Liu Yizheng was a famous philologist whose father died when he was 5 years old, and the family lived in his grandfather's house. His maternal grandfather was a well-known local literati and liked to collect books, and Liu Yizheng said in the "Chronicles of the Early Years" that his maternal grandfather "paid special attention to the literature in the village". His maternal grandfather also discussed with others the revision of the local chronicle.
Compiling Fang Zhi requires a large amount of historical materials, but also needs to do corresponding proofreading and additions, it is these discussion processes that make Liu Yizheng hear and have a preliminary understanding of philology, he wrote in the text: "I sat in a tong porch, listened to the wai dafa and the two uncles on the remains of the township anecdotes, stole the knowledge, I read the "Records of the Master of Sinology", "The Origin of Song Xue", "The Concise Catalogue of the Four Libraries", "Xiang Junzhi" books, all peeked at the desk of the foreign father, the foreign father with his rough understanding, and also showed the method of reading the books from time to time, next to the barnyard official ye history, It is said that it can be widely heard, Yiwensi, and I can't help but check it also. ”
The archway you see before going up the hill
As a child, Liu Yizheng read books such as "The Concise Catalogue of the Four Libraries" on his grandfather's desk, and his grandfather saw that he liked such books and would give him some explanations when he was free. In addition, one of Liu Yizheng's father's students, Chen Qingnian, was a famous local bibliophile in Zhenjiang, and Liu Yizheng also learned a lot of relevant knowledge from him. It was through Chen Qingnian's introduction that Liu Yizheng went to work at the Nanjing Compilation Book Bureau at the age of 23, where he studied under the famous philologist Miao Quansun. It was under the guidance of Miao Quansun that Liu Yizheng became a famous bibliographer.
Regarding the experience of worshiping Miao Quansun as a teacher, Liu Yizheng has the following details in the "Memories of the Early Years": "In the early autumn, Zhu Shengbenyuan's father invited me to the Spring Garden tea in the Catholic Street outside the city, and sat down and Chen Jun and Mao Zizhen Shizhang accompanied yi Shuzhi, chen Jun invited him to sit with him, and told me: 'This Jiangyin Miao Xiaoshan is also. He also told Miao Yue: "This is Liu Mou, the previous submission, that is, a certain work." Mr. Miao spoke with Chen and Mao in Jiangyin, and I didn't know much, and when the tea was finished, Chen Jun told me: "I am hopeful that if I plan the museum, Mr. Miao appreciates Ruowen, and says that if he is very young, and his clothes are simple and clumsy, he is not a thin teenager than today, and if he is a young man. 'In the ninth day, Mr. Mao sent a letter from Jinling, calling jiang and hubei two governors, planning to create a school, with textbooks not prepared, first Mr. Yan Miao created a compilation bookstore, Mr. Miao was the general usurper, Guichi Liu Shiheng gathered qing as the general office, I and ShanYu Jiezi were divided, Miao and Liu Were both xianzhi, and the son was eager to get the book. ”
Archway name tag
Before that, Chen Qingnian first showed Liu Yizheng's poems to Miao Quansun, and then went to meet them in the company of friends. At that time, Miao Quansun was already very famous, and Liu Yizheng was quite restrained when he first met him, only listening to Miao Quansun chatting with his friends about poetry and literature, and he did not dare to interject. Perhaps because he seemed cautious and cautious, he left a good impression on Miao Tsuen-sun, which made Miao Tsuen-sun agree to let him go to Nanjing to do things and learn from him.
At that time, the compilation book office was located in the Qimen Guild Hall on Zhongzheng Street in Nanjing, and the famous poet Chen Sanli lived opposite the Qimen Guild Hall at that time. Liu Yizheng often went to chen's house to listen to Chen Sanli explain poetry, which gave him a better understanding of historiography. Later, when Zhang Jian was the head of Wenzheng Academy, Liu Yizheng went to take the exam, which made Zhang Xiao understand that his level of writing articles was good: "Later, because someone asked him to do the preface to a book, he asked Mr. Miao to find someone to do it for him, and Mr. Miao asked me to do it for me, and he read it and said it was very good, so I often went to see him." ("Liu Yizheng's Self-Description")
The name of the village
Liu Yizheng was able to ghostwrite for Zhang Xiao and was recognized by Miao Quansun, which shows that his composition level is indeed not low. And he himself likes to discuss problems calmly when writing articles, without a portal view. In 1921, he published an article entitled "On the Loss of the Study of the Sons of the Near-Neighbors", which was published in the first volume of the Journal of History and Geography, which read: "On The slander of Confucius by Zhang Taiyan, Liang Rengong, Hu Shizhi, etc., the worship of Mozi, and the discussion of the Nine Streams not out of the royal officials, etc., the wording is also extremely careful, fearing the anger of the infants." After the article was published: "Tai Yan saw it, wrote to me, stated that he had slandered Confucius's mistakes in the past, and admitted that I was very impressed with criticism." Later, we met and it was a good fit. (Ibid.)
