After Shi Jingyao's death, the Later Jin Dynasty was divided over the issue of vassalship of the Khitans.
According to the public's understanding, it seems more humiliating to call the Khitan Emperor Daddy and Grandpa, so when people ridicule Shi Jingyao, they mainly talk about him calling the Khitan Emperor Daddy, but rarely talk about him as a vassal to the Khitan people.
In fact, Shi Jingyao's stewardship of the Khitan Emperor as Daddy was not a big deal. Because this kind of thing is humiliating, mainly the emperor is humiliating, and for the government, it is not a big deal.
Call you Daddy or Grandpa, that's a private matter between us, but our country is a country of equality.
In Shi Chonggui's letter to the Khitan Emperor, although he was arrogant, he still opened his mouth and closed his mouth to call the Khitan Emperor Grandpa and called himself a grandson.
Established by the former emperor of the Northern Dynasty, the present Weizi China self-registered, can be a grandson, not a subject. And Jin has a hundred thousand mouths of horizontal sharpening swords, weng wants to fight, he can't help his grandson, making fun of the world.
The question we have now is, why is Shi Chonggui willing to be a grandson, but not a subject?
The reason is very simple, if you are a grandson, then the Later Jin Empire is a government with completely independent sovereignty. In this context, Shi Jingyao died, and as long as everyone supported Shi Chonggui as emperor, he could directly ascend to the throne.
If you are a vassal, then the problem is more complicated, because theoretically, since the Later Jin Dynasty claimed to the Khitan as a vassal, the first thing that the Later Jin government should do after Shi Jingyao's death was to report shi Jingyao's death to the Khitan Emperor, and then wait for the Khitan Emperor to crown the new emperor on the throne.
Later, the Emperor of the Northern Han Dynasty called the Khitan a son and a son.
When the first old emperor died, the government immediately reported the death of the old emperor to the Khitan and then obtained the official canonization of the Khitan emperor before the new emperor could ascend to the throne.
Min Gong, Chengjun sent people to worship the Khitan and called himself a man. Shu Lu replied with an edict, hu chengjun as his son, and allowed him to take the throne.
After the death of the second emperor, he did the same.
Chengjun pawn, following grace to mourn the Khitan and then stand up.
Although the whole process is only a formality, this process is also very humiliating.
If it is a small country, it is really not humiliating to face this form.
For example, you are just a provincial-level bigwig, or even a municipal-level bigwig, who is a vassal of the great power of the Heavenly Dynasty. The Celestial Dynasty sent high-ranking officials to represent the emperor, making you kneel on the ground and put the crown on your head, which is not shameful, even an honor! Because this can prove that you are not a matter of self-amusement when you call yourself emperor, this is a grant given to you by the Emperor of the Heavenly Dynasty himself!
Therefore, similar forms of power, for many small countries, are often crying and shouting for it. Because only in this way, the gold content of the crown on your head, no one will dare to easily doubt.
But what is this called for a big country?
I think that when european kings ascended to the throne, they would kneel on the ground and wait for the pope to come and be crowned. When the king's power is small, this form is naturally an honor; if you wear a crown on your head under the support of the little brothers, whoever sees you playing like this also thinks that you are a turtle, because how you look at the crown, that is, a copycat bought by nine pieces and nine packs of mail.
The problem is that when the king's power is very large, you let him kneel on the ground and wait for the pope to crown him, which is a bit humiliating.
When Shi Jingyao seized power, he needed a similar guarantee and was naturally willing to accept this humiliation.
In fact, at that time, the military and political leaders of the Central Plains Dynasty wanted to accept this humiliation; they just didn't have the opportunity. Because he was willing to call the Khitan Emperor a father, or a vassal, he could become the emperor of the Central Plains, and this kind of cheap thing was not something that no one could encounter.
Shi Zhonggui's power did not seem to need a similar guarantee, and he naturally could not accept this humiliation. The point is that the Later Jin Dynasty said that it was the real Heavenly Dynasty Kingdom, and even if Shi Chonggui was willing to lose such a person, the later Jin dynasty's civilian generals would find it difficult to accept this humiliation.
Therefore, many people say that this form should be exempted, right?
At the beginning of the emperor's reign, the chancellor said that the subject mourned the Khitan and Jing Yanguang asked for a letter to call Sun but not a subject... The Khitan was furious and sent envoys to rebuke him, saying, "Why don't you first accept the throne and take the throne?" ”
Shi Chonggui did this at that time, and there was probably another ulterior reason. That is his throne, you say it is legal, it is legal; you say illegal, it seems to be illegal.
