Confucius was a famous politician, thinker, educator and writer in ancient China. Taishan became acquainted with celebrities, starting with Confucius. Confucius ascended Mount Taishan, expressed his ambition, broadened his mind, inspected Feng Zen and learned etiquette, understood the people's feelings, observed the current politics, and the content of activities and historical sites was very rich. The Ming Dynasty's "Taishan Zhi" said: "Taishan is a victorious trace, and Confucius is the first." This not only expands the connotation of Taishan culture, but also enables Confucian culture to carry forward with the power of Taishan. At the same time, Confucius also created a precedent for celebrities to climb Mount Taishan. Because of his special status and influence, posterity actually imitated and followed. "Climbing Mount Taishan and small the world" has become an indispensable life content of literati and celebrities of all generations, and has become a profound cultural psychology, spreading into a long-standing cultural atmosphere, and evolving into a major landscape in traditional culture.
Kong Qiu (551 BC – 479 BC), courtesy name Zhongni, was a native of Changping Township, Luguo (present-day southeast of Qufu County, Shandong) during the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius called himself a "Yin person". His ancestor was Wei Zi Qi, the brother-in-law of King Yin, who was enfeoffed by King Zhou in song after the death of Yin, and was enshrined in the Shang Dynasty. Confucius XIII's grandfather Confucius's father Jia shi began to have the surname Kong. Kong's father Jia was the Shangqing of the Song Dynasty and served as the Grand Sima (大司馬). Due to the disturbance in the gongmu, he was killed by Hua Du, and his son Ben Lu was originally a Qiren. Kong Qiu's great-grandfather Kong Fangshu was the Grand Master of Lu Weiyi, and his father Liang Qi was a warrior, known to the princes for his bravery, and in his later years he was born with Yan Zheng in Kong Qiu. "Qiu was born and his uncle Liang Qi died" ("History of Confucius's Family"). Soon after, he moved to Qufu with his mother and lived a life of poverty, which Confucius called "I am also a lowly person" (Analects of Zihan). He described himself as "I have five out of ten and aspire to study" ("Analects for Government"), the way of learning is mainly self-study, and has the spirit of modesty and studiousness, the so-called "I am not born to know, good ancient, sensitive to the pursuit of the people" ("Analects of Shuer"), "the son enters the Temple, everything is asked" ("Analects of the Eight Nobles"). Confucius was a vassal of the Ji clan when he was twelve, and at the age of twenty-two he was taught in Luli, and there were disciples such as Lu Ren Zengdian, Yan Wuyu, Qin Shang, and Ran Geng who came to the door to receive employment, and when he was about thirty years old, his private learning was relatively prosperous, the so-called "thirty and standing". At the age of thirty-four, he received lu jun's reward of carriages, horses, servants, and financial support, and was accompanied by Nangong Jingshu to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, to visit Le, Lijiaoshe, and Kaomingtang. After returning from a visit to Zhou, Confucius's private studies flourished even more.
In the ninth year of Lu Dinggong, when Confucius was fifty-one years old, "Dinggong took Confucius as the capital of Zhongdu. In one year, all four sides ruled, with Zhongdu Zai as Sikong and Sikong as Grand Sikou" ("History of Confucius's Family"). Ten years after the Dinggong, Confucius xiangding the Duke and the Qi Jinggong held a meeting to come to the valley, and won the victory. After returning to Lu, he helped Dinggong launch the Battle of the "Fallen Three Capitals", and played the role of a strong office and a weak Ji clan. At this time, the State of Qi plotted to alienate the lu monarchs, and Confucius had to lead his disciples out of the country at the age of fifty-five and began a fourteen-long journey around the world.
