Oyster mushrooms are wide-temperature variable temperature edible mushrooms, which are suitable for cultivation throughout the year. According to the market demand for oyster mushrooms, it is generally produced in summer, autumn and winter. Oyster mushrooms are generally produced less in the spring because their prices are lower as temperatures gradually rise and other vegetables are brought to market in large quantities.
Source: Beekeeper
Cultivation of raw materials
The raw materials for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms are relatively extensive, and the traditional cultivation main ingredients are cottonseed, corn cobs, wood chips, waste cotton, etc., and the auxiliary materials are wheat bran, rice bran, lime powder and so on.
【Note】
The more times the wool is cut, the less wool remains in the cottonseed, which is called "light seed"; On the contrary, the remaining cotton is called "hair seed". Most of the cotton shells produced by the light will be small (less) velvet shells or "iron shells", and the cotton cellulose content with less iron cotton kernel powder is small, which is suitable for cultivating wood rot (oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, etc.); The cotton shell cellulose content with more velvet and cotton kernel powder is more, which is suitable for cultivating grass rot bacteria (double spore mushrooms, grass mushrooms, etc.).
Corn cobs are crushed to the size of peanut kernels and cultivated with fermentation material.
Wood chips should be selected from hardwood trees, pine, cypress, fir wood chips because of the containing pine resin, essential oils, alcohol, ether and other fungicides, generally can not be directly used for the planting of edible mushrooms
The main component of waste cotton is cotton short fiber, strong water absorption, material-water ratio can be increased to 1: (1.5 ~ 1.6), spring and autumn temperatures are high, the material-water ratio can be lower, winter cultivation can appropriately increase the proportion of material and water, flexible mastery, do not be too high, which is the key to the success or failure of waste cotton mushrooms.
In order to save the cost of raw materials, oyster mushrooms can be cultivated using raw materials such as xylose residue, sake lees, and chinese medicine residue, but it is necessary to pay attention to the use of lime to adjust the pH of raw materials to 9 to 10, and the cultivation method adopts clinker cultivation.
Cultivation facilities
Oyster mushroom cultivation can be cultivated in impotence, plastic shed, semi-underground greenhouse, shallow ditch solar greenhouse and simple solar greenhouse.
The more common in production is the simple semi-underground mushroom shed, the soil of the shed site must be clay or loam, clay is the best, sand loam is not suitable for the construction of semi-underground mushroom shed. Drainage ditches must be dug around the mushroom shed to prevent water from flooding into the shed in summer. The width of the mushroom shed should not be too large to avoid collapse. When cultivating oyster mushrooms at high temperatures in summer, simple mushroom sheds can be built in the forest.
Refer to Recipes
1) Cotton will be 92%, toymi 1%, bran 5%, calcium superphosphate 1%, gypsum 1%.
2) Cottonseed 90%, Bran 5%, Grass Ash 3%, Calcium Superphosphate 1%, Gypsum 1%
3) Cotton will shell 45%, corn cob 45%, calcium superphosphate 1%, rice bran 7%, gypsum 2%.
4) Corn cob 55%, soybean straw powder 40%, calcium superphosphate 3%, gypsum 2%.
5) Corn cob 70%, cotton barrier 25%, calcium superphosphate 3%, gypsum 2%.
6) Hardwood sawdust 70%, wheat wheat 27%, calcium superphosphate 1%, gypsum 1%, sucrose 1%
【Tips】
The formula of oyster mushroom cultivation materials should be adapted to local conditions and local raw materials should be adopted as much as possible to reduce production costs.
The formula of oyster mushroom cultivation in the high temperature period should reduce the amount of wheat bran, cornmeal, rice quirrum, etc.; The amount of lime should be appropriately increased to increase the pH of the culture medium; The water content of the culture medium is generally less.
Mixing steps
The bran, gypsum and lime powder are sprinkled on the cottonseed hull pile and mixed evenly (the cottonseed mound needs to be pre-wet in advance), and then the required water is added to make the water content reach about 60%. The mixture strives to be "three uniform", that is, the main material and the auxiliary material are mixed uniformly, the moisture is uniform, and the pH is uniform.
Simple method of detecting water content: hold the material firmly in the palm of the hand, there is water between the fingers but not dripping, and the material in the palm can be clumped into a suitable water content. If the water droplets drip in bunches, it means that it is too wet. Generally speaking, "it is better to dry than wet, too much water content will not only lead to slow germination, but also easy to contaminate miscellaneous bacteria."
