High School Biology: 105 basic + 22 "special case" knowledge points + 18 high-frequency test points, full of dry goods!
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<h1>105 basics points</h1>
1. Organisms have a common material basis and structural basis.
2. Structurally speaking, except for viruses, organisms are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of an organism's structure and function.
3. Metabolism is a general term for the chemical changes of all the sequences in living cells, and is the basis for all life activities of living organisms.
4. Organisms are stressful and therefore able to adapt to their surroundings.
5. Organisms have the phenomenon of growth, development and reproduction.
6. The characteristics of biological genetics and variation enable species to remain basically stable and evolve continuously.
7. Organisms can adapt to a certain environment and can also affect the environment.
8. The chemical elements that make up living organisms can be found in inorganic nature, and no chemical element is unique to the biological world, which shows that the biological and non-biological worlds are unified.
9. The fact that the chemical elements that make up living organisms vary greatly in living organisms and in inorganic nature shows that there are differences between the biological and non-biological worlds.
10. All life activities of various organisms must not leave water.
11. Sugars are important components of living organisms, the main energy substances of cells, and the main energy substances of living activities of organisms.
12. Lipids include fats, lipids and sterols, etc., which are ubiquitous in living organisms.
13. Protein is an important organic compound in the cell, and all life activities are inseparable from protein.
14. Nucleic acids are the genetic material of all living things, and play an extremely important role in the genetic variation of living organisms and the biosynthesis of proteins.
15. Any compound that makes up an organism cannot alone complete a certain life activity, and only organically organized in a certain way can the life phenomena of cells and organisms be expressed. Cells are the most basic structural form of these substances.
16. Various metabolic activities in living cells are closely related to the structure and function of cell membranes. Cell membranes have a certain structural characteristic of fluidity and the functional characteristics of selective permeability.
17. Cell walls have a supportive and protective effect on plant cells.
18. The cytoplasmic matrix is the main place for living cells to carry out metabolism, providing the required substances and certain environmental conditions for the metabolism.
19. Mitochondria are the main places for living cells to carry out aerobic respiration.
20. Chloroplasts are organelles that perform photosynthesis in the mesophyll cells of green plants.
21. The endoplasmic reticulum is related to the synthesis of proteins, lipids and sugars, and is also a transport channel for proteins, etc.
22. Ribosomes are the places where cells merge into proteins.
23. The Golgi body in the cell is related to the formation of cell secretions, mainly the processing and transport of proteins; when plant cells divide, the Golgi body is related to the formation of the cell wall.
24. Chromatin and chromosomes are two forms of the same substance in cells at different times.
25. The nucleus is the place where genetic material is stored and copied, and it is the control center of cellular genetic characteristics and cellular metabolic activity.
26. The structure of the parts of the constituent cells is not isolated from each other, but closely related to each other, coordinated, a cell is an organic unified whole, and the cell can only complete various life activities normally if it maintains integrity.
27. Cells proliferate in a divided manner, and cell proliferation is the basis for the growth, development, reproduction and inheritance of organisms.
28. The significance (characteristic) of cell mitosis is that the chromosomes of parent cells are copied and accurately distributed evenly among the two daughter cells, so that the stability of genetic traits is maintained between the parents and offspring of the organism, which is of great significance to the genetics of the organism.
29. Cell differentiation is a persistent change that occurs throughout the life course of an organism, but reaches its maximum during the embryonic period.
30. Highly differentiated plant cells still have the ability to develop into intact plants, that is, to maintain cell totipotency.
31. Metabolism is the most basic feature of living things, the most essential difference between living and non-living things.
32. Enzymes are a class of organisms with biocatalytic effects produced by living cells, of which the vast majority of enzymes are proteins and a few enzymes are RNA.
33. The catalytic action of enzymes is efficient and specific; Conditions such as suitable temperature and pH are required.
34.ATP is a direct source of energy needed for metabolism.
35. Photosynthesis refers to the process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter that stores energy through chloroplasts and releases oxygen. The oxygen released by photosynthesis comes entirely from water.
36. The generation of osmosis must have two conditions: one is to have a layer of semi-permeable film, and the other is that the solution on both sides of this semi-permeable film has a concentration difference.
37. Epidermal cells in the mature region of plant roots absorb mineral elements and osmotic water absorption are two relatively independent processes.
38. Sugars, lipids and proteins are convertible, conditionally and mutually restrictive.
39. Somatic cells of higher multicellular animals can only exchange substances with the external environment through the internal environment.
40. Under the regulation of the nervous system and body fluids, the normal body maintains a relatively stable state of the internal environment through the coordinated activities of various organs and systems, which is called homeostasis. Steady-state is a necessary condition for the body to carry out normal life activities.
