Text: Zhu Wenjie
In the history of education in China, to evaluate the success of a teacher, there must be one thing to see whether the students he teaches are excellent or not, and whether there are many outstanding students. Mr. Bai Jingwei, who was known as the "Guan Xue Sect Tradition" and lectured at the Guanzhong Academy in Xi'an, can be called one of the best.
First of all, among his early students, Shaanxi was the most important official in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, and the official was the minister of the ministry of state affairs, the minister of military aircraft, and the yin affairs of The Shuntianfu, and the famous Zhao Shuqiao.
Among his students at Guanzhong Academy, there were officials to the Capital Ofayuan Shandong Province to supervise the imperial history, the palm seal imperial history, the heroes in the Penghu Transformation Law, and the art of poetry, books, and paintings.
There are scholars of the late Qing Dynasty, calligraphy, and the art of gold and stone. After the success of the Xi'an Uprising of the Xinhai Revolution, he served as vice chairman of the Provisional Assembly of Shaanxi Province; he also went to Tianjin as a representative of Sun Yat-sen and served as the chief of the Agricultural and Commercial Department of the Provisional Executive Government. He founded the Xijing Jinshi Calligraphy and Painting Society and served as its president.
There are also the director of the Shaanxi Provincial Civil Affairs Department of the National Government, the Three Qin Daru, and the cultural giant Wang Dianzhang. It was this Wang Dianzhang, who alone funded his teacher Bai Jingwei and another teacher, Liu Guyu, to produce a collection of essays. In Suzhou, he collected, sorted, and printed the "Collected Works of Baizi Junfeng Xicaotang" and "The Complete Collection of Liu Guyu Yanxia", etc., and made immeasurable righteous deeds for inheriting the academic ideas of his mentor.
These students are all handsome. In addition, even Niu Zhaolian, who is known as the "Great Confucian of Guanzhong" and "Niu Caizi", also listened to Bai Jingwei's lectures at guanzhong academy.
Bai Jingwei devoted his life to education. He attaches great importance to the moral education of students, and once said: "The morality of the scholar is the most important." "There is no loss in deeds, and the people living in the countryside can be pure Confucianism, and if an official can be a pure subject, there will be a remnant in the last days." He admonished his students to read more books, consult The Ming Gong diligently, and increase their insights. To the students who became high officials, he specifically told them, "We must have the courage and spirit to carry the hat in our hands and throw it when we should throw it." He exhorted Song Bolu not to go with the flow and not just be an official. He praised Zhao Shuqiao for his decisive handling of the case of "Henan Wang Shuwen's imminent execution and unjust appeal" and warned him not to be arrogant about his achievements, to be a "good official" and a "clean official."
Under the careful cultivation of Mr. Bai Jingwei, more than 50 people in Guanzhong College were lifted, which really influenced the four parties and spread as a good story for a while. As a result, Bai Jingwei was awarded the reputation of "scribe" and "human teacher".
Bai Jingwei (1830~1891), Zi Zi Jun, No. Nin'an, Late Feng Xi Mr. Feng, Shaanxi Chang'an Feng Village, Xianfeng Yi Younian Juren, one of the important figures of the "Guan Xue Sect Biography".
In his early years, he founded a private school in his hometown, "Academy Garden", and exempted the children of poor peasant families from tuition, and was quite famous in his hometown. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), he was employed by Jinggan Academy and Weijing Academy.
In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), he was invited by the Shaanxi Scholar envoy to transfer to Guanzhong Academy and serve as the head of the mountain. He set up courses in economic history, Taoism, political affairs, astronomy, geography, and mathematics for the various colleges he presided over, so as to cultivate talents for the society. It also published Mr. Feng Congwu's works on Guan Xue and many other practical books.
He is committed to the study of the practical application of the world, and presides over the Guanzhong College to set up courses such as classics and history, Taoism, political affairs, astronomy, geography, and mathematics to cultivate talents for the society. The Bishu Branch of the Weijing Academy was also established. At his initiative, a government-run bookstore was set up in Shaanxi. He also initiated the establishment of the Shaoxu Academy and the Chonghua Cultural Association, and devoted himself to the development of Shaanxi's cultural and educational undertakings, and made great contributions; for the survival of the ancient Chang'an cultural context, he exhausted his efforts and had no complaints or regrets.
In 1891, both the Governor of Shaanxi and the Xuezheng of Shaanxi recommended Bai Jingwei to the Qing court to become an official in the dynasty, and Empress Dowager Cixi approved the subordinate deliberations. It was at this time that he died of illness. In 1899, the Inspector of Shaanxi was approved by the Qing court to include Bai Jingwei in the National History Museum of Ru Lin. His works include the six volumes of the Collected Works of Mr. Bai Fengxi and the Collected Works of Fengxi Caotang.
Bai Jingwei is also a heroic man of both culture and martial arts, wen Tao and martial arts, wisdom and courage. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, natural and man-made disasters descended on Guanzhong continuously, but at this time, Bai Jingwei, as a Confucian, stepped forward because he also had a more in-depth study of the military.