Because it is said that before Shi Jingyao died, he exchanged his own son for Feng Dao. After Shi Jingyao's death, everyone said that the country depended on Changjun, so let Shi Jingyao's nephew Shi Chonggui ascend to the throne.
Emperor Bedchamber, once, Feng Dao alone. The emperor ordered his youngest son, Chongrui, to worship him, and he also made the eunuch hold Chongrui in the arms of the Dao, and his intention was to build up the Dao... The Dao and Tianping Festival envoys and the guards Ma Bu were all waiting for Jing Yan to discuss, with the country's difficulties, it was advisable to establish a long king, but to serve the Guangjin Yin Qi King Chonggui as his heir. On that day, the King of Qi was the emperor.
In this way, if the Khitan Emperor is reported to the Khitan Emperor before ascending the throne, in case the Khitan Emperor denies its legitimacy and directly rejects it, this is more complicated.
Of course, based on the popular view, the Khitan would not be so unreasonable. Because don't talk about the Central Plains Dynasty, even if it is a small country, as long as there is no dispute within the people, the Heavenly Dynasty will not casually interfere with the other party's problems.
More importantly, the so-called Shi Jingyao originally allowed his own son to inherit the throne, which is only said, because most history books do not support this statement.
Therefore, both the lord and the faction believed that they should first report to the Khitan Emperor and then wait for the Khitan Emperor to send someone to canonize it.
The main warrior faction believes that when our new monarch ascends to the throne, why should we report to the Khitans and wait for them to be canonized? The old emperor was in a special situation, so he did this, and now our new monarch, is it really necessary?
Besides, we now continue to call him Grandpa, and we have given him enough face, so why should we be called a subject?
As soon as the Lord and the Sect heard such words, they were anxious at that time, because now our country still has a lot of things to do, so it is necessary for Taoguang to cultivate obscurity and endure humiliation and burden. For such a thing, in case the Khitan went to war, it would be a big deal.
Besides, what's so humiliating about that? For the sake of the interests of the people of the country and the nation, since the Khitans can pretend to be grandsons and call themselves vassals, what is not possible?
Li Song said: "What a shame to bend down and think that it is a social order!" His Majesty is like this, and he will bow down every day and fight the Khitans, and it will be useless to regret it at that time. ”
When the Khitan Emperor saw the new emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty, he actually ascended the throne without his approval, and he was naturally very angry.
The Khitan Emperor was very angry, not simply because they could not accept this condition, but because the Later Jin Dared to abstain from one of the provisions of the treaty, it was possible to abolish all the provisions.
With such a toss, tomorrow, maybe even Sun Tzu will not be weighed, the tribute will not be paid, and there may be a request to restore the sovereignty of Youyun Sixteen Prefectures.
In this context, the contradictions between the Later Jin and the Khitan intensified. As a result, the main battle faction of the Later Jin Dynasty would inevitably say some impassioned words.
Because of this kind of big talk, the Later Jin Dynasty's main war faction spoke more and more inconsiderately, and the people responsible for sending messages to the Khitan Emperor were a bit afraid to pass it on. Because when you say such a big thing, do you think about being responsible? Tomorrow I passed on this kind of words to the Khitan Emperor, and you turned around and said that I provoked relations between the two countries from the middle, who do I talk to to to reason with?
In this context, the person in charge of the transmission said, I am afraid that what you say will not be conveyed, so please write it on paper, and I am responsible for transferring the relevant content to the Khitan Emperor. After the Jin Dynasty main battle faction said, write it! So I wrote an impassioned message directly.
When the Khitan Emperor saw the relevant content, he was naturally even more angry, because you were so arrogant, if I didn't give you some color to see, you would definitely have to make progress tomorrow, and then give me a way to abolish all unequal treaties.
Rong Ci Yan Guang, Yan Guang said: "Return to the word and the Lord, the first emperor was established by the Northern Dynasty, so it is called the subject of the table." Imagami was established by China, so those who surrendered to the Northern Dynasty did not dare to forget the covenant of the previous emperors. It is enough to call a neighbor a grandson, and there is no reason to be called a subject. The Emperor of the Northern Dynasty did not believe Zhao Yanshou's temptation and insulted China lightly. China's horses, er witnessed. Weng Fury came to fight, and Sun had 100,000 horizontal sharpened swords, enough to treat each other. He was defeated by Sun Day, making fun of the world, and did not regret it! "Glory thinks that he has lost his goods and wealth, and is afraid of being guilty, and he wants to be tested at different times, but he knows: "There are many things that the public has said, and there is fear of forgetting, and the paper and ink of the wish are remembered." "Yan Guang ordered the officials to write their words to teach them, and to honor them with the Lord of the White Khitans." The Khitan lord was furious and made up his mind.
