breaking the compaction, retaining water, reducing evaporation, and reducing the harm of salinity and alkali. Especially at the seedling stage, due to the wide row spacing of the plants, it is easy to breed weeds, and the soil moisture evaporates quickly and is prone to drought. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate and weed weeds as soon as possible and loosen the soil to protect the soil.

　　1-2 for the true leaf stage combined with inter-seedlings, fixed seedlings, shallow cultivation 8-10 cm, especially to remove the weeds around the seedlings; the second medium tillage in 7-8 days after the seedling fixation, on the moisture protection and drought prevention to promote the robustness of seedlings has a good effect; the third time of cultivation should be before sealing, this time the cultivation should be deep, and can be combined with fertilizer, soil cultivation. Some land after sowing, before the emergence of seedlings due to rain and other reasons caused by the topsoil plate formation of "hard shell", affecting the emergence of seedlings, can be carried out before the seedling loosening or "shoveling germination". Saline-alkali land is also prone to the phenomenon of returning salt to injure seedlings, and the "stuffy hoe method" can be used.

　　Before seedling emergence, push away the shallow hoe of saline alkaline soil on the side of the seed bud to facilitate the emergence of seedlings. In arid land, it is necessary to hoe early, hoe diligently, and hoe after rain to facilitate water storage and moisture conservation; in particular, cultivating loose soil in saline-alkali land after rain can reduce alkali damage. In some places, the raking method is used to cultivate and weed before the seedlings are fixed; some use deep pine ploughs to loosen the soil among the bamboo, and the effect is very good. However, the weather is not suitable for dry weather. Since 2000, sunflower producing areas have gradually promoted herbicides such as fluroleline and pyrifosin, with good results. For example, frelen mainly eliminates monocotyledonous weeds, uses 300 grams of medicine per acre and adds 20 kilograms of water, and sprays it evenly on the ground 10 days before sowing and rakes into the soil. If the drug is applied after sowing, the dosage should be reduced and sprayed within 3 days after sowing to avoid drug damage after emergence. The effect of frereline in eliminating The Liedan (parasitic grass) is also very good. Salt grass net elimination of broad-leaved weeds has a good effect, 200 grams of medicine per acre plus 20 kg of water, sprayed 3 days after sowing, and rake into the soil. At present, there are many herbicide models, which should be used in strict accordance with the instructions, and the effect is good.

　　4. Ditching and topdressing

　　The third time of medium tillage is carried out, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. 5 kg of diammonium phosphate per 667 m2, urea 10 cm.

　　Pounds, mix well and apply to the soil. By furrowing and cultivating soil, the growth and development of secondary roots is ensured, lodging is prevented, and the basal part of the branch below the cotyledon node is reduced.

　　5. Irrigation

　　The method of reducing the amount of water per irrigation can effectively prevent lodging by using the ditch irrigation method. Delaying the irrigation water time can effectively control the height of the sunflower plant. For varieties with a height of 1.5 meters, the irrigation head should be carried out when the bud diameter is 4-125px, the two waters are in the initial flowering stage, and the three waters are in the filling stage. For varieties with a height of about 2 meters, the irrigation time is carried out 4-5 days before flowering (drought is severe, irrigation is advanced), the second water is 6-7 days after the head water, and the three water is in the filling period.

　　6. Pollination

　　Timely artificial assisted pollination. Pollinate each other from flower tray to flower tray, puff, cotton thread glove, etc., or collect parent pollen and gently apply it to the mother's stigma with a small brush. Pollination is carried out 3-4 times during the peak flowering period.

　　7. Drought prevention and drought resistance

　　According to the water demand law and drought tolerance of sunflowers, generally in the stage of sowing to seedlings, it is generally necessary to master the top sowing or rushing to dry sowing, pre-sowing soaking seeds, etc. have a good drought prevention and drought resistance effect. From the bud stage of the work sequence, the aboveground part of the seedling grows slowly, the root system grows quickly, and it can be practiced without watering and squatting seedlings. From the bud to the flowering stage, the water demand at this time accounts for 43% of its total lifetime demand, which is a critical period. According to the test, the yield of one watering once in the budding period is 150.5 kg per mu, the yield of 180.6 kg per mu of watering twice during the budding and flowering stages, and 205.6 kg per mu of watering three times during the budding and filling period. The yield per acre without watering is only 65 kilograms.