In June 1927, the Nationalist government merged some universities and decided to merge them into Hohai University of Technology, Shanghai Commercial University, Jiangsu Hosei University, Jiangsu Medical University and other schools based on National Southeast University, and the merged university was named National Fourth Sun Yat-sen University. Liu Yizheng was hired as the director of the university's Sinology Library, and the qianhai of the library was originally the famous Jiangnan Library. After the merger of the university, it was renamed the Jiangsu Provincial Library of National Studies in October 1929.
Community cards
During this period, Liu Yizheng organized people to compile the "General Catalogue of Books of jiangsu Provincial Library of National Studies". As mentioned earlier, the predecessor of the library was the Jiangnan Library, and the ancient books collected by the Jiangnan Library were mainly the old collection of the Eight Thousand Volumes Building in Hangzhou, which already had the Bibliography of the Eight Thousand Volumes Building and the "Collection of Books in the Good Library" compiled by Ding Shi. But Liu Yizheng has his own views on these bibliographies, and he said in the "General Catalogue of Books in the Library of Guoxue":
Since the Republic of China, sixty boxes of Taoyuan Song's books have been added, and many of their books are used, and fresh cheats can also be prepared for review. Over the years, there have been donations from various families. The museum fee is expensive, and there is no renewal. When Qi Yaolin was in Changsu Province, it belonged to the Wang Junzhen Family's Voice Inspection School Rare Book, which became four volumes of the School Rare Book, and the rare books and ordinary writing books of the Ding and Fan Ming and Qing Dynasties were marked as "Continuation of the Rare Books". He also took the easy-to-obtain books and school books of the Ding, Fan, and Song clans, and returned them to the Dazhongqiao Popular Education Museum, which is now the People's Education Hall. And the catalogues compiled in the past are mostly inconsistent with the books. Or the books have been preserved and the books have been migrated, or the books have been increased but the eyes have not yet been stained, and the scholars are ill.
View from the parking lot
Liu Yaozheng said that in addition to the 8,000-volume old collection of the provincial Guoxue Library, it was still buying other books, such as Taoyuan Song's sixty boxes of books, which rarely had rare books and secret books, mainly popular books. In addition, the museum also received many private donations and books donated by the study, but due to the tight cost of the library, these newly acquired books were not cataloged. Although the library had previously selected some rare books from ordinary books for bibliography, this selective cataloging method was not easy to search, so it was necessary to recompile a complete catalog.
Under Liu Yizheng's arrangement, Fan Xi had cataloged the ancient books in the museum, and after Mr. Fan died of illness, Wang Huanbi continued to complete the matter. Beginning in 1933, it took four years to catalog 200,000 ancient books in the collection. Later, newly collected books were added, and together with the collection of calligraphy and paintings, codexes, and gold and stone rubbings, the museum completely recorded all aspects of the museum's collection.
There is a separation pier in front of the Wenbao plate
Regarding the value of this catalogue, Mr. Gu Tinglong commented in his article "Mr. Liu Yizheng and the Library of Guoxue": "In 1935, Mr. Gu Tinglong edited the forty-four volumes of the "General Catalogue of Books of the Jiangsu Provincial Library of Guoxue", twelve volumes of the Supplement, a total of thirty volumes, and the Emperor's huge compilation, since the existence of the library, can compile all the books into a general catalog, as the first one. ”
For the characteristics of this catalog, Mr. Gu Tinglong listed three articles in the text: "First, the classification of the four libraries will be added and deleted, second, the sub-categories of the series of books will be divided into various categories for easy retrieval; third, the number of collections will be divided, and the year of death will be taken as the end, so that the author will belong to the He Dynasty when the era of the Yi Dynasty is determined." Its approach has had some influence in the library community. ”
Regarding the value of the catalog, Mr. Gu concluded in the article: "The compilation and printing of the catalogue of books in the United Public Library clearly states that the classification adopts the classification method of the Guoxue Library. In 1938, the Catalogue of Chinese Books of the Kyoto Research Institute of the Japanese Oriental Culture Institute and the "Compendium of Chinese Series" compiled by the Shanghai Library both classified the subheadings, and the "General Catalogue" of the Guoxue Library should have a certain position in the history of bibliography. ”
Wen Bao brand
Mr. Liu Yizheng's contribution to bibliography is mainly to break through the traditional four-part class method, and the mainstream practice of cataloguing ancient Chinese books for hundreds of years is basically to divide it into four subsets of classics and histories, and then reclassify them under the subordinates and then divide them under the categories. Liu Yizheng added "Zhibu" to this heading, which specialized in local history, and added "Congbu", which was dedicated to the series of books, and the third category he added was "Tubu", and the historical maps and various atlases were classified as this department, thus making the four-part class method into a seven-part class law. In addition, he added some more genera to the original department, such as art, religion, philosophy, natural science, and national finance, which allowed the traditional classification to cover some new disciplines.
