<h1>Source of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit, also known as egg fruit, passion fruit, passion fruit, widely distributed in the tropics and subtropical, China is mainly distributed in Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong.
The most suitable growth temperature of passion fruit is 20 °C-30 °C, generally growing well at a temperature of not less than 0 °C, the most suitable area with an average annual temperature of 18 °C or more is most suitable for planting, easy to obtain abundant yields, and the plant will be seriously damaged or even died at -2 °C.
Passion fruit leaves are peculiar in shape, bright flower color, evergreen, its fruit is oval berry, juice is yellow, with pomegranate, pineapple, strawberry, lemon, mango, sour plum and other more than ten kinds of fruit rich fragrance, so it is named "passion fruit".
<h1>The flower language and legend of passion fruit</h1>
In American Indian legend, passion fruit is the daughter of daytime. She inherited the warm sunshine given by her father, always had a bright smile on her body, and she was the most beautiful flower in the forest and meadows.
One day, when the morning star first rose, passion fruit was awakened in his sleep by a noise. She opened her eyes to see that there was a teenager playing with the water by the river, and the princess was attracted by his handsome appearance and fell in love with him at first sight. However, the teenager was not like the others that Passion Fruit saw during the day, he was the guide of the night and only appeared at night. The princess was very fond of the night guide, counting the time all the time, waiting for the night to come, hoping to see the night guide.
Thus, the flower language and symbolism of passion fruit represent meaning: longing.
<h1>Types of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit comes in three varieties: yellow, purple and fuchsia:
1 yellow passion fruit
Yellow passion fruit grows vigorously, flowers a lot, has high yield, and is strong in disease resistance. When ripe, the peel is bright yellow, the fruit shape is larger, round, and the star spots are more obvious, and the average single fruit is 80-100 grams. The juice content is high, up to 45%.
However, this variety requires heterogeneous pollination to bear fruit, only artificial pollening can guarantee yield, and it is not hardy, frost is dead. In addition, the yellow passion fruit has great acidity and light aroma, and is generally used as an industrial raw material, which is not suitable for fresh eating.
2 purple passion fruit
The fruit is small, egg-shaped, star-shaped spots are not obvious, the single fruit weighs 40-60 grams, the juice is fragrant and sweet, suitable for fresh food, but the juice content is low, about 30%. This variety is hardy and heat-resistant, but has weak disease resistance, weak growth and low yield.
3 purple passion fruit
Purple passion fruit is a high-quality hybrid of yellow and purple eggs and fruits. The peel is purple-red, the stellate spots are obvious, the fruit shape is large, oblong, the single fruit weighs 100-130 grams, the cold resistance is strong, the growth is vigorous, and the results can be self-pollinated without artificial pollination. The juice content is as high as 40%, the color is orange and yellow, the taste is extremely fragrant, and the sugar content is 21%, which is suitable for fresh food and processing.
<h1>The chemical composition of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit contains 17 kinds of amino acids and rich in protein, fat, sugar, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, SOD enzymes and superfiber, etc., known as the king of VC in fruits, unique taste, even its seeds are crispy and delicious, rich in nutrients, rich in high protein and high fat.
Passion fruit can be isolated from the branches, leaves and fruits: wild progerin, amygdyl glycoside, black elder glycoside and R-phenethylnitrile-β-ruetoside. Among them, wild cherry glycosides, amygdinoins and elderly necrosides are mainly found in passion fruit fruits, especially in immature fruits. Wild procyanosides and black elderberry are mainly found in yellow passion fruit, while amygdalin is mainly found in purple passion fruit, and the content in the peel and juice varies greatly. R-Phenethylnitrile-β-rueil glycosides are mainly obtained from the branches and leaves of passion fruit.
The main component of passion fruit seeds is oil, which accounts for about 21-27% of the quality of passion fruit seeds; the content of alkaloids in passion fruit is lower and there are fewer types. The alkaloids isolated from the peel of passion fruit mainly include hal alcohol, halmin, halman, demethylated camel pistol and dihydro camel ponylline, and the content of these alkaloids in passion fruit is less than 0.02%.