　　In terms of irrigation methods, there are two main types: storage (storage) water irrigation before sowing and irrigation during the growth period. Water storage irrigation is divided into three types: autumn irrigation, winter irrigation and spring irrigation. Mainly in northern China from the beginning of November to the surface before the frozen autumn irrigation, water infiltration is deeper, water retention is better; after freezing, it is winter irrigation, which has the effect of loosening the topsoil; spring irrigation from March to before sowing. Water evaporation loss is large, the topsoil is easy to knot loose knots in the saline and alkali land to implement autumn and winter irrigation, the amount of water can not be too large, after irrigation to take drag, rake measures to avoid salinity and alkali harm. Irrigation during the growth period, in the furrow seeding and watering area using furrow irrigation method, small furrow watering less water, large furrow irrigation progress is fast. Ditch irrigation is practiced in ridge-making areas, where the water is filled to two-thirds of the height of the ridge, allowing the water to gradually penetrate into the roots. Prevent ridge soil compaction. To overcome the phenomenon of flood irrigation, flood irrigation not only wastes water, is easy to irrigate unevenly, makes the soil compact, but also causes the groundwater level to rise and cause salinization. Saline-alkali land irrigation, generally using the method of large water irrigation and drainage, plays the role of salt washing alkali, after irrigation, the surface is quickly dry and white, it is necessary to loosen the soil in time to protect the soil, and the pressure salt alkali rises. In some places, after the dry season, when entering the rainy season, it is necessary to adopt methods such as high soil cultivation and deep trenching to drain stains and prevent floods. Drought-resistant irrigation should gradually promote advanced measures for water-saving irrigation, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, in places where conditions permit, and the effect will be more significant.

　　Cut flowers for harvesting

　　It can be harvested when the outer tongue-shaped flowers are open. The life of bottle inserts in water or plastic wrap is 6 to 8 days in summer and 10 to 15 days in winter. Generally, the leaves are removed in the harvest packaging, and it is advisable to leave the top 1 leaf. Cut flowers can be stored at 2 °C ~ 5 °C for about 1 week. Depending on the characteristics of different varieties, different harvesting methods are selected:

　　Edible and oil sunflowers

　　1. Varieties with small grains and not easy to fall grains are de-harvested by machine harvest; varieties with larger grains and easy to fall grains are artificially harvested and artificially threshed.

　　2, timely harvesting, threshing, timely drying, selection, bagging.

　　3. Separate threshing according to shell color and grain size to ensure that the goods are neat and consistent.

　　4, storage conditions: sunflower grains should be stored indoors below 15 ° C, and pay attention to ventilation and drying, do not put outdoors for a long time exposure. The storage time should not exceed one year, and too long will make the oil in the seed kernel rancid.

　　See the sunflowers

　　The length of the cut flower branches should reach more than 1000 px. The flowering period starts from the end of June, the branches with a length of 60 to 1750 px are selected, pretreated, and then 10 sticks are 1 bunch, and the flower heads are wrapped in soft paper and packed on the market.

　　Problem protection

　　Some sunflower varieties grow branches between the leaf axils, also called branches. It is most commonly seen from bud to flowering. Waste of nutrients has a great impact on yield and quality. It has been observed that the yield increase of 3 strokes is 46.6%, and the increase of 4 strokes is 56%. At least 3 or more strokes are required at this stage. The cane should be "beaten early and small", and the tender branches will fall off as soon as they are wiped, saving effort and not hurting the stems and leaves. As for the habit of beating leaves in some places, we must pay attention to the middle and upper leaves must not be beaten, according to the test, knocking out the middle and upper 5-10 leaves, generally to reduce the yield by 20%-25%. As for the lower old leaves in the late stage of growth, in order to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, reduce pests and diseases, a small number of them can be knocked out.