From these changes, it can be seen that Liu Yizheng's cataloguing of the collection is more focused on the user's ability to retrieve relevant works, although the library has a large collection of rare books, but he opposes the viewing of rare books as antiques. Mr. Huang Pei's "Impressions of Mr. Liu Yimou" quotes a letter written by Mr. Liu to Huang Shou in 1946:
Recently, scholars have been secretive about what they have, and this is also a temporary trend, and they do not know the meaning of learning words. All scholars learn to be human, learn for the country, and learn for antique dealers. Antique dealers are not only the pilgrims of warlords, but also the display of blue-eyed and yellow-bearded people. Searching for curiosity, but for fear of leaking to others, its antique business is not surprising enough, and the word Guoxue is ruined for the generations. Whatever is done for the sake of learning is of no benefit to others, and is not used for the country. And his people are also humble and despicable, and they do not know what is going on in the country under the heavens.
The road on the left
In Liu Yizheng's view, the collection should be more visible to relevant scholars so that they can be used. However, people who can see or read rare books are after all a minority, and before the popularization of photocopying and photography technology, most of the ancients used the method of photocopying to copy the original appearance of ancient books. However, this method was costly, so it was impossible to print a large number of copies, so Yang Shoujing invented a way to print only one or two pages of a rare ancient book. Generally speaking, the engraving font of a book is basically the same, so choosing a representative page to be engraved can play the effect of peeping in the tube. This method invented by Yang Shoujing was popularized by people, and later Liu Yizheng selected some representative pages from the Collection of Song and Yuan Rare Books, and then photocopied them into books, which is the famous "Shadow of the Book of Lushan Mountain". In the preface to this book, Liu Yizheng said:
Xingwu Yang clan visited Dongying and created the "True Genealogy" to feed scholars. Chengjiang Miaoshi heeled the "Song Yuan Shuying", published in the whole leaf, and regarded yang shu as a jinyi. Bi Nian Huan on the Yuan clan, The Qu clan, with the new law Jingyin, the secret book scale claw, is valued by the world. The Yishan Library holds the Qian Tang Ding Clan Rare Books, so it is related to the Song Dynasty Tower Haiyuan Pavilion and the Tieqin Bronze Sword Building. For more than ten years, the keepers of the collection have cherished themselves very much, and the scholars have always regretted that they could not see it. The curse of Min Zhi is both a chapter for more subscriptions, and the reproduction of the capital is printed in accordance with the style. Limited to financial resources, there is still time to audit. Yong attacked the methods of Yang, Miao, Yuan, and Qu, and first wrote the Song periodicals, and used the lithography method to collect books and shadows, so that scholars in the sea could get a good look at the family and buy them from home.
probe
It can be seen that Liu Yizheng affirmed the value of Yang Shoujing's "Liu Zhen Spectrum", saying that the "Song Yuan Shu Ying" photocopied by his teacher Miao Quansun could show more content, which was a step further than the "Liu Zhen Spectrum". However, Liu Yizheng did not mention that the "Liu Zhen Spectrum" was engraved by traditional hand, while Miao Quansun's "Song Yuan Shuying" was photo-made and copied by lithography technology, and the progress of technological analysis greatly reduced the difficulty and cost of engraving.
Liu Yizheng also talked about Yuan Kewen and The Iron Qin Bronze Sword Lou Qu Clan, using lithography techniques to show the appearance of rare books. The Lushan Library is the Jiangnan Library, and the main body of the ancient books in the library is the 8,000-volume building, one of the four major collections, but after the Jiangnan Library obtains these rare books, it is still difficult for more scholars to use them. In Liu Yizheng's view, these books should play a role, he wanted to photocopy and publish all the rare books and secret books in them, but limited to financial resources, he had to emulate the above bibliophiles, choose the rare Song Yuan ben to print a few pages of book shadows, and collect them into a book called "The Shadow of the Mountains".