41. For organisms, the physiological significance of respiration is manifested in two aspects: one is to provide energy for the life activities of the organism, and the other is to provide raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds in the body.
42. Phototropic experiments have found that the part that feels the light stimulus is at the tip of the germ sheath, and the part that bends toward the light is a segment below the tip.
43. The effect of auxin on plant growth is often dual. This is related to the concentration of auxin and the type of plant organs. In general, low concentrations promote growth, and high concentrations inhibit growth.
44. A certain concentration of auxin solution can be obtained by applying a certain concentration of auxin solution to the pistil stigma of unpowded tomatoes (cucumbers, peppers, etc.).
45. The growth and development process of plants is not regulated by a single hormone, but by the coordination and co-regulation of multiple hormones.
46. The hypothalamus is the body's hub for regulating endocrine activity.
47. There is synergistic effect and antagonistic effect between related hormones.
48. The basic way in which the nervous system regulates the various activities of the animal body is reflexes. The structural basis of the reflection activity is the reflection arc.
49. Neurons are able to produce excitation and conduct excitation after being stimulated; Excitement is transmitted between neurons through synapses, and the transmission of excitement between neurons can only be one-way.
50. In the central nervous system, the higher center that regulates the physiological activities of humans and higher animals is the cerebral cortex.
51. The main way animals establish acquired behavior is through conditioned reflexes.
52.Judgment and reasoning are the highest forms of acquired behavioral development in animals, the functional activities of the cerebral cortex, and also acquired through learning.
53. In animal behavior, hormone regulation and neuromodulation are coordinated with each other, but neuromodulation is still in a dominant position.
54.Animal behavior is formed in the coordination of the nervous system, the endocrine system and the motor organs.
55.The offspring produced by sexual reproduction have the genetic characteristics of both parents, have greater life ability and variability, and are therefore of great significance for the survival and evolution of organisms.
56.Nutritious reproduction enables offspring to maintain the traits of parents.
57. The result of meiosis is that the number of chromosomes in newly generated germ cells is reduced by half compared to that of the original germ cells.
58. The homologous chromosomes of the federation in the process of meiosis are separated from each other, indicating that the chromosomes have certain independence; The movement of two homologous chromosomes to which pole is random, and the different pairs of chromosomes (non-homologous chromosomes) can be freely combined.
59. The halving of the number of chromosomes during meiosis occurs in the first division of the meiosis.
60. One spermocyte undergoes meiosis to form four sperm cells, and the sperm cells undergo complex changes to form sperm.
61. An oocyte undergoes meiosis to form only one egg cell.
62.For organisms undergoing sexual reproduction, meiosis and fertilization are important for maintaining a constant number of chromosomes in the progeny somatic cells of each organism, for the genetics and variation of organisms.
63.For organisms undergoing sexual reproduction, the starting point of ontology is the fertilized egg.
64. The absence of endosperm in the mature seeds of many dicotyledonous plants is because the endosperm is absorbed by the embryo during the development of the embryo and endosperm, and the nutrients are stored in the cotyledons for later seed germination.
65. The formation of plant flower buds marks the beginning of reproductive growth.
66. The ontology of higher animals can be divided into two stages: embryonic development and post-embryonic development. Embryonic development is when a fertilized egg develops into a larvae. Postembal development refers to the development of larvae into sexually mature individuals after hatching from the egg membrane or from the mother's body.
67. DNA is the substance that makes R-type bacteria produce stable genetic changes, and the various traits of bacteriophages are also passed on to offspring through DNA, these two experiments prove that DNA is genetic material.
68.Modern scientific research proves that genetic material has RNA in addition to DNA. Because the genetic material of the vast majority of organisms is DNA, DNA is the main genetic material.
69. The ever-changing order of base pairs constitutes the diversity of DNA molecules, and the specific order of base pairs constitutes the specificity of each DNA molecule. This illustrates the diversity and specificity of organisms at the molecular level.
70. The transmission of genetic information is done through the replication of DNA molecules.
71. The unique double helix structure of the DNA molecule provides a precise template for replication; through the complementary pairing of bases, replication can be accurately guaranteed.
72.The similarity of traits between offspring and parents is due to the fact that the offspring obtain a copy of DNA copied by the parent.
73. Genes are fragments of DNA with genetic effects, genes are arranged in a straight line on the chromosome, and the chromosome is the carrier of the gene.
74. Gene expression is achieved by DNA controlling the synthesis of proteins.
75. Since the order of deoxynucleotides of different genes (base order) is different, different genes contain different genetic information. (i.e., the order in which genes are deoxynucleotides are arranged represents genetic information).)