<h1>Pharmacological effect of passion fruit</h1>
At present, the pharmacological activity of extracts of passion fruit branches, leaves, flowers, seeds, peels and other parts has been reported, and its pharmacological activities are as follows:
1 Antioxidant effect
Numerous studies have confirmed that the alcohol extract and aqueous extract of passion fruit have the antioxidant ability to scavenge free radicals.
Zou Hongbing et al. investigated the effect of ethanol extracts from passion fruit leaves on superoxide anions (O2-·), hydroxyl radicals (· OH) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, which showed that it has different degrees of free radical scavenging ability.
Tao Yongyuan et al. used ethanol as the extraction solvent, and determined that the extract was on O2-··· The clearing effect of OH. The results show that passion fruit ethanol extract is effective for O2-· The clearance of OH increases with the increase of the concentration of the extract, and is higher than the clearance of vitamin C at the same concentration.
Liu Hong et al. studied the anti-free radical activities of four different extracts of Hainan passion fruit leaf, and the results showed that the four extracts all had certain anti-free radical ability, and each extract had the ability to determine O2-·scavenger: aqueous extract < n-butanol extract< ethyl acetate extract< petroleum ether extract to · OH scavenging power: n-butanol extract< aqueous extract< ethyl acetate extract< petroleum ether extract.
Wen Liangjuan found that the ethanol extract and water extract of passion fruit peel have DPPH free and · Scavenging activity of OH free radicals with some dose dependence. Since the extracts of passion fruit are mostly mixtures, it is not yet known what kind of substances in the extract play antioxidant effects, which requires further experimental determination. Passion fruit seed oil has been shown to have antioxidant activity as a valuable development resource.
Tao Zhihua et al. use passion fruit seed oil to O2-·· OH scavenging ability is a test index to study the antioxidant activity of passion fruit seed oil. The results show that passion fruit seed oil has the ability to remove O2-· with a clearance rate of more than 60% and a clearing · OH capability and clearance rate of 81.7%. This indicates that passion fruit seed oil has good free radical scavenger activity.
2 Anxiolytic effects
At present, passion fruit has been developed as an anti-anxiety drug in some European and American countries. Relevant pharmacodynamic studies provide strong evidence for the anxiolytic and calming activity of passion fruit.
Zou Hongbing et al. used an elevated cross maze (EPM) animal model to investigate the effects of ethanol extract from purple passion fruit leaf and different isolated sites (ethyl acetate site, water saturated n-butanol site and its water part) on mouse behavior, and evaluated its anxiolytic effect. The results showed that passion fruit ethanol extract exhibited significant anxiolytic activity at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, and the ethyl acetate site (100 mg/kg), the water saturated n-butanol site (200 mg/kg) and its water site (300 mg/kg) also had significant anxiolytic activity. Similar reports have demonstrated that the anxiolytic activity of passion fruit ethanol extract is dose-dependent: low doses present anxiolytic activity, high doses have calming activity.
In addition, in addition to the EPM experiment, the anxiolytic effect of passion fruit was verified by mouse chiaroscurotry experiments, mine experiments and inhibitory evasion learning experiments. Barbosa et al. have even found that passion fruit extract has anxiolytic activity similar to diazepam, and does not have the side effects of diazepam interfering with memory. There is no clear and unified answer to the active ingredients and mechanisms of action of its anxiolytic effect. At present γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), lipophilic substances, flavonoids, poplarin, β-carboline indole alkaloids and phenols are all considered to be active ingredients of their anxiolytic effects, and the mechanisms of action involved are also diverse due to the different active ingredients, including the role of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors, the inhibition of monoamine oxidase and the inhibition of aromatase.
3 Anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effect
Passion fruit has been shown to have good anti-inflammatory activity. Studies have shown that passion fruit exerts this effect mainly by inhibiting the release of a series of inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as interleukin (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), inhibiting the migration of white blood cells and inhibiting the activity of related enzymes.
