Zhang Yu Lived in The Twenty Years of Jujin gate The legend of the "bookmaker" in the chaotic world

Cartography Zhang Chi

In Nanpu Park in Hebei District, there is a "Four Dang Mingxia Hall" to commemorate Zhang Yu, a modern bibliophile and surveyor in Tianjin. In modern China, where "there have been no great changes in the past three hundred years", in the nearly 20 years of living in Jinmen, Zhang Yu, while witnessing the warlords' scuffles and witnessing the people's livelihood panic, while "teaching for food, using school books to send students", the main lecturer of the Tianjin Chonghua Society, in the chaotic world, left for posterity such school books as "Hu Zhu Zi Zhi Tong jian" and "Reading Minqiu Ji", hand-copied 15,000 volumes, 3368 parts of the 72,787 volumes of books, thousands of gold and stone expanded books, has become the library of Peking University, the National Library, The "national collection" of Suzhou Library and other libraries.

This year, Tianjin Qingjin College held a grand commemorative colloquium. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Mr. Zhang Yu's birth, students of Chonghua College and researchers of Tianjin Literature and History told reporters about the legendary past of this academic person's life in Tianjin.

Four Sages and Three Gu Please give a lecture on the Chonghua Society

Tianjin is Zhang Yu's second hometown. Zhang Yu was born in Suzhou in 1865, Tianjin literature and history researcher Zhang Shaozu introduced, Zhang Yu was a scholar during the Guangxu period, was once a "starter" of the local primary school in Suzhou, because of his outstanding achievements in running the school, he was "Baojia Four Pin Titles", "Before the Xinhai Revolution, Zhang Yu was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as a first-class secretary, the secretary of the Shu Affairs Department to help the main draft, and also the Beijing Normal Library repair." ”

After the Xinhai Revolution, Zhang Yu, who was in his prime, chose zhishi and lived in seclusion in Tianjin. Li Bingde, an 84-year-old student of the Tianjin Chonghua Society, told reporters that Mr. Zhang Yu went to Tianjin in 1912 and went to Beijing in 1930, during which he lived in the northern suburbs of Tianjin at that time, which is today's Zhongshan Road in Hebei District, "After 1902, Yuan Shikai made a new plan for the area between the new station in Tianjin and the governor of Tianjin, Yamen, and built a road from the new station to the Directly Subordinate Ya Department, named Dajing Road. The area around Dajing Road formed a "Hebei New Area" between the foreign concession and the old city, and dozens of roads formed a clear and uniform road network, which was the earliest urban planning block in China and became the first choice for many residents in Tianjin at that time. According to the "Catalogue of The Books of Zhang Shidangzhai" and the correspondence between Zhang Yu and his friends, Li Bingde basically sorted out Zhang Yu's residence in Tianjin, "Mr. Yu lived in Yutaili on Yuwei Road, and later moved to Qiushili on Huangwei Road, and also lived in the British Concession of Sandri for a short time. Li Bingde said that Mr. Zhang Yu marked as many as 76 places of residence in the school book records, and the specific place names listed were: Tianjin, Tianjin, Jinmen, Jingbu, Jingu, Jingjin, Tianjin North Suburbs, Yutaili, Qiushili, and the British Concession of Three Delhis. In correspondence with Miao Quansun, Zhang Yuliu's different addresses also include "South Head Road West of Guangyi Avenue in Nanshi City, Tianjin" and "Sheltered now moved to Sanjing Road Xiuyeli, not far from the old residence", sanjing Road is now Sanma Road.

Zhang Yu said that he "sought food by teaching and sent off his students with school books" in Tianjin, and when he first came to Tianjin, he was hired as a family school professor run by Zhang Shucheng, a famous collector of cultural relics in Tianjin. In 1914, Yuan Shikai established the Qing History Museum, and for several years Zhang Yu was also appointed as a reviser, responsible for the writing of Zhongyi Liechuan and Yiwenzhi. In Tianjin, Zhang Yu served as the main speaker of the famous Tianjin Chonghua Society, and cultivated a large number of Chinese culture, literature and history circles such as Gong Wang, Guo Xiachun, Shi Yongmao, Zhang Bangxian and so on. And asking Zhang Yu to go out of the mountain to give a lecture left behind a good story of the four sages and three gu. Zhang Shaozu told reporters that in 1927, after Yan Xiu founded the Chonghua Society, he was invited for the first time by Yan Fansun, Hua Shikui, Lin Moqing, and Zhao Youmei, and he insisted on resigning; when mr. Zhang was invited again, he recommended Wang Shouke and refused. So the four of them plotted how to ask Mr. Zhang to "get out of the mountain." Just when everyone was embarrassed, I saw Hua Shikui smile and say, "I have a way." "He came to the Zhang Mansion, but the gentleman still refused to come out. At this time, Hua Shikui walked up to him solemnly and solemnly and said, "When I come here today, I can also be said to be 'Three Gu Maolu'!" If the three please Zhuge and the gentleman do not go out of the mountain again, I will have to perform a great gift. When he said that he was about to kneel, Mr. Zhang saw such sincerity and earnestness and quickly agreed to serve as the main lecturer, lecturing on theory, exhortation, and applause.