　　Bad symptoms

　　(1) Sunflower nitrogen deficiency: the growth of sunflowers is not fast at the seedling stage, the plant is slender and thin, the leaves are small and thin, yellow-green or light green; nitrogen deficiency in the middle of growth, the lower leaves turn yellow early, the flower disc is small, and the growth of vegetative organs becomes obviously worse, resulting in premature plant failure;

　　(2) Sunflower phosphorus deficiency: plant and flower dysplasia;

　　(3) Sunflower potassium deficiency: the plant grows slowly, the leaves turn yellow, and brown spots appear on the leaves, which eventually dry out into thin slices and break off, and the oil content decreases;

　　(4) Sunflower calcium deficiency: stem bending phenomenon occurs before and after the formation of flowers;

　　(5) Sunflower sulfur deficiency: the leaves and inflorescences are pale in color, the internodes are short, and the plants are short;

　　(6) Sunflower magnesium deficiency: inter-vein loss of green;

　　(7) Sunflower manganese deficiency: the leaves are reticulated and green;

　　(8) Sunflower boron deficiency: the growth point of the cotyledon is damaged or dead after opening or the axillary bud germinates to form a plant, the fertility is abnormal, the plant is short, and the stem has brown hook longitudinal band marks. After the flower disc is formed, the stem supporting the flower disc loses the ability to follow the sun, some always hang their heads low, some always face the sky, the lower old leaves are thick and dark green, the upper leaves are small and curly, the leaf flesh is green, and the leaf veins are prominent;

　　(9) Sunflower zinc deficiency: growth is hindered, upper leaf yellowing necrosis;

　　(10) Sunflower iron deficiency: the upper leaves are all yellow, and the leaf veins are still green;

　　(11) Sunflower copper deficiency: upper leaves and corolla deformities.

　　Pest control

　　Pest control

　　1. Grassland sulphur

　　Prevention and control methods:

　　(1) Per hectare of farmland with 2.50% cypermethrin emulsion 200-375 ml or 20% permethrin emulsion 300-450 ml, add 450-600 kg of water after dilution and spray;

　　(2) Spray seedlings with 2.50% dichlorvos powder or 0.04% insecticidal sperm powder, and use 20-25 kg of medicine per hectare;

　　(3) Spray with 50% octylthion emulsion or 50% borer pine emulsion 500-1000 times liquid.

　　2. Sunflower leafminer fly

　　(1) Spray with 2.50% dimethoate powder or 2% killing pine powder;

　　(2) Spray with 90% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times liquid.

　　3. Black velvet golden turtle insect shell

　　(1) Spray with 2% borage pine or 2% Baizhi butcher powder, 15-23 kg per hectare;

　　(2) Spray with 35% or 50% methylthiophosphorus emulsion 500-800 times liquid;

　　(3) Cut the leafy branches of the elm tree into 60 cm long, immerse in 40% monocrotophos or 50% methamidophos 50 times liquid for 10 hours, insert into the sunflower field after 2 p.m., and insert 200-300 branches per hectare.

　　4. Mongolian grey weevil beetle

　　(1) Use 1.50% methyl 1605 powder, 15-23 kg per hectare, and make poisonous soil from 230-300 kg of fine fluvo-aquic soil, mix evenly and sprinkle around the seedlings;

　　(2) Spray with 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1200 times liquid.

　　5. Mesh sand diving

　　(1) Control with 1.50% methyl 1605 or 0.04% insecticidal sperm powder, 30 kg per hectare of drug;

　　(2) Spray with 50% methamophos emulsion 500-1000 times liquid.

　　6. Yellow-bellied lamp moth

　　(1) Spray 2.50% dimethoate powder or 5% ceivine powder, 30 kg per hectare of medicine;

　　(2) Spray with 90% crystalline dimethods 1000-1500 times liquid, and use 300-400 kg of medicinal solution per hectare.