76. The order of the DNA molecules deoxynucleotides determines the order of the ribotides in the messenger RNA, and the order of the ribotides in the messenger RNA determines the order of the amino acids, and the order of the amino acids ultimately determines the specificity of the structure and function of the protein, so that the organism exhibits various genetic characteristics.
77 All genetic traits of living things are controlled by genes. Some genes control metabolic processes by controlling the synthesis of enzymes; another case of gene-controlled traits is to directly influence traits by controlling the structure of protein molecules.
78. The law of gene separation: When two organisms with a pair of relative traits are hybridized, the subgenus only shows dominant traits; the second generation of subgenus has a trait separation phenomenon, and the ratio of the number of dominant traits to recessive traits is close to 3:1.
79. The essence of the law of gene separation is: in the cells of heterozygotes, located in a pair of homologous chromosomes, with a certain degree of independence, when the organism undergoes meiosis to form gametes, the alleles will be separated with the separation, respectively into the two gametes, independently with the gametes to the offspring.
80. Genotype is a memory factor in trait manifestations, while phenotype is a manifestation of genotype.
81. The essence of the law of free combination of genes is that the isolation or combination of non-alleles located on non-homologous chromosomes is not interfering with each other. In the process of meiosis to form gametes, alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated from each other, while non-alleles on non-homologous chromosomes are freely combined.
82.In breeding work, people use the method of hybridization to purposefully recombine genes between different varieties of organisms in order to combine the excellent genes of different parents, so as to create new varieties that are beneficial to mankind.
83.There are two main ways of determining the sex of organisms: one is XY type, and the other is ZW type.
84. There are three sources of heritable variation: genetic mutations, genetic recombination, and chromosomal variations.
85. Genetic mutations have important implications in biological evolution. It is a fundamental source of biological variation and provides the original raw material for biological evolution.
86.Genetic recombination through sexual reproduction processes provides an extremely rich source of biological variation. This is one of the important reasons for the formation of biodiversity and is of great significance for biological evolution.
87.The process of biological evolution is essentially a process of changing the frequency of genes in a population.
88.The basic view of modern biological evolution theory, with the theory of natural selection as the core, is that the population is the basic unit of biological evolution, and the essence of biological evolution lies in the change of the frequency of genes in the population. Mutation and genetic recombination, natural selection and isolation are the three basic links in the process of speciation, and through their combined action, populations differentiate, ultimately leading to the formation of new species.
89. Light plays a decisive role in the physiology and distribution of plants.
90.The survival of organisms is affected by many ecological factors, which together constitute the living environment of organisms. Organisms can only survive if they adapt to their environment.
91.Organisms and the environment are interdependent and mutually restrictive, as well as mutually influencing and interacting. Life and the environment are an inseparable and unified whole.
92. Organisms in a certain area, individuals of the same species form populations, and different populations form communities. The various characteristics of populations, changes in population numbers and the structure of biological communities are closely related to various ecological factors in the environment.
93.In various types of ecosystems, various types of biomes live. In different ecosystems, the species of organisms and the structure of communities vary. However, ecosystems of all types are structurally and functionally unified as a whole.
94.The source of energy in an ecosystem is sunlight. The total amount of solar energy fixed by the producer is the total amount of energy flowing through the ecosystem. This energy flows step by step along the food chain (net).
95.For an ecosystem, there is often an opposite relationship between resistance stability and resilience stability.
96.All living things on Earth, together with their inorganic environment, make up the largest ecosystem on the planet, the biosphere
97.The formation of the biosphere is the result of the long-term interaction between the physical and chemical environment of the Earth and organisms.
98.The biosphere is the product of the co-evolution of organisms and the environment on Earth, and is a unified whole formed by the interaction of organisms and the inorganic environment.
99.The structure and function of the biosphere can maintain a relatively stable state for a long time, a phenomenon called the homeostasis of organisms.
100. From an energy point of view, a steady stream of solar energy is the driving force behind the normal operation of the biosphere. This is the energy basis on which the biosphere rests.
101.From a material point of view, the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere provide the various substances necessary for the survival of living things. The tripolar structure formed by producers, consumers and decomposers in the biosphere is connected to the complete circuit from inorganic to organic, through the multi-stage utilization of various organisms, and then decomposed into a complete loop of inorganic recirculation. The biosphere can be said to be a materially self-sufficient ecosystem, which is the material basis on which the biosphere depends.
102. The biosphere has a multi-level capacity for self-regulation.
103. There are three main sources of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere: the burning of fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions and the decomposition of microorganisms.