It can be understood from this that Liu Yizheng regards the classics as public instruments, and he hopes that more people can understand and use ancient books, and it is precisely because of this concept that he attaches more importance to historical materials that are not noticed. At that time, genealogy was rare, and Mr. Gu Tinglong called Liu Yi "one of the earliest advocates of the study of genealogy". Then he cited the article "Examples of Genealogical Research" written by Liu Yizheng in August 1931, in which Mr. Liu said: "The Qing Dynasty Miao Yifeng master advocated the cultivation of the "Jiangsu Tongzhi", And Yu created the clan zhi please, and the art style master was difficult. ”
Steps
When Miao Quansun proposed to compile the "Jiangsu Tongzhi", Liu Yizheng proposed that the clan history should be added to the Tongzhi, but Mr. Miao thought that this practice was too difficult, but Mr. Liu still insisted on his own concept and began to collect genealogy for the Guoxue Library: "Ding Di (1927) Guan Baoshan, ask for genealogy, ask those who respond. He will set the social zhimu, the clan as the sub-order, and ask the interview to collect the butterflies in different places. He also widely trusted and advised the clan of the deceased family to go out of their way to do things, but the income was still not much. At the same time, there is Pan Guangdanjun, who advocates the study of genealogy, and is not alone in my private life, and the old habits are deeply imprisoned, and finally by the guangzhi family's sect. ”
At that time, there were very few responders to the announcement of the request for genealogy, so Liu Yizheng asked friends everywhere to persuade the clan to donate the family tree. At that time, Pan Guangdan proposed that the study of genealogy should be studied, so Liu Yizheng quoted it as a fellow, but many people in that era believed that genealogy was a family heirloom and were reluctant to give up genealogy, which made it very difficult to carry out research. For this traditional custom, Liu Yizheng mentioned in the text: "Gai usually understands it, thinking that the collection of inscriptions can be recorded in the art and literature, the character biography, and its Hengye." The family rides on the giant, the lineage is complicated, it is not exhaustive, and there is no reason to send it. And the ancestral rules of the clan covenant, according to the Dingbu, there is a loss, there is no way to reissue, the pawn is careless, and the hole is huge. ”
It can be seen that the study of genealogy is not only difficult to collect, but also the change of concept is not easy, in the traditional concept, inscriptions, epitaphs, biographies can be recorded in the art and literature, but the family tree is too large, coupled with the reluctance to give the family tree, so he said: "Wen Beiping Library also tasted the Ningguan collection, sent a letter of hundreds, no one responded. ”
Tomb of Mr. and Mrs. Liu Yizheng
It is precisely because of the difficulty of recruitment, so Liu Yizheng believes that more efforts should be made in this regard. However, social changes will also make the concept change, Gu Tinglong wrote in the text: "In feudal society, the genealogy is not allowed to show people, the number of prints is not much, only the zong branch long house is maintained, the new genealogy is out, and the old genealogy is returned, so there are very few outsiders." Mainly at that time, it was to prevent the common people and eunuchs from taking advantage of the disadvantages of the spectrum. After Xinhai, the clubs have disappeared, and they are occasionally obtained in old bookstores. After the success of the Northern Expedition, the family system was also reformed, and mr. Li's initiative to study genealogy can be described as timely. ”
Mr. Gu Tinglong said that it was precisely under the influence of Liu Yizheng's article that during the period of land reform, a large number of genealogies were scattered, and many genealogies were transported to the paper mill to become soul paper, and Mr. Gu sent people to rescue a large number of genealogies from them, thus making the Shanghai Library the largest number of Tibetan genealogies in China's public libraries.
A panoramic view of the cemetery
Mr. Liu Yizheng has made many contributions to the bibliographic editions, and the historian Mr. Cai Shangsi has written an article entitled "The Best of Mr. Liu Yizheng", which mentions that Mr. Liu served as the largest library in China for the longest time, and was the first to compile the general bibliography of the large library, and at the same time trained the most famous bibliophiles, and was the first to compile a variety of historical monographs. Whether these are the most selfish is not easy to comment on, but Mr. Liu's social influence is indeed very large.
