Zhang Chonghua, the fifth monarch of former Liang

Zhang Chonghua (327–353), courtesy name Tailin, was a native of Wushi County, Anding Commandery (present-day Pingliang, Gansu), a Han Chinese, great-grandson of Zhang Rail the Prince of Liangwu, grandson of Zhang Jun the Prince of Liangming, son of Zhang Jun the Prince of Liangwen, and the fifth monarch of former Liang (346–353).

Zhang Chonghua has been lenient and dignified since childhood, and he is calm and resolute. In the thirty-fourth year of Jianxing (346), after Zhang Jun's death, he officially succeeded to the throne, and during the reign of Later Zhao, Former Zhao, Liangzhou Mu, FengXiping Commandery, False Liang Wang, and Zhang Chonghua reused the xianchen Xie Ai to resist the attacks of Later Zhao and Former Qin.

In the forty-first year of Jianxing (353), Zhang Chonghua died, and was buried in Xianling, and his brother Zhang Zuo was proclaimed empress dowager, posthumously honored as King Huan of Liang, and the temple name was Liang Shizong.

Biography

The father dies to succeed to the throne

Zhang Chonghua [3], zi tai lin, yi zuo tai lin [1], the second son of Zhang Jun, the former king of Liangwen. Temperament is broad and heavy, calm and quiet. In the thirty-fourth year of Jianxing (346), Zhang Jun died, and Zhang Chonghua succeeded to the throne at the age of sixteen, claiming to be a festival, a governor of Dadu, a lieutenant, a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, a priest of Liangzhou, a duke of Xiping, and a false liang king, and was granted amnesty. His mother, Yan Shi, was the empress dowager and lived in Yongxun Palace, while her biological mother Ma shi was empress dowager and lived in Yongshou Palace. Zhang Chonghua reduced taxes, removed tariffs, and reduced gardens to alleviate poverty. [4]

Appointment of Sheay

In the same year, Zhang Chonghua sent emissaries to present a seal to the Later Zhao emperor Shi Hu. Shi Hu sent Wang Zhen, Ma Qiu, and Sun Fudu to constantly invade Qianliang. Jincheng Taishou Zhang Chong surrendered to Ma Qiu. As a result, Liangzhou shook, and Zhang Chonghua poured out his troops and sent the general Pei Heng (裴恒) to resist. Pei Heng was building barriers in Guangwu and wanted to use protracted warfare to drag the enemy down. Sima Zhang, the minister of the pastoral government, said to Zhang Chonghua: "The subject has heard that the state is strong in terms of soldiers and generals. The man of the Lord is the key to his survival, and the auspiciousness is all in him. Therefore, the State of Yan appointed Le Yi to attack the entire territory of the State of Qi, and when it was appointed to plunder, it lost the land of seventy cities. Therefore, the ancient Ming Emperors were cautious in choosing the general phase. The most important thing now is to use a good military division. However, most of the commentators recommended by the old courtiers, not necessarily the best elite people. Moreover, Han Xin was used not by his old name; Sima Yong Tho was trusted, he was not an old general; Lü Meng was promoted not by the old merits; Wei Yan was appointed, not by old virtue. The Ming King's employment of people is probably not according to the convention, as long as there is talent, he will give great things. Now that Qiangkou has reached the outskirts, the generals are not entering the army, the people's hearts are unstable, and the danger is gradually approaching. The main bookkeeper Xie Ai, both literary and martial, knows strategy very well. If he is given the power to fight and entrusted with the great task of deciding to fight, he will certainly be able to resist the enemy and annihilate the fierce and stubborn. ”[5]

Zhang Chonghua summoned Xie Ai and asked him about his strategy for conquest of the enemy. Xie Ai said, "In the past, Geng Yi was unwilling to leave the thief to his father, and Huang Quan was willing to lead ten thousand people to resist the enemy. I asked for seven thousand soldiers to destroy Wang Zhen, Ma Qiu, and so on for His Highness. Zhang Chonghua was very happy, and Ren Xie Ai was made a stalwart general, and he was given five thousand infantry cavalry to attack Ma Qiu. Leading the army out of Zhenwu, at night there were two owls whining at the residence of the main general, and Xie Ai said, "Owl, that is, the invitation, the six books of the owl win." Now the owl is whining at the lord's quarters, which is a sign of victory over the enemy. So he marched into battle, broke the enemy army, and beheaded five thousand. Zhang Chonghua named Xie Ai as Fu Lu Bo and was very good to him. The favored people were jealous of his merits and together they created rumors to slander him. So Zhang Chonghua released Xie Ai as Jiuquan Taishou. [6]