Confucius went to Lu Shiwei and successively went to Zhao, Kuang, Cao, Song, Chen, Pu, Zheng, Cai, Jin, and Chu, wandering around the Central Plains, and Trying to advocate the "way of culture and martial arts" to quell the chaos in the world, the result was that he ran into walls everywhere, suffered repeated setbacks, and had little room. But he did not seem to be discouraged, and even in the midst of danger, he continued to sing endlessly, "knowing that he could not do it" (Analects of the Constitution). In the eleventh year of the Duke of Lu'ai, Confucius returned to lu at the age of sixty-eight, and took Luo xue and collected and sorted out cultural classics as his profession, and used "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Le", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn" as teaching books to his disciples, which were passed on to future generations. Confucius made great contributions to the cultural, educational and academic development of ancient China. He "taught with poetry and books, his disciples covered three thousand yan, and there were seventy and two people who were proficient in the six arts" ("History of Confucius's Family"). In the spring of the sixteenth year of the Duke of Lai, Confucius died of illness at the age of seventy-three and was buried on the edge of the Surabaya River in the north of Qufu City. Confucius's disciples "Posthumously Discuss the Words of the Master" were compiled into the book "Analects", which recorded the main ideas of Confucius.
Confucius was more active in the Taishan area. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Mount Tai was the junction of Qilu and Lu. The two countries exchanged weapons and weapons, and the DPRK and the DPRK allies went to sue each other, and the round-trip was frequent. The State of Lu was a fiefdom of the Duke of Zhou, and there was an ancestral temple of the Zhou Dynasty, which could be used to worship the Heavenly Son. Therefore, the political, cultural, and legal systems of the Zhou Dynasty were relatively well preserved in the Lu state. Although Confucius was uprooted and displaced, he spent most of his life in the country of Lu, which provided sufficient conditions for his activities in the Taishan area.
Confucius once ascended Mount Tai to investigate the system of sealing Zen. Mount Tai is located in the eastern part of our country, called Dongyue. In the original religious belief, the Eastern Lord was born, so the life and death of the Taishan Lord were explained, and later expanded to the meaning of "Zen Dynasty" handed over by the imperial dynasty. After the successive emperors changed dynasties and caused taiping, they all sealed Mount Taishan to show that they were ordained by heaven and obeyed by the four seas. There is a record in the "Guan Zi Feng Zen Chapter" that "the ancients sealed the seventy-two families of Taishan Zen Liang Father". The content of Feng Zen is to build earth at the top of Mount Tai as an altar to sacrifice to the heavens in order to repay the heavenly merits, called feng; at the foot of Mount Tai, Liang Father Mountain sacrifices the ground to repay the earth gong, called Zen. This solemn and solemn zen ceremony has a set of sacred and strict rituals, which is of great attraction to Confucius, who attaches great importance to the liturgical system. Throughout his life, Confucius took the Zhou Gong as an example, took the restoration of the political and ceremonial system of the Zhou Dynasty as his mission, and was ready to assist the monarch at any time to realize this proposition, then the Sealing Zen Ceremony was an important state ceremony that must be mastered. The "Han Shi Wai Biography" records: "Confucius ascended Mount Taishan, Guan Yilong and the king could get more than seventy people. After many field investigations and repeated comparisons, it was found that the specific rituals of sealing Zen in previous dynasties were very different, which provided him with rich materials for mastering the sealing rituals. At that time, the sealing of Zen and the worship of the mountain were all held by the monarch, and it was not proper etiquette to hold them below the princes. According to the Analects of the Eight Nobles, Ji Sun, the ruler of the Lu Kingdom, wanted to sacrifice Mount Tai, and Confucius hurriedly asked Ran You, a student of the Ji clan who was a butler: Can't people stop it? Ran you replied no. Confucius sneered: Didn't Tarzan understand etiquette and accept this unruly sacrifice?
Confucius engaged in political activities in the Taishan area, the most famous of which was the Meeting of the Valley in Laiwu on the eastern side of Mount Tai. According to the "History of confucius's family", in the tenth year of Lu Dinggong (500 BC), Confucius served as the secretary of the State of Lu and began to govern the country with his own political ideas, and gradually stabilized and became strong, which made the State of Qi very uneasy. In order to rule the State of Lu, Duke Jing of Qi took the advice of the Doctor Li Feng and others and invited Ding Gong to meet in the valley, hoping to take the opportunity to bring the State of Lu to its knees by force. Lu Dinggong agreed to attend the meeting, and Confucius accompanied him with Si Kou and mobilized the army to accompany him in accordance with the principle that "those who have civilian affairs must have weapons." In accordance with the principle that "those who have civilian affairs must be armed," the army's retinue was mobilized. Qi Guo accompanied Jing Gong to the meeting with the famous politician Yan Bao.