104.Biodiversity includes genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity is the foundation on which human beings depend for their survival and development, and is a valuable asset shared by mankind and future generations. The conservation of biodiversity means the adoption of conservation strategies and conservation measures at the genetic, special and ecosystem levels.
105.The reasons for the threat to biodiversity are: one is the change and destruction of the living environment, the second is predatory development and utilization, the third is environmental pollution, and the fourth is due to the invasion of foreign specials or the introduction of them to areas lacking natural enemies, which often threatens the original special harvest in these areas.
<h1>22 special case knowledge points</h1>
1. Eukaryotes' cells generally have nuclei, but higher mammalian mature red blood cells do not, such as human red blood cells.
2. Animal cells generally contain mitochondria, while ascaria cells do not have mitochondria.
3. Plant cells generally have chloroplasts, but root tip cells do not.
4. The cells of the mature zone of the root tip contain large vacuoles, while the cells of the meristem zone do not.
5. Prokaryotes such as bacteria have cell walls, but mycoplasma does not; both centrosomes and chloroplasts are low-level plant cells, such as tutuflora cells.
6. Organisms have two types of aerobic and anaerobic in the mode of alienation, and yeast is a facultative anaerobic microorganism.
7. The optimal pH of the enzyme to play a catalytic role is mostly neutral, but the optimal pH of pepsin is 1.8, and the optimal pH of trypsin is 8.0.
8. The appearance of chromosomes can only be observed in cells undergoing mitosis, and cells undergoing mitosis cannot be observed with prokaryotes.
9. Special autotrophic organisms: cyanobacteria have no chloroplast structure, but can perform photosynthesis; nitrifying cells can perform chemical energy synthesis.
10. Most enzymes are proteins, a few are RNA.
11. The genetic material of most organisms is DNA, and the genetic material of a few viruses containing only RNA is RNA.
12. The higher the proportion of bound water in general biological cells, the less active the metabolism, but the proportion of bound water in cardiomyocytes accounts for about 70%, and the metabolism is still very active.
13. The main place for organisms to undergo aerobic respiration is mitochondria, but the aerobic bacteria wireless mitochondria can also perform aerobic respiration, and their aerobic respiration is carried out on the cell membrane.
14. The product of anaerobic respiration in higher plants is generally alcohol, but the anaerobic respiration product of potato tubers and beet roots is lactic acid.
15. Animal cells can generally perform aerobic respiration, but mammalian mature erythrocytes can only undergo anaerobic respiration.
16. After the general nutrients are digested, most of the substances are absorbed in the form of active transport, such as glucose, amino acids, etc., which mainly enter the blood after absorption; but the way of absorbing glycerol and fatty acids is free diffusion, and is mainly absorbed into the lymphatic fluid.
17. Genes on homologous chromosomes are generally present in pairs, but some genes on the XY pair of homologous chromosomes exist alone, such as red-green blind genes, hemophilia genes only exist on the X chromosome, and sex-determining genes (SRY) that can control the formation of testes are only present on the Y chromosome.
18. Decomposers are mainly microorganisms, but termites, dung scarabs, earthworms, dung beetles and other animals that feed on rotten foods such as dead wood and feces are also decomposers.
19. The type of assimilation of parasites is usually heterotrophic, but the silkworm and mistletoe parasites can also undergo photosynthesis and self-nourishment at the same time.
20. Along the food chain, there is no inversion of the energy pyramid, but the pyramid of quantity is sometimes inverted, such as tree-worm-bird.
21. The increase in body temperature will reduce the activity of enzymes in the organism and affect metabolism, but the fever itself is the result of the enhancement of substance metabolism.
22. Cell differentiation is generally irreversible, but plant cells are easy to re-dedifferentiate and then differentiate again to form new plants. Highly differentiated cells generally do not have totipotent, but egg cells are the exception. The number of divisions of cells is generally very limited, but cancer cells are a special case.
<h1>18 high-frequency test centers</h1>
1. Genetic recombination occurs only in the meiosis process and genetic engineering. (Triploid, viruses, bacteria, etc. cannot be genetically recombined)
2. The genetic material of cell organisms is DNA, there is DNA, there are RNA, there are 5 bases, 8 kinds of nucleotides.
3. Biurea reagent can not detect protease activity, because protease itself is also a protein.
4. Hyperglycemia ≠ diabetes. Hyperglycemia does not contain glucose in the urine and can only be tested for blood, not with Benedict reagents. Because the blood is red.