In a chaotic world, he returned to his hometown to settle his parents and avoid chaos at the Zhulin Temple in Wutai, South Of Zhongnan Mountain, and at the same time led the will of Chang'an County To organize a group training, gathering a group of young and middle-aged heroes to practice day and night in order to protect the family and protect the peace of the party. After that, he was appreciated by Zuo Zongtang, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and in the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), he led the premier xi, tong, feng, yan, bin, and qian liufu to build forts, and founded the Shaanxi Provincial Tuanlian Fort Zhai General Bureau. Bai Jingwei is strong and majestic, heroic in nature, righteous and courageous, and has the legacy of the "cold baby" who is still brave and courageous in the Qin people, and forgets life and death.
Under his strict orders and supervision, all villages began to build walls. If the quality is not up to standard, immediately tear down and start over. When the bandits really came to the door, there was a tall and strong wall, the village was safe and sound, and the people praised: "The wall that Bai Jingwei has inspected - there is no mistake!" ”
Although Zuo Zongtang was very attached to Bai Jingwei, he thought he was very talented. However, when he was practicing and repairing castles in the Shaanxi Regiment, he resigned in anger due to corruption in the official field and the failure of government decrees. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), he returned to his hometown and immersed himself in studying and studying in Shengbaoquan, Wutai South of Zhongnan Mountain. The poem "Reading Late At Night at Zhulin Temple" written by him reads: "In the middle of the night, the crowds move, and the streams of water ring out." My nature is nothing, and I am worried about it. Even if you go into the air, FeiYe is Yay. Where the Dao Heart recognizes, the moon shines on the purple weed flower. Among them, "I have nothing in my nature, and I am worried about it." Even if he realizes in the air, FeiYe is Yahweh again", which is a true portrayal of his mood and situation at that time. There is still an inscription of "Bai Jingwei Reading Office" in South Wutai.
At that time, the war caused by the Hui civil unrest caused some places in Shaanxi to be empty of ten rooms and nine rooms, the population was sharply reduced, and the Guanzhong Plain suffered a major famine that had not been encountered in a hundred years. In this regard, Bai Jingwei was sad and worried, and he sighed in the poem "Heavy Snow in the Waxing Moon": "The situation is also a drought and charm for a long time, and the wheat seedlings are dead to the farmer." ...... The city rejoices and the city is sad, and the four suburbs are full of Humachi. The refugees are running and crying, and the mountains and rivers are freezing to death. Therefore, he immediately came forward to ask the inspector to distribute grain stored in the warehouse, save the people from water and fire, and stop collecting official grain. Later, he received a donation of 80,000 taels of silver, all of which was used to help the disaster victims. In the face of the unbearable situation of the orphans begging along the streets on a cold night outside xi'an city, he cried out in a poem "Smelling children on a snowy night": "Shuo Xue, Shuo Wind Driving, who is whining along the street?" Hungry and cold night people have no pity, crying out to the sky and crying. He has long held his arms and heart in his life, and he is ashamed that he is powerless to save Er's death. Woohoo! Er's death cannot be saved, Er's voice cannot bear to listen, cut the pill paper into my ear, a lamp sits alone on the screen. Then, at the urging of the prime minister, Xianning and Chang'an counties, he raised 120,000 taels of silver to rescue the starving people in the two counties. Mr. Bai handled disaster relief affairs, opened warehouses to release grain, opened porridge farms, and saved hundreds of thousands of hungry people from the famine, but he was so tired that he contracted lung disease.
The widow of Jingyang An Wu, who was bullied by the powerful and the family property was robbed and seized, had no choice but to fight a lawsuit, and mr. Bai, who had already taken advantage of the local bullies, held a strong bully and bullied the weak, and was deeply disgusted by the bullying and plundering, he came out to help write the complaint. The complaint he wrote was read by the official who tried the case and then patted the case and said: "This gentleman is handwritten, mr. man, his words are credible, and his deeds are respectable." That is, the widow surnamed An Wuzhou was sentenced to victory. Later, feeling that Bai Jingwei had helped each other and righteousness, the widow of An Wu who was grateful to Zaide also donated gold and silver to help Mr. Bai run a school, prevent plague, and cure baby smallpox epidemics and other charitable acts.