Culture medium handling and inoculation steps
1. Raw material cultivation
After the culture material is mixed evenly, it is directly bagged and inoculated, and the polyethylene plastic bacteria bag of (25~30)cm x (45-50)cm can be used in autumn and winter, and the polyethylene plastic bacteria bag of (18-20) cm x (40~45) cm can be used in the summer high temperature season. The advantage is that the raw material does not require any treatment, the operation is simple and easy, and the disadvantage is that the amount of bacteria is large (especially in the high temperature season, the dosage is about 15%). Bagging generally adopts the method of "4 layers of bacteria and 3 layers of material".
2. Fermentation material cultivation
The mixed culture material is piled into a long pile with a bottom width of 2 meters and a height of 1 meter and an unlimited length. The pile should be loose, the culture material should be shaken loose and then piled, after the surface is slightly flattened, every 0.5 meters on the pile from top to bottom to beat the diameter of the ventilation hole of 5 to 10 cm Figure 3-20 inside the bag 4 layers, in a "product" shape evenly distributed, in order to improve the permeability of the pile. After the temperature naturally rises to more than 60 ° C, it is maintained for 24 hours, and then the first time the pile is turned over, and the surface layer and edge material are turned into the middle when the pile is turned over, and the intermediate material is turned to the surface, slightly flattened, and the thermometer is inserted; Then heat up to above 60 ° C, keep it for 24 hours, and then carry out the second turning of the pile, so that 3 to 5 times of the pile, you can carry out bagging inoculation.
Both raw material cultivation and fermentation material cultivation require aerobic germination, which can be germinated in two ways: microporous bacteria (after bagging with a fine wire to punch 6 to 8 holes in each layer of bacteria) or bags of perforation bacteria (with a wooden stick with a diameter of about 3 cm to punch a hole in the center of the material, through both ends).
3. Clinker cultivation
Clinker cultivation of oyster mushrooms is generally used in the high temperature season or the use of special raw materials (such as wood chips, sake lees, xylitol residue, food industry waste residue, contaminating materials, bacterial bran, etc.), bagged culture materials for atmospheric pressure sterilization after inoculation, sterilization, germination. Atmospheric pressure sterilization is divided into two parts: steam furnace and steam sterilization tank. In order to improve the sterilization effect and reduce the pollution rate, it is best to use a plastic basket or a small iron basket to sterilize the bacteria bag, the sterilization principle is "attacking the head, protecting the tail, controlling the middle", that is, within 3 to 4 hours, the lower temperature of the pot is rapidly increased to 100 ° C, maintained for 8 to 10 hours, and at the end, the fire is attacked for a while, and then simmered for 5 to 6 hours out of the pot. Move the sterilized cultivation bag to the cooling room or inoculation room to dry the moisture on the surface of the bag.
When the temperature in the bag is reduced to 30 ° C, the plastic inoculation tent can be sterilized to form a sterile chamber according to the conventional disinfection method, and the inoculation is carried out after the odor is dissipated.
Germ management
Before the bag is moved to the germ site, the germ site should be treated to prevent bacteria contamination and pest damage. For outdoor germination sites, after leveling the ground, sprinkle lime powder or spray wine lime slurry for sterilization and insect repellent; For indoor (greenhouse) germplastic sites.
Aerosol disinfectants, lime sprinkling, and high-efficiency cypermethrin can be used to sterilize and deworm. The material temperature suitable for hyphae growth in the mushroom germination period is about 26 °C, the maximum is not more than 32 °C, and the minimum is not less than 15 °C. If the material temperature is higher than 35 ° C for a long time, it will cause "burning bacteria", that is, the hyphae in the bag will be burned out due to high temperature. There should be a few more thermometers between the upper and lower left and right stacks of the bacteria bag, not only to see the temperature in the room or shed, but also to look back at the temperature between the bags. When the temperature is high, the stack should be stacked, and the bacteria bag should be discharged in a "well" shape, and the number of layers of the bacteria bag should be reduced. Combined with environmental regulation, bag flipping and miscellaneous bacteria infection are checked. When turning over the pile for inspection, the upper and lower inner and outer bags exchange positions, so that the cultivation pile and the inverted beam nutrients are consistent and easy to manage.