5. Onion epidermal cells cannot undergo mitosis, and must be continuously dividing cells to have a cell cycle.
6. Cell cloning is cell culture, using the principle of cell proliferation.
7. Cell plate ≠ equatorial plate. Cell plates are formed by Golgi bodies in the later stages of plant cell division, and equatorial plates are not cellular structures.
8. Hormone regulation is the main part of body fluid regulation. CO2 stimulation of the respiratory center to speed up breathing is part of fluid regulation.
9. Injected serum therapy patients do not belong to secondary immunity (antigen + memory cells are), and the antibodies in the serum are a mixture of multiple antibodies.
10. Stimulating muscles will contract, not a reflex, the reflex must go through a complete reflex arc, judging the direction of excitation transmission with synapses or ganglia.
11. The transmitter is divided into excitatory transmitters and inhibitory transmitters, which can cause the next neuronal potential change, but the electrical properties do not change, so it does not cause an effector reaction.
12. How is DNA the "primary" of the primary genetic material understood?
There is only one genetic material for every organism, cellular organisms are DNA, and RNA is not secondary genetic material, but for the "whole" biological world. Only a small number of RNA viruses have genetic material that is RNA.
13. Under what circumstances can a recessive gene be expressed?
(1) Haploid, (2) homozygotes (such as bb or XbY), (3) located on the Y chromosome.
14. The difference between the concepts of chromosome ≠ chromosome ≠ genome. A chromosome group is a set of non-homologous chromosomes, such as 2 chromosome groups in humans, which are diploid organisms. The genome is 22+ X + Y, while the karyotype is 44 + XX or XY.
15. The virus does not have a cell structure, no independent metabolism, can only live a parasitic life, can not be cultured with ordinary medium, can only be cultured with live cells, such as live chicken embryos.
16. Examples of virus applications in biology:
(1) As a carrier in genetic engineering
(2) In cell engineering, it is used as a fusing agent
(3) In immunology, it can be used as a vaccine for immunoprophylaxis.
17. Precautions in heredity:
(1) Genotype frequency ≠ genotype probability.
(2) Dominant mutations, recessive mutations.
(3) The idea of reintegration (Aa self-inbred → 1AA:2Aa:1aa, where aa is deadly, then 1/3AA+2/3Aa=1)
(4) Self-inbred ≠ free mating, free mating with gene frequency to solve, special note: the free mating of peas is self-inbringing.
(5) The writing format of the genotype should be correct, such as the XY in front of the gene on the autosomal must be capitalized. It should be represented by the letter given in the question.
(6) A hybridization experiment, usually the same type is selected with recessive, and the heterotypic is used as dominant.
(7) The writing of genetic illustrations must write genotypes, phenotypes, ×, ↓, P, F and other symbols, genetic illustrations distinguish genetic genealogy maps, and those that need to be written must be written, paying special attention to the instructions in parentheses.
(8) F2 appears 3:1 (Aa self-inbred) appears 1:1 (crossover Aa×aa), 9:3:3:1 (AaBb self-inbred) appears 1:1:1 (AaBb×aabb crossover or Aabbb ×aaBb hybridization).
(9) Verify that genes located on a pair of homologous chromosomes satisfies the law of gene separation (or on two pairs of homologous chromosomes to meet the law of free combination of genes) the method can be used for self-inbring or crossmetry. (Plants generally use inbred, animals generally use mating)
(10) If the ratio of males and females is different in the offspring, the gene is usually located on the X chromosome; if 2:1 or 6:3:2:1 occurs, the homozygous lethal effect is usually considered; the ratio of male and female traits in the offspring is the same, and the gene is located on autosomal.
(11) F2 appears 1:2:1 (incompletely dominant), 9:7, 15:1, 12:3:1, 9:6; 1 (sum of 16) are all 9:3:3:1 deformations (AaBb's self-intersection or intersection).
(12) Breeding methods: rapid propagation (haplotype, plant tissue culture), the simplest breeding method (self-inbringing).
(13) Colchicine acts on germinated seeds or seedlings (unactive sites, such as roots are still diploid); the principle of action of colchicine: inhibits the formation of spindles in the early stage of mitosis; colchicine can inhibit the formation of spindles in plant cells, which is ineffective against animal cells. Colchicine is an alkaloid, not a plant hormone.
(14) Genetic diseases do not necessarily contain pathogenic genes, such as trisomy 21 syndrome.
18. Usual exams are summarized with common typos (errors in parentheses):
Fluid (leaf) vesicles, nerves (sperm), class (inner) cysts, necessary (required), measured (lateral) determination, homozygous (and) seeds, inhibition (up) system, quasi (like) nucleus, antagonistic (佶) resistance, transpiration (Teng), heterotrophic (oxygen) type.
Master of Biology