Liang Sicheng photographed Gao Yique in surveying and mapping
Gao Yique rubbings "Zhou Gongfu Chengwang"
Gaozu slash snake relief
Lu Xun (second row, middle) in "Lu Xun's Family Album" was photographed in 1917
From September 11 to December 11, 2018, the "Han Graphite Rhyme - Lu Xun and Han Portrait Stone Rubbing Exhibition" co-sponsored by Shanghai Lu Xun Memorial Hall and Beijing Lu Xun Museum (Beijing New Culture Movement Memorial Hall) was launched in Shanghai. The exhibition is divided into three parts: "Relics of the Great Han Dynasty - Portrait Stone of the Han Dynasty", "Unique Insight - Rubbings of Han Portrait Stones that Lu Xun Pays Attention to", and "Reference and Fusion - Lu Xun's Research and Application of Han Portraits", and a total of 155 pieces of Han Portrait Stones, Han Portrait Stone Extensions and Simulation Replicas are exhibited. Among them, Lu Xun's collection of 37 Han portrait stone rubbings, research manuscripts, etc., many exhibits are the first public appearance, so that people can appreciate the artistic style of Han Dynasty stone carvings and the richness of social life more than 2,000 years ago. For the first time, this exhibition also focuses on the display of many precious manuscripts of Lu Xun, which are a full display of Lu Xun's collection, research and application of Han portraits, bringing together the collections of many museums in China.
A treasure in epigraphy throughout the ages
According to the "Diary of Lu Xun" and other relevant materials, on September 11, 1913, Lu Xun received 10 Stone Carvings of Shandong Portraits. After that, Lu Xun began to collect and study Han portraits.
In February 1917, Lu Xun received a gao yi que rubbing from his friend Wang Shujun.
"Four days clear. Closed during the week. In the morning, I received a letter from my second brother, and it was sent on the first day of the first month (seven). Song ZhiFangxin, on the same day, Yu Fa. In the afternoon, I will go to the quarterly apartment, that is, out. Go to the tea party of the Popular Education Research Association and look at the calligraphy and paintings listed. In the afternoon, visit the Liuli Factory and buy a volume of the nineteenth episode of "Chinese Famous Paintings", one yuan and five corners. Late Wu Yi zhai came. Night merchants come together. ”
"Five days sunny. At noon to Central Park, the meal has gone to the noon gate to read the house, said to be a library, accompanied by a total of six members. Wang Shujun gave away one copy of "Li Ye Que", four pieces of "Gao Yi Que", twenty-five pieces of paintings, twenty-four small squares of the first character of the eaves, and one piece of "Jia Gong Que", and the cloud was given by the local Liu Zhijie Nianzu. ”
Lu Xun recorded in the accounts of the same year:
Li Yeque gave a piece of Wang Shujun gift on February 5
Gao Yique Size Fifty-three pieces Ibid
Jia Gongque one piece ibid
……
Originally, the collection of exquisite Han portrait rubbings accompanied the life of the great writer Lu Xun: Lu Xun collected more than 6,000 copies of various types of rubbings in his lifetime, of which more than 600 were Han portrait stone rubbings, involving Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and the portrait content included historical character stories, carriage and horse travel, music and dance, laying the first ring, gods and beasts, etc. Among them, including 4 Pieces of Gao Yique collected by Lu Xun, 25 pieces of portraits, and 24 small squares of the first character of the eaves, a total of 53 pieces!
In Lu Xun's hand-painted gao yique in the national library, Lu Xun uses his brush to outline Gao Yique's divine form and body, as well as the vivid carriage and horse figures on the que. Lu Xun also said in the annotation, "The top of this gap is buried very deeply in the soil, and no one has excavated it, so it cannot be rubbed." ”
In fact, as early as the Song Dynasty, the famous epigrapher and poet Hong Shi of the Southern Song Dynasty, who was known as one of the "Three Great Golden Stones of the Song Dynasty" along with Ouyang Xiu and Zhao Mingcheng, had a detailed record and study of Gao Yique.
In his lifetime, Hong Shi wrote many poems and treatises, and he left many famous passages and recited them in all directions. In his book Li Shi (20 volumes), Hong Shi has his que text on Gao Yi Que Lu and also wrote a special text.