Mushroom management
1. How to produce mushrooms
(1) Vertical mushrooms
The method of stacking 5 to 6 layers of mushrooms in the fungus bag is used to improve the land utilization rate.
(2) Cover the soil to produce mushrooms
In the cultivation shed, every 50 cm dig a furrow ditch that is 100 to 120 cm wide and 40 cm deep, irrigate the soles of the feet, sprinkle a layer of lime powder after the water seeps dry, remove all the fungus bags, lie in the furrows, leave a gap of 2 to 3 cm between the bags, fill with nutrient soil, cover the vegetable field soil with about 3 cm, and then irrigate the furrows, and then use dry soil to wipe the soil cracks after the water seeps down to prevent mushrooms from emerging from the seams or at the bottom. Soil cover cultivation is only irrigated during the intertidal period of mushrooms, and the rest of the time is not sprayed or irrigated, so that the mushroom body is drier.
(3) Mud wall cultivation
The fungus wall is composed of fungal bags and magation soil (or nutrient soil) stacked on top of each other, which can easily carry out water management and expand the space for mushrooms. First, the mushroom field is leveled, and the plastic bag at the bottom of the bag is peeled off to expose the fungus at the tail end, with the tail end facing inward, arranged parallel to the soil. Leave a gap of 2 to 3 cm between the bags, and cover a layer of fertile soil or nutrient soil with a layer of fungal bags after each row, with a thickness of 2-4 cm. If there is too little soil between layers and layers and between bags, it is easy to burn stacks. The top cover of the top layer should be thick, and a shallow trench should be left on the centerline of the bacterial wall for replenishing water and applying nutrient solution to keep the bacterial wall cover moist and used to balance the moisture and nutrients in the culture medium. Mud wall cultivation should pay attention to the fact that the upper and lower fungal bags should not be aligned, otherwise it will affect the mushroom type.
【Note】 A fungal wall is fortified 2 to 3 layers in one day, and then built after the mud wall settles on the second day to prevent the wall from falling; The upper and lower layers of mushroom bags are arranged in the shape of "pins", which cannot be aligned to expand the area of the mushrooms and maintain the shape of the flowers.
2. Management of different developmental periods
(1) Protobasic period
When the hyphae begin to kink, it is necessary to increase the light (three points yang, seven points yin), humidify, cool down to about 15 ° C, widen the temperature difference, promote the formation of primordial differentiation, and smoothly enter the mulberry stage.
(2) Mulberry period
When a small grain-sized hemisphere appears on the surface of the protope hyphae, the color is deepened, that is, it enters the mulberry stage. In order to make most of the original base can form mushroom flakes, moisturizing measures should be taken to spray into the air, but it is necessary to spray frequently and less, and the water cannot be sprayed directly to the surface of the material, mainly to increase the air humidity.
(3) Coral period
At this time, the mushroom stem is formed, and the management is mainly ventilation, lightening, and moisturizing. It is strictly forbidden to spray water directly to the fruiting body during the development period before the coral period, especially in winter, otherwise it is easy to cause dead mushrooms; When it is necessary to spray water, the sprinkler head should be turned upwards so that the water falls freely in a foggy manner. After spraying water, it is necessary to ventilate in time to the surface of the mushroom without an aqueous film.
(4) Molding period
This period is the most vigorous period for the development of the fruiting body of the oyster mushroom, which requires a suitable temperature, plus humidity, the relative humidity of the air is maintained at 85% to 90%, and the humidity cannot be high or low.
(5) Initial ripening period
Generally, it takes 5 to 8 days from the emergence of mushroom buds to the initial ripening period, and 2 to 3 days when the conditions are suitable, when the mushroom body tissue is tight and the weight is the largest, which is the best harvesting period. This period is the period when the water demand of the fruiting bodies of Oyster mushrooms is the largest.
(6) Maturity period
Commercial mushrooms are generally harvested in the initial ripening period, there are a large number of spores emitted in this period, before entering the mushroom room, it is necessary to open the doors and windows first, and then spray water to exhaust, so that the spores land or discharge with the water.
Final harvesting steps
When the mushroom lid is fully unfolded, the color gradually changes from dark to light, the concave part is white, the hairy material begins to appear, and the spores have not yet been reflected, it can be harvested and transported in baskets.
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