Bai Jingwei, the late fengxi old farmer. A native of Chang'an, Shaanxi (present-day Chang'an Lingnuma Subdistrict, Banfeng Village). He was born in the eleventh year of Daoguang (1831) and was raised in the fifth year of Qing Xianfeng (1855). He was given the instruction of Dingbian County, but he did not go to the post because there were elderly people in his family. When the Hui uprising occurred in Guanzhong, he did not go to Dingbian to take up his post, and took his parents to avoid chaos and live in seclusion in Zhongnan Mountain. After the death of his parents, he organized regimental training in Chang'an, participated in the Han Hui weapon fight, suppressed the plot, and rescued the Hui rebels from besieging Qingyang and Gongchang (present-day Longxi), and the imperial court awarded him the alternate Zhi County. When Liu Guomin was garrisoning Sanyuan, Bai Jingwei suggested that he recruit bandits from Beishan (around Weibei) to strengthen his army, but was hated by Zhou Mou, the chief of the Xiang Army, and obstructed him with the metaphor of "going out of the tiger and entering the wolf".
In the sixth year (1867) of the reign of Zuo Zongtang, the minister of Chincha, led the troops into Guanzhong, and learned that Bai was knowledgeable and strategic, so he asked him to join the battalion to serve as a staff officer. He proposed to the left to build forts in townships and towns to ensure the people's safe residence, set up a bureau to reduce the people's force to servitude, migrate to the Hui people, and open up science and technology to take soldiers, which were mostly adopted by the left. Zuo Bao cited him as Zhi County, which was supplemented by Shaanxi Province and had the same title as California.
Zuo Zongtang thought that Bai Jingwei was a very talented person, so he asked the premier Ofe Shaanxi to practice and repair castle affairs. Later, due to the failure of the government decree, he resigned in anger. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Bai Jingwei returned to his hometown and studied at Shengbaoquan in Wutai, south of Zhongnan Mountain. He himself wrote a poem called "Reading late at night at Zhulin Temple", which reflected the scene at that time: "In the middle of the night, the crowd moved, and the stream sounded. My nature is nothing, and I am worried about it. Even if you go into the air, FeiYe is Yay. Where the Dao Heart recognizes, the moon shines on the purple weed flower. "There is still an inscription of "Bai Jingwei Reading Office" in Nanwutai.
In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), he was invited by the Shaanxi Scholar envoy to transfer to Guanzhong Academy and serve as the head of the mountain.
Bai Jingwei devoted his life to education and development of education. When I first arrived at Jinggan College, I formulated the "Six Things of Study Rules" and set strict requirements on students. From Weijing College to Guanzhong College, let go of all the people who do not listen to education, and wait for the lecture hall to have a record on the day and a lesson (assessment) every month, meticulously. He attaches great importance to the moral education of students, and once said: Those who are noble in the scholarly place, the moral character is the most; The product cannot be cured, although the talent is like Lu Ling, the learning is like a zebra, the Wei Ke, the Ying Xian, and the people are many; There is no loss in deeds, and the dwelling in the countryside can be pure Confucianism, such as officials can be pure subjects, and there is still a remnant in the last days. He admonished his students to read more books, consult The Ming Gong diligently, and increase their insights. We must have the courage and spirit to lift the yarn hat in our hands and throw it when it should be thrown. He encouraged Song Bolu (a Liquan man who served as a deputy inspector during the Qing Dynasty) not to go with the flow and not just be an official. He praised Zhao Shuqiao (Shangshu of the Punishment Department at the time of Qing Guangxu) for resolutely handling the case of "Henan Wang Shuwen's condemnation and complaints", and warned him not to be arrogant about his achievements, to be a "good official" and a "Clean official". Under his careful cultivation, more than 50 people in Guanzhong Academy were raised, and it was a good story for a while. Bai Jingwei was thus awarded the reputation of "scribe" and "human teacher".
At the same time, Bai Jingwei also actively developed local cultural and educational undertakings. At the age of 54, he often coughed blood and still did not leave the lecture hall. When he received a request from Liu Guyu, the leader of the Shaanxi Restoration School, to organize a "Prayer for Friends", he said at that time that "although he cannot be a bodhisattva on the throne, he may be a protector of the Dharma under the hall" and personally wrote the "Prayer for Friends Fasting Lesson Qi". In view of the times, Bai Jingwei deeply felt that the scourge of the Western Yi had been deep, and it was difficult to recover the crisis in the study content of the traditional imperial examinations, and it was necessary to "real learning" and "new learning". In the "Lesson Revelation", he proposed the scope of study, and has already taught the classics, history, political affairs, astronomy, public opinion, palm history, arithmetic and scholars, which has been supported by all parties in society. Sanyuan Hu Lilian observed that a thousand gold was a fasting fee, and the widow Wu Zhoushi of Jingyang used two thousand gold to benefit it, and also carved useful books. Under the influence of "Qiuyou Zhai" and Guanzhong College's "Zhi Xue Zhai", the study style of Shaanxi has changed greatly.