In order to study the anti-inflammatory activity of passion fruit, Benincá et al. established a mouse model of inflammation with carrageenan and histamine as inducers, and the results showed that the aqueous extract (100mg/kg) and n-butanol extract (50mg/kg) of passion fruit leaf could significantly reduce the release of white blood cells, neutrophils, peroxidase MPO, nitric oxide NO and interleukin IL-1β, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role. After TLC analysis, this may be closely related to the flavonoids contained in passion fruit.
Similar conclusions were further validated in Montanher's study. According to the fruit juice of passion fruit exposed to air for a long time will not cause spoilage, it is inferred that passion fruit juice may have a certain bacteriostatic effect.
The research of Yang Feng et al. also proves that passion fruit juice does have bacteriostatic effect, and the bacteriostatic activity of different solvent extracts is different: passion fruit juice has a certain inhibitory effect on color intestine antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, candida tropicalis and Aspergillus niger; ethanol-acetone extract of passion fruit juice also shows inhibitory activity on the above four strains; cyclohexane extract of passion fruit juice has inhibitory activity on large intestine antibacterial and Staphylococcus aureus, but no inhibitory activity on candida tropicalis and Aspergillus niger.
4 Antitumor effect
At present, there are studies reporting that passion fruit has anti-tumor effects, but there is little research on this aspect. Silva et al. obtained passion fruit polysaccharide extract by hot water extraction, and comprehensively evaluated its anti-tumor activity from two aspects in vitro. The results showed that under the experimental concentration, although passion fruit polysaccharide extract could not inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells HCT-8MDA-MB-435, HL-60 and SF-295 in vitro, it could effectively antagonize tumor growth in vivo, and the tumor inhibition rate reached 70.40% and 72.89% when administered at a dose of 10mg/kg and 25mg/kg, respectively. Passion fruit polysaccharide extract has an anti-tumor effect in vivo, which may be related to the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharides, which needs further research.
5 Other
In addition to the above-mentioned pharmacological activities, passion fruit also has anti-addiction, cough and asthma, lower blood pressure, relieve pain, treat insomnia, prevent atherosclerosis and protect the heart.
<h1>Efficacy of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit has anti-inflammatory pain relief, lipid reduction and blood pressure, refreshing wine, eliminating fatigue, skin care and beauty, etc., making it into a drink or health care products, excellent taste, can eliminate acne, eliminate hemorrhoids, eliminate gastroenteritis. Passion fruit can have the above effects, which may be achieved through the following mechanism:
1 Deep cleanup mechanism
Microfiber can penetrate deep into the most delicate parts of the stomach and intestines, absorb harmful substances in the body through its active genes to completely excrete them, and can improve the composition of the intestinal flora, playing a role in protecting the stomach and intestines from absorbing harmful substances. Passion fruit can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms in the digestive tract, the combination of the two has a significant effect on eliminating toxins in the body, improving the body's nutrient absorption function, and has a special elimination effect on colitis, gastroenteritis and hemorrhoids.
2 Detoxification and beauty mechanism
Purify the body, avoid the deposition of harmful substances in the body, and then achieve the effect of improving the skin and beautifying the face.
3 Mechanism of shaping posture
Eating passion fruit can increase stomach satiety, reduce the intake of residual calories, and can also adsorb cholesterol and bile, etc., inhibiting the body's absorption of fat. Therefore, long-term consumption is conducive to improving the structure of human nutrient absorption, reducing body fat, and shaping a healthy and beautiful posture.
4 Promotes metabolic action
Microfiber can promote excretion, relieve constipation symptoms, remove irritant substances stuck in the intestine, avoid irritation of the intestine and reabsorbed by the body, thereby reducing the prevalence of colon cancer, and microfiber also has anti-tumor activity. The VC in passion fruit is involved in cholesterol metabolism, which can lower cholesterol and purify the blood. In addition, passion fruit is rich in Vc, carotene, SOD enzymes can scavenge free radicals in the body, play a role in beauty and anti-aging.