Yizhou Taishou Gao Yi Er Que:
"Han Gu Yi Prefecture Tai Shou Wu Yin Order Shang Ji Shi Ju Xiao Lian Various Ministries Engaged in Gao Yi Zi Guan Fang", "Han Gu Yi Prefecture Tai Shou Yin Ping Du Wei Wu Yang Ling BeiFu Cheng Ju Xiao Lian Gao Jun Zi Guan (missing a word)".
Hong Shi also examined that Gao Yi's eastern and western second que should actually be one person's que.
He said in the Thirteenth Book of Lishi: "Right Yi Prefecture Taishou Gao Yi Erque, now in Yazhou, Gao Yi character throughout the square, there are tombstones containing his northern capital Chengguang Han state capital Wei Yizhou Taishou, in order to dedicate Emperor Jian'an to the fourteenth year of death, the stele was shattered, and the officials were not completely seen. One of these two ques has the name of Gao Jun, and the other is not named. And this que one, the son saw that sixty years ago, the stone carving next to the word, carved cloud missing a word. In recent times, there are those who make up for it with light words. Although this que has no name, it is seen in Yinping Northern Province. The inscription can be based on, then both are high and noble. The Chinese character edge belongs to the country without Yin Ping, but the Guanghan has Yin Ping Dao, and the former book notes the northern capital of Yin Pingyun. Zhi Tomb Que so Shu Guanghan as Yin Ping, referring to its reasoning. ”
Hong Shi said in his book "Lishi Yizhou Taishou GaoYi Monument": "The character 顼讳颐字常方, which first came from the Miao ancestry of Emperor Huan ... Jian'an died in August of the fourteenth year, and the courtiers cried out in sorrow, and Li Shu wept and mourned, chasing after grace and righteousness. ”
Originally, the Gao Yi inscription unearthed around Gao Yi's tomb meant to praise Gao Yi for "being pro-virtuous and happy", "the wu want of Fa Xiao Cao, and the political affairs of seeking reasons", that is, to praise him for holding high the banner of Xiao He Cao's legal system, having the political ambition of Ran Qiuzi Road, being as capable as Mi Zi, and guarding the border like Li Mu, indicating that he was superior in ability, clear in his rule of law, honest and honest, upright, beneficial to the people, and deeply loved by the people.
The research made by Hong Shi and the Gao Yique script recorded in the "LiShi" provided important written materials for many experts and scholars who later studied Gao Yique, and many scholars also regarded Hong Shi's dissemination of Gao Yique's "Lishi" of gao Yique as a classic.
The Qing Dynasty's "Chronicle of Yazhou Prefecture" also included Gao Yi's deeds in the "Famous Eunuchs" and "Xiangxian" chapters.
"Han Gaoyi, the county man Ren Yizhou Taishou."
"Han Gaoyi, a county man, and Zi Wenyu are filial piety in one and two moves."
"Praise benevolence and righteousness, the famous religion relies on the gangwei; embrace the virtue and huaicai, and the style of sangzizizi." The husband enters the door, and the light divides the fragrance of the beans; or the hope is the trend, and the recommendation of the Spring and Autumn is honored. Then sign his name, record his deeds, and repay the merits with reverence. The jujube of Dengzhi, the pear of embroidery, and the yiyun shou wait first, and the ancestors of Ya county have great creations for posterity, how can they forget. In the "Chronicle of Yazhou Prefecture", the editor honored Gao Yi's deeds as the first person in Yazhou Township Sage.
According to the literature, Gao Yique had three carriage guides, and in front of the car were horse-drawn carriages such as Wu Bo, Riding Blowing, and Riding Officials. It is divided into five layers:
The first floor has a relief on each north and south sides, a mouth fish on the south side, and a mouth snake on the north side. Under the corner bucket, a corner god is carved, carrying the building department.
The second layer of reliefs contains historical stories such as "Ji Zha Hanging Sword", "Shi Kuang Drum Qin", "Zhang Liang Vertebra Qin Emperor", as well as mythical stories and legends such as the Nine-tailed Fox, the Three-legged Wu, and the Yellow Emperor's Relic Xuanzhu.