After the meeting began, Qi Guo asked to play local songs and dances, so "Yu Yu Yu's spear and sword were drawn and clamored", intending to threaten Ding Gong. The situation was urgent, Confucius ignored the usual etiquette, stepped up the steps, raised his sleeves and shouted: The monarchs of our two countries are solemnly meeting, why is there such a barbaric song and dance? What should the State of Qi do? Jing Gong felt very embarrassed and signaled to back off. After a while, the State of Qi asked to play court music, so there were "you advocate dwarfs to go forward for the play" to insult Dinggong. Confucius then stepped up the steps and shouted: Those who teased the princes should be beheaded according to law, and because Confucius had a solemn attitude, a strict degree of etiquette, and full military preparations, Qi Jinggong felt that Lu Dinggong could not be easily held hostage, so he hastily ended the meeting.
After returning to China, Qi Jinggong still complained that confucius was assisting the monarch according to etiquette, but you taught me with the left side of the door, and now that you have offended the state of Lu, what should I do? Therefore, he had to return the Wenyangtian and Guiyintian fields that had previously invaded and occupied the Country of Lu and express his gratitude. At present, there are also ruins near Fujia Village, more than ten miles east of Taicheng, which was built because of this incident.
Before this, Yan Bao looked down on Confucius very much, and once said to Jing Gong: "Confucians are funny and unruly; they are arrogant and self-obedient, and they cannot be subordinate; they cannot be mourned and mourned, and they are bankrupt and buried, and they should not be vulgar; they cannot lobby and beg for loans, they cannot be for the country... Today's Confucius Sheng "ornamentation, the ceremony of ascending and descending, the festival of detail, the generations can not be studied, and the etiquette can not be investigated in those years" (History. The Farmer of Confucius"). These "four no's" and "two can'ts" have reduced Confucius to nothing. The alliance in the valley fully demonstrated Confucius's political and diplomatic ability, and also proved that Yanzi's view of Confucius was very narrow and one-sided, underestimating this political opponent.
In the fourth year after the meeting of the valley, the State of Qi, fearing that "Confucius would be hegemonic in government" and would annex the State of Qi, accepted the proposal of the Li Mo and gave it to Lu Jun; eighty enchanting beauties, all good at singing the sound of mesmerizing, thirty high-headed horses, and the saddles were all beautiful and golden. In this way, he wanted to consume Lu Jun's will and split the relationship between Lu Jun and Confucius. Sure enough, "Ji Huanzi looked at it again and again, and will suffer." Lu Jun traveled for the Zhou Dao, looked at the whole day, and neglected political affairs" (Records of History. Confucius Family"), the monkey's anxious feelings and frivolous attitude jump out. Confucius saw that Lu Jun was so absurd, so he had to resign and lead his disciples, with a heavy heart, to leave the country of Lu, which had achieved initial results in careful governance. On the way, passing through Guishan Mountain, south of Mount Taishan and west of present-day Xintai, I saw the fertile Guiyin Field, and the victory of the Valley Society was still there, but I was forced to go to Lu, and I was depressed in my chest, so I composed a song "Guishan Exercise". According to the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Yong's "Qin Cao", "The Guishan Exercise" was also composed by Confucius. Qi ren gave music to women, Ji Huanzi received it, and Lu Jun closed the door and did not listen to the dynasty. At this time, the dictatorship of the Ji clan, the upper tyrant Tianzi, the lower pan doctor, the sages expelled, and the evil Manchu Dynasty. Confucius was unable to give advice and retreated to Lu. Lu has guishan mountain to hide it, Peiji clan is in guishan mountain, and the toshi is located in Axe Ke. The dictatorship of the Ji clan, the Yu Gui Mountain Hide Lu Ye. Wounding the tomb of the government and the Tao, the people of Min did not know what to do, and wanted to curse the Ji clan but could not do it, so they helped the qin and sang the clouds: give desire lu xi, turtle mountain cover it. No axe in hand, what about Nai Gui Mountain? ”