Later, Shi Hu ordered Ma Qiu to attack Daxia County, and the Daxia protector Liang Shi detained Taishou Song Yan Kaicheng to receive Ma Qiu. Ma Qiu sent Song Yan to write a letter to persuade Song Zhi, the governor of Wanshu. Song Zhi said to Ma Qiu: "If you leave your parents to serve the monarch, you should make meritorious deeds and righteousness, and if you fail to establish merit and righteousness, you should maintain your honor." After all, I can't steal my life in the world. So he killed his wife and children first, and then killed himself. [7]

Engage Zhao

In the thirty-fifth year of Jianxing (347), Later Zhao Maqiu attacked Former Liangyuhan, when Jinyang Taishou Langtan believed that the city was too large to defend and should be abandoned. Wucheng Taishou Zhang Wu said: "Giving up the big things in the outer city is bad, and we can't shake people's hearts because of this." Ning Rong Lieutenant Zhang Xuan listened to Zhang Wu's advice and stuck to the big city. Ma Qiu led an army of 80,000 people, surrounded several layers, attacked the city with cloud ladder hail trucks, and dug hundreds of tunnels, all of which led to the city. The city also adopted corresponding methods to deal with it, killing and injuring tens of thousands of soldiers and soldiers in Ma Qiu. Shi Hu also sent his general Liu Hun and others to lead 20,000 infantry and cavalry to meet. Lang Tan hated not using his own opinion, and let the sergeant Li Jia secretly contact Ma Qiu, attracting more than a thousand people from the thief army to the northwest corner of the city. Zhang Xuan sent Song Xiu, Zhang Hong, Xin Ru, and Guo Pu to resist, and the short troops were handed over, killing more than 200 people before the Zhao army retreated. Zhang Xuan killed Li Jia to show the public in the army and burned the siege equipment of the thief army. Ma Qiu retreated to Bactria and said to his generals, "I use troops between the five capitals, attack the city strategically, and are invincible." When it came time to ascend to Qin Long, he thought that there would be no war. Who knows that if the south attacks Qiuchi, the defeated army will build the city in the longest place, and the horses will not return; when they attack this city, the wounded soldiers will be frustrated and sharp. This is probably the help of Heaven, not the work of man. When Shi Hu heard this, he sighed and said, "I used my partial division to pacify Kyushu, and now I am trapped in Kyushu with Kyushu's troops. ”[8]

Zhang Chonghua appointed Xie Ai as an envoy and a general of the military division, and led 30,000 infantry and cavalry to march to Linhe. Ma Qiu led 30,000 troops to resist. Xie Ai rode in a light carriage, wearing a white beanie, and beating drums. Ma Qiu saw this and said angrily, "Xie Ai, a young scholar, dressed like this, looks down on me." "Ordered his men to rush to attack him with three thousand men of the Black Dragon Army. Shaai's men were in chaos. The left marshal Li Wei persuaded Xie Ai to change his horseback, but Xie Ai did not listen, so he got out of the car and sat on the bed and commanded the deployment. Zhao Jun thought that the ambush was about to be launched, and he did not dare to move forward in fear. Zhang Mao copied from the left south along the river bank to the back of the Zhao army, and the Ma Qiu army retreated. Xie Ai took advantage of the victory to pursue and kill, so he defeated Ma Qiu, beheaded his generals Du Xun and JiYu, captured and killed 13,000 people, and Ma Qiu fled to Bactria on his own. Zhang Chonghua was rewarded for his merits, and Ren Xie Ai was appointed as the left changshi of Taifu, and he was enfeoffed as the Bo of Fulu County, with 5,000 households and 8,000 horses. [9]

In May, Ma Qiu again based on Fenghan, led a crowd of 120,000 troops into Hanoi, sent Wang Huan to invade Jinxing and Guangwu, and crossed the Hongchi Ridge until Quliu and Guzang were shocked. Zhang Chonghua wanted to personally go out to defend against him, but Xie Ai resolutely advised him that it was not possible. "The thief army is in full swing and is gradually approaching the Kyoto area. The monarch, who is the backbone of the country, cannot personally fight. The left chief Shi Xieai, who was both literate and military, was a major minister of the state, and it was advisable to entrust him with the great task of conquest. His Highness is in the middle of the town guard, giving a strategy, and the thief is not worth pacifying. Zhang Chonghua accepted his suggestion, so Ren Xie Ai was an envoy, the governor of the army, the general of the guards, and Ren Suohui was made the general of the army, leading 20,000 infantry and cavalry to resist. Xie Ai set up the tooth flag, and swore an oath with the generals, and there was a northwest wind blowing the flag to the southeast. Suo Wei said: "The wind is the command, and now it can blow the flag to the southeast, indicating that the heavens will help us, and the thief is inevitable." The army entered Shen bird, Wang Zhen engaged the Liang army forward, Wang Zhen was defeated and fled back to Henan. The Liang army returned to recruit more than 10,000 rebel tribes, defeated them, beheaded more than 1,000 people, captured 2,800 people, and captured more than 100,000 cattle and sheep. [10]