The Lords and Factions hoped to quickly ease some relations with the Khitan with some humble words, but the Main War Faction resolutely stopped them. All in all, why should we swallow the Khitan so much?
Sang Weihan repeatedly asked Sun to resign to Xie Khitan and was frustrated by Yan Guang.
When the history books talk about this matter, they often put the responsibility for the main battle on Jing Yanguang's head, as if it was this old brother who went crazy in his brain, which caused the terrible consequences that followed.
In fact, Jing Yanguang should only be the representative of the main battle, and there must have been many people who supported him at that time.
Of course, people in high-level positions, because they know Chai Migui, usually oppose this kind of tough foreign policy; but people in the middle and lower levels, once they are encouraged by the atmosphere of the main war faction, are expected to support this kind of tough foreign policy.
Although from the historical data, we can see Jing Yanguang's tough attitude towards the Khitans, that is the result of his obstinate will. However, from a reasonable point of view, Jing Yanguang was definitely an idol of the times at that time. Because this is the backbone of our nation, this is the hope of our nation!
In this context, anyone who dares to oppose Jing Yanguang will inevitably bear the reputation of being a traitor and a traitor. In this way, the diplomatic strategy of the entire empire will naturally be led away by Jing Yanguang. And this fanaticism is often stirred up, and the pressure on opponents increases; and the mood of supporters increases.
Seeing the deterioration of relations between the Khitan and the Later Jin, some people naturally thought that they could also replicate Shi Jingyao's success. All in all, you Shi Zhonggui are not willing to be friendly with the Khitan good neighbors, and we are willing to replace you and the Khitan good neighbors and friendly friends!
First, two people jumped out and openly persuaded the Khitan to go south to overthrow the Later Jin government.
The first is Yang Guangyuan, and the second is Zhao Yanshou.
Guangyuan Yijiao secretly informed the Khitan that it would be advisable to take advantage of the fact that the Jin lord had violated the alliance with germany, that there was a great famine in the territory, and that the public and private sectors were exhausted, and that it would be advisable to attack it in one fell swoop; Zhao Yanshou also advised him.
Zhao Yanshou had already dissolved into the Khitan State, and in this sense, Zhao Yanshou wanted to replicate Shi Jingyao's success, because there was no threatening content.
Yang Guangyuan's reasons for doing this are obviously more complicated, first, because he wants to replicate Shi Jingyao's success. Second, because the central government's goal of cutting the domain will be directed at him at any time, he must be able to attack and defend.
There was another person who did not jump out, but his attitude was very ambiguous. This person is Liu Zhiyuan!
The reason for Liu Zhiyuan's ambiguous attitude is simple, that is, the central government's suspicion and suppression of Liu Zhiyuan is very obvious.
At the beginning, the Lord of Jin was suspicious of the Emissaries of Hedong Jiedushi, Zhongshu Ling, and Liu Zhiyuan, the King of Beiping, although they thought that the northern camp was unified, and the disciples were honored with false names, and the advance of the armies was really unpredictable.
Moreover, it is said that before Shi Jingyao died, he let his young son succeed to the throne, so he let Shi Chonggui, Liu Zhiyuan, Feng Dao and others jointly assist in the government, but after Shi Jingyao's death, everyone made Shi Chonggui emperor, and liu Zhiyuan was expelled from the auxiliary political team, and Liu Zhiyuan was repeatedly suppressed.
In the beginning, Gao Zu was ill and had the intention of summoning Hedong Jiedu to make Liu Zhiyuan an auxiliary government, and the King of Qi went to bed; Zhiyuan was the King of Qi.
In this sense, Liu Zhiyuan's behavior is also out of self-preservation. Because he wholeheartedly supports the central government, the final result is probably to wait for the central government to clean him out step by step.
Originally, in the context of the increasingly powerful centralized power, Liu Zhiyuan could not see a way out against the central government like this. The problem was that the central government had a bad relationship with the Khitans, and Liu Zhiyuan could more or less ride the wall and wait for the opportunity.
Therefore, in the face of the Jin government after the Khitan attack, Liu Zhiyuan has always only been protecting the border and the people; in short, the Khitan army dared to enter Liu Zhiyuan's territory, and Liu Zhiyuan naturally attacked the Khitan army head-on; but the Khitan army bypassed Liu Zhiyuan's territory, and Liu Zhiyuan did not bother to probe the pole to fight the Khitan army.