In the eleventh year of the Duke of Lu 'ai ( 484 BC ) , dukes sent envoys to welcome Confucius back to Lu in self-defense with a large amount of money. At that time, Confucius traveled all over the world for fourteen years, with deeper and broader experience and more mature political experience. He saw that the State of Lu was currently worried about the invasion of the State of Wu outside and the three heroes of the Ji clan fighting for power inside, so he was helpless to summon him back to China and would not really reuse it. Moreover, he is already sixty-eight years old, and it is difficult to make a big political achievement in the difficult situation. The energy of the prime-age is wasted in the rush, and the mood of returning to China in the old age is very complicated. Therefore, when he passed Mount Tai and ascended to the heights and looked at it, he could not help but sigh and feel it, so he composed "Qiuling Song" to lyrically: Dengbi Qiuling, Gong Qihan. The path of benevolence is in the air, and the quest is far away. Lost in the confusion, from the baby to the ground. Looking back, Liang Fu returned to Lian. Thorns fill the road, and there is no reason for the thorns. There will be no cutting, and the disease will spread. But with eternal sighs, the snot is pouring. This poem has been written by Confucius throughout the ages. If so, it is Confucius's first poem dedicated to chanting Taishan, and his second poem about Taishan after "Guishan Exercise". It set a precedent for the lyrical expression of Wing Shan Shui. The poem uses the Beeching technique of "mountain road" as a metaphor for "ren dao", and the image meaning is very appropriate. The "road is long and the road is long, I will seek up and down" in "Leaving the Troubles", which is obviously influenced by Confucius's poetry.
Confucius toured Mount Taishan, and also had the purpose of viewing famous places, broadening horizons, and enhancing moral and cultural literacy. There are many Confucius relics up and down Mount Tai.
Zhan Lutai. On the south side of Daiding, is the place where Confucius climbed the mountain to look at the Country of Lu. Mencius. "Dedication to the Heart" reads: "Confucius ascended the Eastern Mountain to face Xiao Lu, climbed Mount Tai and small the world." Therefore, it is difficult for those who swim in the sea to be water, and it is difficult to swim at the door of the saints. This means that the realm of knowledge must be constantly advanced in order to have a higher moral cultivation. Here there was a carved stone of "Confucius's Little Heaven under the Heavens" to commemorate it. ”
Tiger Mountain. On the east side of the Queen Mother Pond in the southern foothills of Mount Taishan. Etiquette. The Tan Bow chapter reads: "Confucius crossed the side of Mount Tai, and there were women crying at the tomb" and lamented that "harsh government is fiercer than tigers". However, the terrain here is open, the mountains are sparse, and it seems that it is not a place where tigers and wolves are infested, and the name of "Tiger Mountain" may be affiliated with posterity. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty erected a stone stele of "Qianlong Shooting Tiger Place" here, claiming that he had personally shot the fierce tiger here, and many people believed it to be a historical fact, but in fact, it was a vassal of style and elegance, and he borrowed the title to play and just abolished the meaning of "harsh government".
Tomb of Ji Zhazi. In the town of Laiwukou east of Mount Taishan. Ji Zha was the fourth son of King Shoumeng of Wu, who gave up the throne three times and traveled around the world to learn liturgy, and was the master of Wu culture. When Confucius was eight years old, Ji Zha made a special trip to Lu to watch the music and dance of the same generation, and conducted a comprehensive and systematic evaluation. Later, he was sent to the State of Qi, and on the way back, the eldest son died at the foot of Mount Tai and had to be buried on the spot. The Book of Rites and Tan Bow records that Confucius believed that Ji Zha was the most familiar with the Zale system in the Wu Kingdom, and made a special trip to watch the funeral ceremony of Ji Zha's eldest son. At present, next to the tomb of Ji Zhazi, there is still a stone stele of "Confucius Viewing Ceremony".