Guanzhong College was founded by Shangshu of the Ministry of Works and Feng Congwu of Chang'an during the Ming Dynasty after waging a resolute struggle against the castration party and being deposed from office, and after being deposed, he devoted himself to writing and lecturing, following Zhang Hengqu (Zhang Zai of Meixian County), who advocated Guanxue. In the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888), when Bai Jingwei was lecturing at Guanzhong Academy, he deeply felt that Feng Congwu had been dead for a long time, and his writings and thoughts had been forgotten. In order to revitalize Guan Xue and educate the people, he consulted with Ling Jiao Yutian of Chang'an County, and the officials donated thousands of gold, and the other elderly gentry each donated huge sums of money, supported by Bai Jingwei, to choose the old site of the Qingmen School (the site of the 42nd Middle School in Xi'an Xi'an Ximenwai City), rebuild the Feng Gongding Ancestral Hall, and repair more than 40 rooms, which belonged to the Shaoxu Academy, which became a good place for children in the western suburbs of Xi'an to study.
In the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889), Bai Jingwei resigned from Guanzhong Academy due to illness, but he still did not forget the education cause in his hometown. Half a mile outside the east gate of Feng Village, the school house was built, covering an area of 145 acres, surrounded by camellias as a fence, and he compared himself with "Mr. Wuliu" and designed and constructed this school house according to the artistic design of "Returning to the Pastoral Residence". After entering the mountain gate, there are five willow ponds, and willow trees are planted on the side of the pond. There is a rockery in the back, and then there are more than 20 grass huts, the middle room door is hung on the "academy garden", and other open spaces are widely planted with peach apricots or other fruit trees. The "Xuejia Garden" was originally a place for Bai Jingwei to "plant trees and flowers" and "youyou lecture" after his return to Lili, but unfortunately, soon after the establishment of the garden, Bai Jingwei died for a long time. Since then, it has become a place for nearby children to read, and some people call it "Mao'an" and some call it "Caotang Bookstore".
"Bai Jingwei inspects the village - foolproof"
There was a local saying that "Bai Jingwei inspected the village - foolproof", which said that during the years of Qing Xianfeng and Tongzhi, the Hui people in all parts of the northwest joined the reactionary rebellion, and due to the provocation of the Qing court, it gradually evolved into a struggle between the Hui and Han ethnic groups. Because of his strong health and excellent arm strength, Bai Jingwei was entrusted by Chang'an County to be the commander of regimental training and organize armed forces to fight against the Hui rebels, so he was heavily treated by Fu Kunting and Cao Xingchen, the viceroys of Shaanxi. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), Zuo Zongtang visited Guanxi Haojie, and Bai Jingwei's performance of "Handling the Discussion of Returning Bandits" was appreciated, and he was appointed as the prime minister of Xi, Tong, Feng, Yan, Bin, and Qian Liufu to build forts. Immediately, the Shaanxi Provincial Tuanlian Fort Zhai General Bureau was established. For a time, all the villages began to build city walls, and most of the village walls and towers that can be seen in Chang'an, Huxian, Jingyang, and Gaoling began at this time. For example, the city wall of Feng Village was built in the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), and was formed in 8 years, with a width of 8 feet at the bottom, a width of 5 feet at the top, and a height of 2.5 zhang. Above the female wall are battlements with cannon holes, all made of brick. Brick waterways are built every 20 meters. There is one gate in the east, west, south and north, and it is guarded by people. As the general person in charge, Bai Jingwei has very strict requirements for the quality of the project, and all those who do not meet the standards will be torn down and rebuilt. Whenever the plague of soldiers and bandits followed, and the scattered soldiers were blocked by the tall and majestic city wall and had no choice, people sincerely sighed: Bai Jingwei inspected the village -- there is no mistake!