<h1>The value of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit is rich in protein, fat, sugar, vitamins and phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium and other compounds and 17 kinds of amino acids, rich in nutrients. Passion fruit is known as the "king of beverages", its juice can be processed into a pure natural high-quality beverage, not only unique flavor, rich in nutrition, but also nourishing fitness, help digestion, the market is in short supply. It can also process fruit sauce, jam, jelly, and preserves.
The oil content of the seeds is up to 25%, and the oil quality is comparable to sunflower oil, which is suitable for cooking oil. The pectin extracted from the peel is a good stabilizer and thickener for food processing. Passion fruit is rich in aromatic substances and is commonly used in fruit juice processing and food additives.
Passion fruit roots, stems, leaves can be medicated, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering, detoxification and beauty, anti-alcohol and liver protection, anti-fatigue, can alleviate insomnia, anxiety, lung dryness and calm pain, oral ulcers, periodontitis, laryngitis, colitis, gastrointestinal diseases have effect.
Passion fruit peels account for 50% of the fresh weight, and more waste is treated. Passion fruit peel has been reported to be rich in pectin, polysaccharides, flavonoids and anthocyanins. As a widely distributed natural pigment, anthocyanins are safe, non-toxic and resource-rich. It has antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, improve diabetes and protect cardiovascular and other physiological activities.
<h1>How to eat passion fruit</h1>
Can be eaten directly, the passion fruit is cut open, and the dumpling is dug out with a spice spoon to eat directly, and the seeds are rich in high-grade protein and high-grade fat, which can be eaten together.
To make juice, take a passion fruit, cut it open, use a spoon to dig the pulp into the cup, add cool boiling water, and then add a little sugar, honey, etc. to adjust the sweetness, stir to get a cup of nutritious juice with good color, aroma and taste.
In addition to extracting pectin, medicinal ingredients and processed feed, the hull can also be used to make wine or tea, as well as to cook dishes.
<h1>Passion fruit is suitable for people</h1>
It can be consumed by the general population. People with digestive system diseases and stomach ulcers should eat with caution.
<h1>Selection of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit has a nearly rounded shape and is available for purchase without obvious appearance defects or bumps. If it is strange, it is ripened with hormones.
If you smell passion fruit with your nose, if you smell a special fragrance, it is a high-quality product, and the stronger the fragrance, the more mature it is, the better the taste.
The surface of the ripe passion fruit is gradually reduced in green, the red color is becoming more and more obvious, and the passion fruit of the same size is better than the quality and weight.
After the purchased passion fruit is left at home for a period of time, the peel will appear to be dented, and the fruit is more sweet at this time.
<h1>Preservation of passion fruit</h1>
Passion fruit should not be sealed and stored, can be kept fresh in the refrigerator, should not be frozen, it is best to put the fruit naked in a ventilated place, so that it is not easy to deteriorate. After the passion fruit is stored for a period of time, the peel will appear dented, as long as the peel is not damaged, the concave passion fruit does not deteriorate, but its fruit is more sweet.
If you want to preserve the flavor of passion fruit for a longer time, you can process it into various foods, such as you can take out the juice inside the passion fruit, put it in an ice cream mold, freeze it into a popsicle, and when you want to eat it, take one out of the refrigerator, so that it can be stored for more than 1 year. Passion fruit can also be made into passion jam.
The preparation of passion jam
Wash and cut the passion fruit, dig out the pulp with a small spoon; then add the granulated sugar and stir well, let it sit in the refrigerator for 2 hours; then take it out and pour it into a stainless steel pot, heat it over medium heat and cook until boiling, turn to low heat, stir until the color becomes darker, and the juice becomes slightly thicker; later, put it in a jam bottle while it is hot, and send it to the refrigerator to seal it after it is completely cooled.
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