Tomb Relocation
On February 3, 1956, Liu Yizheng died in Shanghai at the age of 77, after which he was buried back in his hometown. Regarding his burial place, Wang Yuguo's "Zhenjiang Cultural Relics and Monuments" in the article "Liu Yao Zheng Tomb" wrote: "Located in Guantang Township, Runzhou District, Yangang Brigade Zhujiagang, earthen tomb bags, and other parents and other grave bags to form a tomb group, the tomb group to the southeast is an open area, the west of the hillside, is a feng shui treasure land, but here the traffic is inconvenient, it is planned to move the tomb to the outskirts of Zhenjiang City. ”
Poetry tablets
Later, the tomb was indeed relocated to the outskirts of Zhenjiang City, and regarding the time and place of the relocation, Tang Yunjun edited the "Overview of Cultural Relics and Monuments in Jiangsu", which said: "The tomb of Liu Yizheng was originally in Zhujiagang, Yanjia Village, Guantangqiao Township, Runzhou District, Zhenjiang City, and moved to the scenic area of the southern suburbs of Zhenjiang Coin in 1995. ”
Lined up
However, this location is still very vague, I searched on the Internet again, some information said that the tomb is located in Zhenjiang City Guantang Township Zhujiagang, and some documents say that Liu Tomb is in Runzhou District Zhaoyin Mountain Road, its specific location is opposite biyu Garden. The biggest difficulty in searching for the tombs of predecessors is that it is impossible to have a specific house number, so all kinds of articles are written saying that a tomb is in a certain mountain, but it is not easy to find a tomb in the mountains. Since there is a post that points out that it is opposite the Biyu Garden, this is already a very clear address, so I listed this place as a specific search point.
In the upper right is the hiking trail
On October 25, 2020, I drove from Nanjing to Zhenjiang to visit, and set the navigation destination to Biyu Garden. However, when I opened here, I couldn't find the tomb of Liu Yaozheng at all, and I continued to search on the mobile phone navigation, and found that there was the tomb on the navigation. I have done a lot of things that are willing to go far, and this is one of them.
The cemetery area is fenced
The navigation quickly drove into the mid-levels of the mountain, passing through a new archway and continuing up the hillside, where the roads were wide concrete roads with small slopes, and soon reached their destination. There is a roadside parking lot where there are five or six cars parked, and when I arrive there is only one parking space left, are there so many people who come to worship Liu Yizheng?
Willow curses the tomb of his parents
On the opposite side of the parking lot, I saw the Wen Bao sign, took a few steps forward, and sure enough, it was engraved with the tomb of Liu Yaozheng. The Wenbao sign is located in a vacant lot on the side of the road, where several cars can also be parked, but there is a separation pier in front of the open space, and there is an upward walking path on the left side of the open space. Along the road for more than twenty meters, I saw that there was a camera on the side of the road, maybe there were funerary items in the tomb, but Liu Yizheng was a famous catalog versionist, and the burial objects in his tomb were also some books, and the tomb robbers were the least interested in it.
epitaph
Climb the steps to the platform, directly in front of the joint tomb of Liu Yizheng and his wife, the tomb mound is not large, about two meters in diameter, and the circle is made of cement. There are three stele standing behind the tomb, one of which is "Relocation and Construction of Mr. Liu Yizheng's Tombstone", which is paid as "Zhenjiang Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" and "Zhenjiang Municipal Cultural Relics Management Committee", the time is 1995. The inscription describes Liu Yizheng's contribution to culture, which shows the importance that the local government valued this sage.
The trail of the climb
Another stele is the Book of Zeng Fu, on which is inscribed in large characters :"The Master of Sinology, Wei Liugong, is the most talented scholar in the world; Zeng Liuwen ink was burned, which made it even more unforgettable."
Cemetery opposite Willow Tomb
On the right side of the tomb of Liu Yizheng and his wife is a cemetery area, where Liu Yizheng's parents are buried, and its system is the same as that of Liu Yizheng's tomb.
Not small area
Monument Pavilion
In the process of taking pictures of the Willow Tomb, Fang noticed that there was a mountain climbing path on the right side of the tomb, and the people who stopped here were climbing along the path next to it, and no one came to see the Willow Tomb. However, I noticed that there was a courtyard directly opposite the Liu Tomb, walking over to look at it, the large iron door was locked, looking inward through the gap, I felt that this was also a cemetery, and its scale was dozens of times larger. The cemetery is divided into three terraces, and on the left and right sides of the second terrace are covered with stele pavilions, but the distance is too far to see the inscription on it.