Never change it

Zhang Chonghua thought that he had broken through strong enemies in a row, and he was quite lazy in political affairs, and rarely received guests. Si ZhiSuo advised: "Your Highness inherits the inheritance of the four holy ancestors, and at the time of peace, he will assume today's great responsibility." Worried about the suffering of the whole world, we should personally handle busy government affairs, recruit a wide range of talents, and handle government affairs diligently day and night. Recently, there has been a disturbance inside and outside, and it has been believed that those who have abandoned thieves and come to surrender should be immediately comforted, but they have not been received for many days. The virtuous of the old ministers in the kingdom should humbly introduce and accept them and consult on political affairs, but lately they have not paid attention to extending their views for a long time. After the documents were played, they did not review for a month or two, abandoned government affairs, indulged in chess games and the entertainment of the young ministers left and right, and did not care about the grand strategy of the general. To make the loyal ministers not speak, and the officials of the COURT to shut up, this is a matter of foolish ministers wandering and forgetting to sleep and eat. Now that the royal family is destroyed and the people are suffering, it is time for His Highness to endure the hard work of tempering his will. I deeply hope to pay attention to the government affairs of the DPRK and China, accept outspokenness, and complete the five virtues in order to achieve the six great virtues, stay away from the villains, block the sound of injustice, govern the government, and make the people of the people wait and see and be educated. Zhang Chonghua was very happy after reading it, and wrote a palindromic to thank him, but he did not change it. [11]

Want to be called the King of Liang

In October of the 35th year of Jianxing (347), the Eastern Jin Emperor Sima Of Jin sent his attendant Yu Shiyu to pay homage to Zhang Chonghua as a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, Liangzhou Assassin History, and False Festival. In the fortieth year of Jianxing (352), Wang Zhonglang (王擢), the former General of Later Zhao (who had already returned to the Eastern Jin Dynasty) who had been in the Army of Longshang Tun , was defeated by Former Qin and defected to Zhang Chonghua. Zhang Chonghua favored him favorably, and made him a general of the Conquest, the Assassin of QinZhou, and the False Festival, and sent Zhang Hong and Zong You to lead fifteen thousand infantry and cavalry to wang zhen to fight against Jian Jian. Jian Jian sent Gong Shuo to resist and fought at Long Li. Wang Huan and others were defeated, Wang Huan rode back alone, and Zhang Hong, Zong You, and others were killed. Zhang Chonghua was very sad, wearing filial piety clothes to mourn and cry for the fallen soldiers, and sent people to each person's home to mourn and comfort. He also granted Wang the right to attack Qinzhou, and Wang Was promoted to conquer Qinzhou. [12]

In the forty-first year of Jianxing (353), Zhang Chonghua sent an emissary to the Eastern Jin court to say: "Shi Hu killed himself, and the rest of the people made wandering souls, seizing the chaotic country and insulting the country, and they will attack at the first opportunity." The subject now sent the forward governor Pei Heng to lead 70,000 infantry and cavalry, far away from Longshang, to wait for the mighty power of the Holy Dynasty. The disturbances east of The Kunshan Mountains are not to be worried about, and the land of Chang'an should be quickly leveled. The subject guards the desolate land in the west, the mountains and rivers are far away, and the Six Armies of the Heavenly Son's oath cannot be listed at the end of the listening; the fierce generals are mighty and cannot participate in the queue to celebrate success. Looking at the clouds and the sun, lonely and sick and indignant, sad for the violation of righteousness, stroking the sword in his hand and driving the spring with enthusiasm, his heart was depressed. So Empress Dowager Chu replied with an edict and sent emissaries to seal Zhang Chonghua as Liangzhou Pastor. [12]