The Khitan went deeper and deeper, and knew that there was no invitation to cover and enter the aid at the beginning. And hearing that the Khitan entered the province, Zhiyuan divided his troops to guard the four realms to prevent invasion.
Judging from the most basic historical facts, what Shi Chonggui said that his grandson had a sword of 100,000 horizontal grinding was not blown. Moreover, in the context of the high mood of the main battle, the performance of the Later Jin army is also very remarkable.
In this war, it is difficult to say who lost and who won, because the Khitan army went south and tossed the Central Plains Dynasty into a mess. But the final result, obviously, was that Hou Jin won.
First, Yang Guangyuan, who wanted to copy Shi Jingyao, was suppressed by the government army.
When Li Shouzhen besieged Qingzhou, the city was full of food, and too much starvation died. Khitan reinforcements did not arrive, and Yang Guangyuan looked at the Khitan and said, "Emperor, Emperor, mistakenly light far away!" "His sons Chengxun, Chengzuo, and Chengxin persuaded Guang to surrender far away, hoping to complete his clan." Guangyuan did not allow it, and said: "I used to be in the north of Daibei, and I tried to sacrifice tianchi with paper money, and everyone said that he should be the son of heaven and treat it as a child." "Ding Wei, Chengxun persuaded Guangyuan to rebel against judge Qiu Tao and others, sent his head to Shouzhen, set fire to him, robbed his father of his private residence, and treated the crime above, and Kaesong took over the official army.
Second, the main military force of the Khitan was defeated by the Jin army, and the Khitan Emperor finally fled in a daze.
Yan Qing and others rode across the Khitan and shouted to move the heavens and the earth, and the Khitan was defeated and left, and the momentum was like a collapsed mountain. Li Shouzhen also ordered the infantry to pull out their antlers and fight, marching forward on foot and horseback, and driving more than twenty miles north. Since the Iron Harrier dismounted, the Emperor of Cang could not return to the horse, and all of them abandoned their horses and armored the ground... The Khitan scattered to the southeast of Yangcheng and resumed the column slightly. Dewey said, "The thief has broken his guts, and he will not be more like a column!" "Send the elites to ride and attack, and all will cross the water." The Khitan lord traveled more than ten miles in a Xi chariot, chased after the soldiers in a hurry, got a camel, and took advantage of it.
In general, the first round, the back of the promotion can not be counted as a loss, and can even be said to be victorious. It just puts the two countries into a state of large-scale war, what should be done next?
The Lord and the Faction believe that now that the Khitans have been squashed in a reasonable, forceful, and restrained manner, let's send people to pretend to be grandchildren and negotiate peace with the Khitans.
The question is, how can the Khitans suffer such a loss? First you broke the contract, and then you squashed me? Now I want to reconcile with me, where in the world is there such a cheap thing?
If you have sincere peace talks, send the head of the leader of the main war faction and cut a few more states to me, otherwise this matter will never be finished!
It is said that the original intention of the Khitan Emperor was just to find some face. All in all, if you want to talk to me and me, even if you don't cut the land, you will have to plead with me bitterly for several months, and I will finally see your pitiful appearance before I let you go!
The problem was that when the Later Jin Dynasty's main war faction looked at the arrogant appearance of the Khitans, they naturally did not fight in one place. Fight and fight, who is afraid of whom? When we talk to you about peace, we don't want the two countries to lose both sides, and you don't think we're afraid of you.
Sang Weihan repeatedly advised the emperor to restore the petition and Yu Khitan to relieve the country's troubles, and the emperor pretended to be the general of the Kaifeng army, Zhang Hui, to serve the officials, so that fengbiao was called a vassal of the Khitan and bowed his head and thanked him. The Khitan lord said: "If Jing Yanguang and Sang Weihan come from themselves, and still cut the town and set the two roads under me, then they can be reconciled." "The court was angry in Khitan language, saying that it had no peace intention, but stopped.
When the war enters this stage, it actually enters a state of blood struggle. You slash me, I stab you, and in the end whoever can't hold on will have to forgive me first.
When the war enters this stage, the pressure on both sides is actually very large, because if this toss continues, if no one obeys anyone, when is this a head. At that time, the Later Jin Empire was naturally miserable because of this, and the Khitan State was actually miserable because of this.
The Khitans were exhausted, and the border people were wiped out; the Khitan people and animals also died, and the Chinese people were tired of suffering.
But one thing is certain, the war entered this state, and the northern nomads had an innate advantage.
In fact, it is precisely for similar reasons that when the Central Plains Dynasty is strong, it will also choose to pay protection fees to the northern nomads. Because of your endless entanglement with this barbarian, what can be the result?