Feng village wall
In addition to education, Bai Jingwei also called for the relief of the masses and the stabilization of social order. In addition to education, Bai Jingwei also called for the relief of the masses and the stabilization of social order. His poem "The Snow of the Waxing Moon" expresses his heart, "Biyuan October peach and plum blossoms, winter and spring orders to repeat the difference." In the case of drought and long-term abuse, the wheat seedlings are dead to the farmer. Renzai Tianxin can love things, and the wind and snow blow through the day. The city of Chang'an was ecstatic and took pleasure in inviting guests to drink. The city rejoices and the city is sad, and the four suburbs are full of Humachi. The refugees are running and crying, and the mountains and rivers are freezing to death. (Fengxi Caotang Collection, vol. VIII) In the third year of Guangxu (1877), Bai Jingwei lectured at Jinggan Academy. At that time, there was a great drought in Shaanxi, especially in Weibei. He sent a letter to Zuo Zongtang, Liu Rong, and other military and political officials, and received a donation of 80,000 taels of silver to help the disaster victims in the province. Later, at the request of Lin Fu'an and Yu Kunyan of Zhixian County, Xianchang County, the premier of Xianning Chang'an County, raised 120,000 taels of silver to rescue the starving people in the two counties. In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), with the consent of Chang'an County Order, he repaired Yicang in Feng Village. Yicang is located in the middle of the village, sitting on the west and east, building four rafters and three granaries, and the west is Feng Zhiyicang, commonly known as the back warehouse; To the east is the village warehouse, commonly known as the front warehouse. In a few years, more than 1,000 stones of grain were stored to relieve hundreds of poor families from the spring famine.
In order to prevent the harm of smallpox to infants, Bai Jingwei played the Chang'an County Ling Tu Guanjun in the ninth year of Guangxu (1883) and founded the "Chang'an Cowpox Bureau" in Feng Village, located in the center of the village. He took the lead in donating funds, entrusted his brother Bai Jingkuo to manage, built a house into six rooms and a courtyard, hung a plaque on the door of the "Chang'an Shi Breeding Cowpox Bureau", and engraved on both sides of the plaque "Bao Chi Zi Xian Deng Shou Domain, Fortunate Cangsheng Gongqi Chuntai" concave gold character black plate, purchased the necessary equipment. It has been planting cowpox for children for 30 or 40 years, protecting the health of children in the west of Chang'an and Huxian County, and around Xianyang, which can be regarded as a charity work aided by the civil office in the history of Chang'an.
There is also an interesting story about the Chang'an cowpox bureau. Mr. Bai Jingwei has been lecturing at Weijing College and Jinggan College for 11 years and is highly respected by students and local gentlemen. Five kilometers northeast of Yunyang Town, Jingyang County, there is a widow with the surname of Zhou, who was originally the wife of Wu Weiwen, the son of Wu Weiwen, the grand master of Qingtong Feng, and the wife of Wu Jiehou (Wu Ping), a senior doctor, who began to be widowed at the age of 18, and later became a big capitalist in the northwest who operated official salt. The Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, Cixi fled to Xi'an, she once donated 100,000 taels of silver and 5,000 taels of gold, and was named Lady Yipin (also known as lady of the protectorate), with a prominent position. At the time, the widow was suing with others. When the local official saw the complaint, he patted the case and said: "This Mr. Feng Xi is handwritten, Mr. Feng Xi is a man, his words are credible, and his deeds are respectable." He was then awarded the case in the first instance. An Wu's widow felt that Bai Jingwei had helped her and paid a heavy reward. The funds for the establishment of the Chang'an Cowpox Bureau were part of the remuneration he received. When Bai Jingwei organized the "Qiuyou Zhai", An Wu's widow donated money to help. When he saw with his own eyes that it was common practice to rape and widowhood in the locality, he said to the people: "Whoever is orphaned and widowed and has no one to rely on, I am his lord." Bai Jingwei has a good temperament, integrity, and concern for the place. Be kind and charitable, and fear it with respect.
Guangxu fifteen years (1889) resigned due to illness. He died two years later at the age of 60.
After his death, his disciples and yi people built ancestral halls to commemorate him. The shrine is located in the center of the village, facing north and south, with three rooms and three entrances, and the mountain gate is lined with box rooms, and there is a one-meter-high altar in front of the shrine, about 50 square meters. In front of the door stands a "Jiaoze Monument", about five or six meters high, with heavy eaves and angles, and the carving is very fine. The large characters inscribed on the stele read: "The Great Master of the Imperial Household Awards The Special Instructions for The Wearing of Flowers and Plumes is to discuss the discussion of the Ministry of Discussion of The Ministry of Qinjia tongzhijing Dry Taste Scripture Academy, and the Main Lecturer of the Guanzhong Academy Mountain Changbai Old Master Zi Zi Junren Sect Monument." In addition to the main text, there are nearly 100 students who built a shrine for Bai Jingwei and funded the publication of the collection of essays, including Song Bolu, deputy capital of qing guangxu, minister of military aircraft, Shangshu Zhao Shuqiao of the Punishment Department, and Wang Dianzhang, director of the Shaanxi Civil Affairs Department.
After Bai Jingwei died, he was buried in the old tomb of the Bai family in front of XuYundutai, one kilometer northwest of the village. When the road was built in 1996, the grave was excavated, and the epitaph is now in the county cultural management office.
After the death of Mr. Bai Jingwei, his disciples and students compiled and printed his manuscripts and poems into a "Fengxi Caotang Collection", which is now preserved in the Shaanxi Provincial Library.