At that time, Yu Shiyu returned to Liangzhou, and Zhang Chonghua wanted to be the king of Liang, but refused to accept the edict, so his confidant Shen Meng said to Yu Gui: "My lord has been loyal to the Jin chamber for generations, but it is better to be humble!" The imperial court made Murong Hao the King of Yan, and now that he had appointed the lord of the prefecture as a great general, how could he encourage meritorious and loyal ministers? Mingtai should now move to Hexi and jointly persuade the lord of the prefecture to become the king of Liang. As long as the doctor is in the interest of the country, he can take charge of the disposal. Yu Gui replied: "In the system of kings, no one with a different surname can be called a king; within Kyushu, the title of knighthood must not exceed that of a duke." Han Gaozu was temporarily crowned king with a different surname, and soon all of them were destroyed, probably as a temporary measure, not the old system. Therefore, Wang Ling said: 'Those who are not of the Liu clan are called kings, and the whole world will condemn them together.' As for Rong Di, this is not the case. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Chu was called king, and the princes did not think that there was anything wrong, probably treating them as barbarians. If Qilu were king, how could the princes not crusade against them? Therefore, the saint respected the loyalty of your duke, so he was crowned as a prince, and he was the head of the princes, and xianbei was a northern Di, where is it worth comparing? Your question is not right. Moreover, I have also heard that there are rare rewards for those who have great meritorious deeds in the world, and if you take your duke as the king now, suppose that you lead the people of Hexi to Nanping Bashu, sweep Zhao Wei in the east, restore the old capital, and welcome the Son of Heaven, and what title can the Son of Heaven use to reward it! Please think twice. Shen Meng relayed all of Yu Gui's words to Zhang Chonghua, and Zhang Chonghua gave up. [13]

Zhang Chonghua was about to be ordained, but he died before he could, at the age of twenty-seven, and had reigned for eleven years. Emperor Mu of Jin gave him the title of Jinglie,[14] and was buried in Xianling, where his brother Zhang Zuo (張祚) the Prince of Liangwei succeeded to the throne, posthumously honoring Zhang Chonghua as King Huan (桓王) and the temple name Sejong (mistakenly recorded as Shizu). [2]

Character evaluation

Fang Xuanling et al. "Book of Jin" (1): "Mao, Jun, and Chonghua are loyal to Wu, rugged and secluded, and have not forgotten their own dynasties, so they can control Zhu Rong in the west, and the giant monkeys in the east, the Jue Group of The Leaves of The Lotus Leaf, the Chen, the Zhen Yao, and the Good By the Staff." [15] (2) "Kuan and Yi Heavy, Shen Yi said less." [15] (3) "Chonghua is good at playing small games with the group, and has repeatedly paid money to give around." ”[15]

Anecdotal allusions

Talk about autumn

In the same month, relevant officials discussed sending Commander Zhao to hold an autumn ceremony in the western suburbs. Xie Ai believes that according to the Spring and Autumn Period, the country has a big funeral, omit the military parade ceremony, and should wait for the New Year. Don't drive in suo limousine and said: "According to the ceremonial system, the heavenly son collapsed, the princes of the princes, and the coffin was not held until the coffin was parked, and the coffin was not held until it was parked." In the third year of Lu Xuangong, Zhou Tianzi died, and the ceremony of suburban worship was not abolished. Now that the Saint has inherited the throne, all kinds of government affairs have just begun, and the seven stars of the Big Dipper should be observed to sort out the operation rules of the sun, moon and five stars. At the beginning of autumn, everything is about to mature, and it is the beginning of the killing. This cannot be abolished for wang affairs, for holding the banner of the army, for taking vows, for the sake of fighting against the tyranny, for successfully helping the people, for making the zongmiao community peaceful, and for the blessings of the world. Zhang Chonghua followed his advice.

Follow the advice

Zhang Chonghua likes to play games with the villains left and right, and repeatedly rewards the people left and right with money. Suo Zhen advised: "The former king was uneasy and determined to sweep the world, so he repaired his armor and accumulated assets. Before the great cause was accomplished, he hated the Nine Springs. During his mourning, His Highness was invaded by the Giant Kou and relied on heavy rewards to defeat strong enemies. At present, there are still many remnants after the disaster, the warehouse is empty, and the use of gold draperies should be cautious. From the previous life ancestor (referring to Zhang Jun) to the throne, personal care of wanji, Zhang Xiang entered the palace, replied not overnight, so it can prosper and prosper the great cause, laying the foundation for the merits of the world. Now Zhang Xiang was stuck in the palace, dragging on for a month or two at every turn, unable to reach the next situation, and sadly embarrassed in prison. This is not what the Lord should do. The subject's heart was very uneasy. Zhang Chonghua thought he was right. [16]

Family members

parents

Father: Zhang Jun, former King of Liangwen

Concubine: Empress Dowager Yan

Birth mother: Empress Dowager Ma

brothers

Brother: Zhang Zuo, the former King of Liangwei

Younger brother: Former Liang mourning Gong Zhang Tianxi

Son

Former Liang Chong Wang Zhang Xuanliang

Former Liang Mourning Gong Zhang Yaoling