The views of the main war faction, when talking on paper, people tend to enthusiastically support them. But once it's officially started, it's a bit complicated. Because after the official start, it is necessary for people to bear a huge amount of effort.
First, a large number of casualties will occur. When it is not their turn, their husbands, and their fathers to bear this kind of sacrifice, people will naturally feel that this is a big deal. The question is really their turn, how many people will say it so easily?
Second, as military spending increases, taxes naturally increase. When their own interests are not damaged, people will feel that this is a big deal. The question is, tomorrow when the government collects more taxes on itself, or even moves the only surplus grain in its own house, who will say that it is so easy?
Because of the Khitan invasion of the imperial court, the use of the country was exhausted, and thirty-six envoys were sent to divide up the people's wealth, and each of them was given a sword. Many of the messengers came into the homes of the people with locks and swords and rods, and the little ones were frightened and begged for death. The state and county officials are rehabilitated for adultery.
Third, especially on the passive defensive side, the enemy will continue to come in and destroy. When all this does not endanger their own interests, people will naturally think of war as beautiful and romantic. When it comes to endangering their own interests, how many of them will not desire the war to end quickly?
At this time, people will inevitably feel that the peace of humiliation is also peace! Back to the Shi Jingyao era, there is nothing remarkable.
Even for similar reasons, the people do not spontaneously rise up to organize rebels, which is also enough to give the government face.
When there was a great famine in Hebei, the people starved to the place of tens of thousands, and between Yan, Yun, Cang, and Bei, thieves swarmed, and officials could not be forbidden.
In fact, for similar reasons, rebellions arose in the northern region of the Later Jin Dynasty, and they acted as rebels to fight the Khitan for a while; they acted as rebels to divide the side; and they also turned into puppet armies and helped the Khitan fight the Later Jin.
Huijin and Khitan were excellent, and the northern side was troubled by military service, full of thieves, and the people were uneasy about their karma. Fang Jian and Xingyou are proud and healthy in Shuai Township, according to the temple as a village to protect themselves... Fang Jianshi entered the Khitan territory and plundered, and many were killed. Even if the invitation was endless, the imperial court did not live up to its wishes, so it raised the village to surrender to the Khitan and asked for the township road to enter the Kou.
As more and more people held this idea, the war between the Later Jin Empire and the Khitan Empire became less and less optimistic.
More importantly, in this context, it is inevitable that more people will think of replicating Shi Jingyao's success.
In general, in the eyes of many big men, calling a vassal to the Khitan or even a son is not much of a matter.
If you pay this price, you will have the opportunity to become an emperor, and there will certainly be many people who are willing to pay this price. And it's easy to find high-sounding reasons. All in all, for the sake of the interests of the country and the nation, we bear the burden of humiliation, which is nothing remarkable.
Since the emperor was willing to accept all this, the subjects would not take it too seriously. Because it is very humiliating to call the Khitan Emperor Daddy, but you don't have two brushes, and you don't have this opportunity; at least ordinary subjects, who want to probe the pole and call the Khitan Emperor a father, the Khitan Emperor has to take care of him.
As for the annual tribute, that little money seems to be even less worth mentioning than the cost and destruction of the war.
At this point, the army's will to fight will be very weak, and in this context, once the war is frustrated, large-scale surrender will be difficult to avoid.
At this point in the war, the Khitan had completely taken the initiative.
First Dewey led the main military force to surrender; then the Khitans used Dewey as a guide to persuade the forward military region to surrender; so the front military region surrendered. Wei led the Khitan lord to the city of Hengzhou, and told Wang Zhou to surrender himself, and Zhou also surrendered. Pengchen, the Khitan lord entered Hengzhou. Sending troops to attack Dai Prefecture, Assassinating Shi Wang Hui to surrender the city... Yiwu Jiedu made Li Yin and An Guoliu rear, all surrendered to the Khitans.
In this context, Yizhou, which the Khitans had been unable to conquer, could not hold out. The Khitans sent representatives into the city to persuade everyone to surrender, but the supreme military and political commander refused to surrender, so they were killed. In general, since everyone wants to surrender, although you are the leader here, it is useless.
First, the Khitan repeatedly attacked Yizhou, and Shi Guo stubbornly refused to do so... And when Dewey surrendered, the Khitan sent Geng Chongmei to Yizhou to induce his people, and all of them surrendered; they could not be controlled, so they were killed by Chongmei.
At this point, Hou Jin was powerless to return to heaven. In the end, Zhang Yanze decided to surrender to the Khitans, so he led an army to control the city of Bieliang, and the central government of the Later Jin Dynasty was taken over by the rebels.