Liu Guyu
Bai Jingwei runs a new school in order to cultivate practical talents, which is different from the government-run colleges that should take the examination. Bai Jingwei and Liu Guyu successively presided over the Weijing Academy and opened the "Praying for Friends", And Bai Jingwei contacted Liu Guyu to preside over it, and Bai Jingwei was unable to cure his lung disease for a long time, often hemoptysis, and his body was very weak, but he gladly said to Liu Guyu: Although I cannot be a bodhisattva on the throne, I may still be a protector of the Dharma under the hall." Expressing his full support, he cooperated with Liu Guyu to run a new school, and personally wrote the "Qiuyou Zhai Lesson Qi". In addition to the traditional courses of classics, history, Taoism, and political science, the courses offered by this innovative experimental class also include courses in current affairs, astronomy, geography, arithmetic, and palm history. Using the publication office in "Seeking Friends", new books on Western natural sciences and current affairs are published. For example, "Qiuyou Zhai carved Mei's calculation", "Qiuyou Zhai carved flat triangle lifting", "Learning to calculate rhymes", "Borrowing roots to perform Pythagorean grass", "Artillery measurement calculation method", "Silkworm mulberry preparation", "Taixi machine must be in China" and so on. He advocated changing the style of education and study, cultivating talents who have reached the present and reached change, so as to shoulder the heavy responsibility of enriching the country and strengthening the army, which was the starting point for Bai Jingwei to establish practical studies.
This Weijing Academy's "Seeking Friends" does not dare to look down on it, and it can be said to have pioneering significance in China's modern history. Because it is a local educational institution specializing in the dissemination of new ideas and the teaching of science and technology.
Running a school in this way will achieve immediate results. The theodolite on the observatory was jointly developed by Cheng An and Zhang Yuyi, students of "Qiu You Zhai"; then Wu Jianyin, a student of "Qiu You Zhai", compiled the book "The Usage of the Theodolite of the Confucian Terrace of the Weijing Academy"; Zhang Bingshu edited such advanced mathematical books as "Substitute Micro Accumulation Grade Supplementary Grass" and "Lesson Draft Congqi • Ying Pythagorean Formula". From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, most of the scholars in Shaanxi who were proficient in mathematical surveying and mapping techniques were trained by "Qiuyou Zhai". In the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), when Tao Mo, the envoy of Shaanxi Province, presided over the mapping of Shaanxi, Chen Tao, Cheng An, Zhang Yuyi, Sun Chenghai, Cheng Lin, Chen Xiaoxian, and other students of the "Qiuyou Zhai" participated in the mapping of the maps of Xianyang and Xingping Counties. Since then, the students of Weijing Academy have also undertaken the surveying and mapping of channels when building water conservancy projects in Jingyang, Sanyuan, Liquan and other counties. Li Yizhi, who was later known as the "father of modern water conservancy in China", made outstanding contributions in the management of the Yellow River, in Shaanxi Xingxiu xiujing Hui canal, Weihui canal and other irrigation canals, and the establishment of water conservancy colleges, and has a close relationship with his enlightenment education in "Qiuyou Zhai". From this point of view, the practical talents cultivated by "Qiuyou Zhai" have laid a good foundation for the development of the northwest region, and the contribution is huge. Later, Weijing Academy and "QiuYouzhai" were merged into the Hongdao Academy, continued to advocate new learning, and practiced learning, and successively trained Li Yuerui, Yu Youren, Zhang Jiluan, Wu Mi, Zhang Xiruo, and a number of other wushu reform and Xinhai revolutionary volunteers, all of whom were great Confucians who were famous throughout the country in modern and modern China.
The friendship between Bai Jingwei and Liu Guyu can be described as a friendship of no rebellion, a friendship of life and death, and the friendship is deeply moving. Bai once personally went to Guanzhong Academy to visit Liu Guyu, a talented son who was more than ten years younger. When Liu was out, he read the log that Liu had placed on the table and said with great sigh: "This is my teacher, let alone just a friend!" Liu Guyu returned, the two first met, so they talked "Xinxin self-motivation" and "booked Kundi's friendship", and later to death, it can be called a rare confidant. When Bai Jingwei was appointed as the head of Guanzhong Academy, he recommended Liu Guyu to be the head of weijing academy. The virtue of this act of recommending merit is not inferior to that of the sages of ancient times. It can be seen that Bai Jingwei has a generous and simple personality and mind. Bai has the wisdom to know people, and he recommended Liu Guyu, but in fact, he also proceeded from the accumulated shortcomings of the reform for a thousand years, to strengthen the genes of a nation, and to run a new study well. Because at that time, only Liu Guyu was most worthy of this great responsibility.
Of course, Mr. Bai Jingwei was also highly praised by the Guan Xue master Liu Guyu, who was "a Confucian confucian in the sea, a leader of the time", who wrote in the "Epitaph of Bai Jingwei": "Mr. Bai Jingwei's epitaph" wrote: "Mr. Bai Jingwei is tall and tall, and he is hopeful; he does not disturb things in his own way, he will return to righteousness, he will be sexually resistant, he will not be able to distinguish between right and wrong, he will not be able to do good, he will be generous, he will be anxious to go to people' hearts, and he will be inspired by the four sides of friendship, and his rules will be directly rooted, and he will show that he can change, persuade the good to seduce, and reward and borrow will make himself happy and unable to be proud of himself, so although he was afraid of Mr. At that time, although he was afraid of Mr. Li. and the pawn, then mourn in unison and no dissent also. ”