Tianjin bibliophile Zhang Yongxiu's uncle Zhang Bangxian and father Zhang Banggong are both from Zhang Yu's men, and he introduced that Zhang Yu's purpose is to "apply what he has learned". In the Chonghua Society, Mr. Li follows the Confucian tradition of "teaching without class", and treats students regardless of whether they are rich or poor, whether they are rich or poor, and those who come are not rejected, and they are treated equally. Out of enthusiasm for the revitalization of Sinology, Zhang Yu specially set up a course for the Chonghua Society, setting up three parts: Righteousness, Reason, and Cizhang. Students can study both professionally and part-time, and the handwritten "Xuehai" plaque hangs in Chonghua Hall, "teaching the scriptures, analyzing doubts and difficulties, extremely serious, students have to answer questions, meticulous." "Initially, the class was set up in Yan Fansun's house, and the lessons were twice a month, and the questions were asked in the history of the scriptures, and the notes were proofread, and the highest score was rewarded. Later, the Chonghua Society moved to Erjing Road in Hebei Province, and then moved to Minglun Hall of the Temple of Literature. Lectures were changed to two days a week, Wednesdays and Saturdays, teaching the scriptures and discussing the gains and losses of various scholarships, analyzing doubts and difficulties. Due to Zhang Yu's profound knowledge, the Chonghua Society was unprecedentedly grand. Li Bingde, who had been taught by Gong Wang, Guo Yichun, and others, told reporters that Zhang Yu was the main lecturer of the Chongchong Chemical Society, and after going to Beijing 5 years later, he also regularly went to Tianjin to give lectures.

In fact, before lecturing on the Chonghua Society, Zhang Yu was also responsible for collecting poems for fifteen or six years in the Cun Society founded by Lin Moqing. Wu Yucheng, director of the Tianjin Oral History Society, introduced that the folk customs and literature history and even food specialties in Tianjin at that time were zhang Yu's scope of the topic: "In 1923, the title of the poem "Silver Fish" and "Purple Crab" was published, and in 1934, the proposition of "Yongjin City Sea Mistake" was used, and it was required that 'sea shrimp and sea crabs, one of each five ancient poems, regardless of the number of heads', the lecturer wrote about yellow croaker, flounder, catfish, mullet, mackerel and other fish, and there are crabs, shrimp, turtles, snails, clams, sea cucumbers, jellyfish, sea vegetables, etc. ”

Collected school books completed a huge work in Tianjin

Zhang Yu, the character style, also known as Jian Meng, Ming Li, there are many other signatures such as Jie Cun, Negative Weng, Obscure Weng, Beichi YiLao, Frost Root Scholar, Frost Root Old Man, etc., and the names of the rooms are also many: Yongsi Hall, Chongli Hall, Bu Dou Zhai, Counting Crane Whale Room, Si Dang Zhai, Listening to the Crane House, etc., of which the four Dang Zhai are the most famous.