Stolen Springs. Fifteen miles south of Xintaimuchangyu Township, it is named after the "Stolen Spring". "Corpse" says: "Confucius as for the twilight, but not in the spring, thirsty and not drinking, the name of the evil." Therefore, it is said that "the wise do not drink the water of the stolen spring, and the incorruptible do not eat the food that comes from the mouth." Because of his bad name, later generations changed "theft" to "Tao", which is now called Daoquanyu.
Yiyi. In Dongzhuang Township, Ningyang County. "Liezi. Tianrui "wrote: "Confucius traveled on Mount Tai and saw rongqi period walking in the wilderness. "Rong Qiqi is a hermit, ninety years old, wearing deerskin, with a rope tied around his waist, playing the piano and singing. Confucius asked, "What makes Sir so happy?" Rong replied, "There are too many things that make me happy. All things in the world are the most honorable, I can be born as a man, is the first pleasure; man is divided into men and women, male superiority and female inferiority, I can be a man, is the second pleasure; some people have a short life, even died in the mother's womb, swaddling, I have the honor to live to the age of ninety, is the third pleasure. Living in poverty is the usual situation of the virtuous, death is the end of life, I can spend my life in a normal situation is very satisfied, what is there to worry about? Confucius listened deeply and said: Great! What a self-soothing person! This incident gave Confucius great inspiration and influence.
Mount Tai also has an architecture about Confucius. There are two Confucius Temples, one is in the southeast of Taicheng Dai Temple, which was built in the Song Dynasty, and the other is at the east end of Daiding Tianjie street and the west side of Bixia Temple, which was built during the Ming Jiajing period. In addition to worshipping Confucius, the temple also worships Yan Hui, Zengzi, Mencius, and Zisi, which are for the "four pairs", and there are also "twelve sages" who are listed. Xu Zonggan of Tai'an Zhi County in the Qing Dynasty said: "Yang Zhi Mi Gao, Drill Mi Jian, can also be verbally; out of its class, out of its strength, it is advisable to climb natural." "Confucius ascended to the place" archway. In front of the Red Gate Palace. Ming Jiajing thirty-ninth year (1560) Shandong Ducha Yushi Zhu'an and others built. The square is engraved: "The King of Su has passed on the ancients alone, and the Holy Lord has come to celebrate the ten thousand years." "However, before the Han Dynasty, mountaineering was to take the eastern Taishan Road, and to enter the mountain, you had to take The Dajinkou Township. The Ming people built a workshop here to use Confucian culture to refer to tourists and "speak on behalf of the saints" to expand the influence of Confucius in Mount Tai.
Many of Confucius's disciples were related to Mount Tai. Among them, the first to promote the eldest disciple Yan Hui. The "Sayings of Confucius" says: "Yan Zi and Confucius on Mount Lu, Confucius looked southeast at the gate of the white horse, leading Yan Yuan to show it: If you see Wu Zhangmenhu? Yan Yuanyue: See. Confucius: What is outside the door? A: It's like practicing in vain. Confucius looked at it and stopped. "Its place is in front of the Confucius Temple at Daiding, where the Ming people set up a stone square of "Wangwu Sacred Relic". Here is also known as Wangwu Peak, Confucius Rock. In the Wenyang Field, southwest of Mount Taishan and north of Wenshui, there is a "Yanzipo", which is the place where the two masters and apprentices have been after descending the mountain. This deeply learned and short-lived Yan Hui caused the nostalgia of the Taishan people.
Zeng Zi was the most effective disciple of Confucius in the study of loyalty and filial piety, known as the Zengzi School, who wrote the "Filial Piety Classic" and "University", and was regarded as "Zongsheng" by later generations. Zeng Zi was also the author of early Taishan folk songs. According to the "Qin Cao", Zeng Ziweishi "cultivated under Mount Tai, the rain and snow were frozen, and he could not return for ten days, thinking of his parents, and composing "Liang Father Yin". Its tune is somber and desolate, full of mournful feelings, and has since been widely circulated. Later generations of Zhuge Liang, Li Bai, etc. were good at chanting this tune. This should be said to be Zengzi's contribution to Taishan culture.