The origin of the word Four Dang is related to the collection of books. Li Bingde said that Zhang Yu once said that the four dang and the two characters were both taken from the last words of two ancient bibliophiles, Song Youyanzhi and Ming Hu Yuanrui, the former "reading with hunger as meat, cold reading as Qiu, lonely and reading as friends, and worrying and reading as Jinshi Qinser", the latter "hungry for food, thirsty for drinking, recitation can be used as "Shao Hao", and reading can be used as Yi Shi." According to the "Wu County Chronicle", Zhang Yu was studious at a young age, less lonely, and when he was more than ten years old, he was able to help his mother with books, and he also cut down on clothes and food to buy books. The "four dangs" of the predecessor bibliophiles naturally became Zhang Yu's own "four dangs". Zhang Yu has several habits of collecting books, and he himself said in the words of the secretaries he has collected: "For thirty years, I have had the habit of collecting books, and I feel that I have spent a day without adding books." In his lifetime, Si Dangzhai collected 3,368 books and 72,787 volumes, reaching as many as 21,596 volumes. Li Bingde said that Mr. Zhang is not yet a Yugong, "because he does not have a lot of money to buy a house, and the luggage that follows is all books." After obtaining the "Tree Art Chapter" written by Yuan Hu and the pure Bai Zhai manuscript, he "got this late in his life, it is a pity that he also"; he got the "Wangxi Anthology" copied and supplemented by Liu Lufen's hand, and he lamented that "these four dangs are in the collection of Jia Guan ye"; he got the "Xiangluge Testament Poem" and "Lan DangZi", and he was even more "able to get from the cold stall, and he was overjoyed"... Li Bingde told reporters that Mr. Zhang also had the inscription "Ming Li ZhiXi" in the collection.

Li Bingde told reporters that Zhang Yu's collection contains many precious manuscripts and manuscripts of famous masters, of which the manuscript "Four Inch Study" has been written by three generations of teachers and students and five generations of grandchildren. Originally, after Zhang Yu obtained the book "Four Inch Study", he asked his mentor Yu Quyuan to identify, and after Zhang Yu's death, Zhang Yu's son Zhang Yuanshan gave the "Four Inch Study" to Zhang Ertian, who wrote a biography for Zhang Yu, zhang Ertian was Zhang Yu's disciple, and zhang Yunxuan, the author of "Four Inch Study", was Zhang Ertian's ancestor, and Gao Zu's manuscript eventually passed to Xuansun' hands, which cannot but be said to be a good story in the world of books.

Zhang Yu's school book is even more outstanding, thanks to Xuelin. Li Bingde introduced that Mr. Zhang began to proofread in his early years: "By the first year of the Republic of China, the hand school had reached 600 volumes, and in the decade or so of the Republic of China, it had accumulated to four or five thousand volumes. In his lifetime, he hand-proofed and copied a total of 15,000 volumes, a large part of which was completed in Tianjin. ”

Zhang Xiong, a descendant of the Zhang family, once said that the Zhang family had an "heirloom treasure" - Yantai. It was not a famous stone, it was an ordinary stone, but it was rawly worn by Zhang Yu: "At that time, my grandfather was grinding ink, grinding and grinding ink, and my grandfather looked at the sun and found that there was a small eye at the bottom of the stone." This Fang Yan survived, and the use value naturally did not have, but it was the best 'court training' to inspire The descendants of the Zhang family. Li Bingde said that Mr. Zhang's school books, just marked the color of the pen there are 89, "the new school will change colors once, up to 'seven color pens' - some hundred volumes of huge works have also been proofread six or seven times." ”

Among them, the "Zizhi Tongjian" and "Reading MinqiuJi" completed in Tianjin have the greatest effort and the deepest contribution. In the nearly 300-volume Zizhi Tongjian, Zhang Yu proofread the four situations of "detachment, derivation, error, and inversion" in more than 7,000 places and more than 10,000 words, and the final compilation of the "Hu Ke Tongjian Text School Song Record" was published in 1931. After the founding of New China, Chairman Mao Zedong advocated reading the "Zizhi Tongjian", that is, using the punctuation reprint of the book that Zhang Yu had surveyed and proofread, which has been used to this day. Published in 1926, the "Reading Minqiu Ji" is mainly written by Guan Tingfen, but it refers to 28 kinds of periodicals, manuscripts, and school books, and has now become one of the required books for the introduction to bibliography. In addition, although many proofreading works such as the Book of Southern Qi, the History of song, and the History of the Old Five Dynasties have achieved remarkable results, they have not yet been issued. Li Bingde once had a rough statistics, taking these two huge works as an example, including "four-color pen proofreading and signing", "seven-color pen proofreading", "hand-added revised version", etc., and the "manuscript" alone has reached 99 volumes!

The "foolishness" of the proofreading also followed his collection of gold stone stele Tuo, he loved to make a trek after the inscription, record the source of the collection, the authenticity of the Tuotuo, and also left a "proof of examination" for each collection.

Xinbao reporter Shan Weiwei