Youruo, also known as Youzi, is one of the Twelve Philosophers of Confucius. In the Analects, the disciples of Confucius only refer to Zengsan and Youruo as "sons", which is enough to explain his status at that time. According to Mencius. Teng Wen Gongshang records that after Confucius's death, the disciples thought about it day and night. Because Youruo looked like Confucius, Zixia, Zizhang, Ziyou and others consulted with each other, and established Youruo as a teacher, and respectfully served and consulted as Confucius did before his death. There is a family village in Feicheng at the foot of Mount Taishan, there is a place where the descendants of Youruo live, and the tomb of Youzi is near Youjiazhuang, and the Song Dynasty stele was excavated in the fifty years of Qianlong (1785), which proves that it is undoubtedly a cemetery of Youzi.
Ran Geng, also spelled Bo Niu, is one of the Twelve Philosophers, and is known for his virtues along with Yan Hui, Min Ziqian, and Zhonggong. Mencius's gongsun ugly believed that Ran Geng was roughly close to Confucius, but not as broad and profound as Confucius. Later, Ran Geng fell seriously ill, and Confucius went to see him and sighed sadly: "Death, fate!" Slovaks and Scythians! Slovaks and Scythians! "Ran Geng's hometown is in Ranjiazhuang, Feicheng, and the descendants of the Ran clan live together. There is a Ran Zi Ancestral Hall in the village, which is the place where the clan worships the ancestor Ran Zi. In the thirteenth year of Qing Yongzheng (1735), a hereditary Doctor of the Five Classics was set up for the Ran clan, and he was born for twelve years to show his favor for this sage.
Lin Fang was a learned scholar who was proficient in etiquette. The Analects. Eight Tongs: "Lin Fang asked the basis of the ceremony." Zi Yue: 'Oh yes! Etiquette, rather than extravagance, rather frugality; funeral and its easy also, rather than qi. When Ji Shi wanted to sacrifice Tarzan, Confucius said angrily, "Woohoo! Once said that Tarzan is not as good as Lin Hu? "Lin Fang's hometown is in the present-day Xintaifang urban and rural area, and the land is named after Lin Fang. Sixty years of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1736). A fragment of a stele was unearthed in the local area, proving that it was lin fang's hometown. Known locally as "Taishan Linfang", as an outstanding representative of the Taishan people's "Zhili", and specially built a ancestral forest shrine in its hometown for people to worship.
"Taishan Rock, Lupin's View". This is the admiration of Mount Tai in the Book of Poetry, which Confucius deleted in his later years. Taishan's influence on Confucius was enormous: learning liturgical music, thus gaining a glimpse of the whole leopard of the Zen canon; climbing Mount Tai and the small world, judging the cultivation of his own moral ability and knowledge with a broad vision; Confucius was dying, Kong Carp, Yan Hui, and Zilu died one after another, knowing that he had become weaker and thinner, so he sang "Taishan its decadence!" Beams and pillars are destroyed! The last song of the philosopher's wilting, linking his life and death with Mount Tai, shows the unusual status of Mount Tai in the mind of Confucius.
Confucius's influence on Mount Taishan is also far-reaching: the meeting of the valley is a successful example of Confucian politics, which proves that Confucianism is by no means a vain person who "dresses in full costume and adorns the argument" and "erudition cannot be honored"; "Guishan Exercise" and "QiuLing Song" elicit qu yuan, Li Bai and others who have difficulty walking through the ages; long-term travel to Qilu, the comparison of "wise people enjoy water, benevolent people enjoy mountains", which seems to have involved the influence of cultural geography on people's personality; in careful observation, they experienced "wise people move, benevolent people are quiet, wise people are happy, and benevolent people live". It is the role of landscape appreciation on people's psychology and health, and is undoubtedly the earliest enlightenment understanding of tourism psychology and tourism aesthetics. If anyone has left the richest ideological and cultural heritage in the mountain and river tour, then Confucius is well-deserved. Later generations closely linked Confucius with Mount Tai, and praised it as "The Taishan of Confucius in the Sacred, the Confucius in the Taishan Mountains" (Ming. Yan Yunxiao's "Temple of Confucius"), this insight is quite profound.
(Tai'an Radio and Television Station, Tai'an Voice Rong Media Center)