According to relevant research data, in the myths and legends on Gao Yique, about the nine-tailed fox, "In the pre-Qin era, the fox was regarded as a Rui beast, and Shiping was out as Ruiye." "The connotation of its auspicious rui is twofold, one is to call the king emperor and the country is a sign of prosperity, and the other is a sign of marriage and love.
There are also research data that say that the Han Dynasty Bangu's "White Tiger Tongyi" uses the fox as a sign to show the virtue of "descendants and grandchildren", thus laying the groundwork for future generations to compare the sexual charm of human beings with the performance of foxes. As for the three-legged crow on the que, it is considered to be a sunbird, ancient legend once had ten, once because the land drought people are not happy, after being shot by the Houyi nine, the only remaining bird is no longer irradiated day and night, but only day and night, so that crops and people have the opportunity to recuperate.
The third layer is a pattern of human-animal fighting.
The fourth layer is large and small, and the four sides are inclined outwards, and the reliefs include "Shendi", "Yu Lei", "Wu Ji Tianmen", "Flying Yellow", Tianma, Dragon, Tiger and so on.
The fifth layer is carved on four sides into 24 fang heads. Above the building, there is a four-stone carved roof with five ridges and heavy eaves, and a Kunpeng is carved in the middle of the ridge. The structure of the secondary que is basically the same as that of the main que, and the top is a single-eaves temple. The contours of the entire Que are tortuous and changeable, and the carvings are gorgeous and meticulous, which is known as the "essence of Chinese art".
The best-preserved Han Que in China
According to the "Chronicle of Cultural Relics of Ya'an Area", the tombstone of Gao Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty was erected in the fourteenth year of Jian'an. During the Song Dynasty to Hejian (1054-1055 AD), when Li Wei of Yandaozhi County built the Jingxian Hall, the Yizhou Taishou Gaoyi Monument was moved from the Gaoyi Cemetery to its internal protection. During the Guangxu dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the prefect of Yazhou rebuilt Jingxian Hall and renamed it Han Gao Xiaolian Ancestral Hall. Huang Tingjian's seventeenth grandson, Huang Yunhu, the prefect of Yazhou, also wrote the Gao Yi Que Stele, and later the Huang Yun Hu inscription was also collected and protected in Gao Yi Que.
According to relevant literature, in history, many well-known people have visited Gao Yique to investigate.
In the summer of 1914, the third year of the Republic of China, the French archaeologist Victor Cheigran came to Ya'an and made a special trip to Gao Yique to shoot. At that time, in a lush cornfield, Gao Yique's evil spirit and Tianlu stone beasts were randomly placed aside, and they did not attract the attention of the local people.
On August 17, 1939, Sun Mingjing arrived at Yaoqiao, Ya'an, and photographed the Han Que in front of Gao Guanguang and Gao Guanfang's tomb and the surrounding environment.
The Han Dynasty stone archway-style Han Que here has a total of two passes, east and west. The East Que only survives, and the West Que is better preserved. The West Que is 5.86 meters high and 1.63 meters wide, and the carved fangs, arches and edges and corners on it are still new. Descend to the eaves and gradually pick out the five-tiered stone blocks. The carving on the stone block is an important part of this que, and the Yang carved pattern shows the characteristics of Han culture - clothing, car driving retinue, honor guard style, etc., with detailed details, beautiful carving, and relatively good preservation.
"Ya'an has gathered humanities from the ancients, and the Han Dynasty's Gao Guanguang and Gao Guanfang brothers have all held up filial piety and honesty, and officials have been too defensive. At that time, the Que still exists, and there are Han Dynasty Yang carved patterns on it, which are full of ancient meaning. In the film description he wrote, Sun Mingjing, the "father of Chinese cinema," wrote.
In Gao Yique, Sun Mingjing took a total of 18 photos, of which 11 were close-ups and large close-ups, which shows his attention to Hanque and his preference for details.
Sun Mingjing recorded in his detailed investigation that -
Gao Yi (高颐字贯光), who served as the Taishou of Yizhou and other positions, due to his remarkable political achievements, after his death, the Han Emperor built a que to show his merits. Gao Guanguang Que was built in the fourteenth year of Emperor Jian'an of the Han Dynasty (209 AD), and the distance between the east and west two ques was 13.6 meters. Only the Eastern Que remains, and the inscription on the north side of the Que body reads "Han Gu YiZhou TaiShou Yin Ping Du Wei Wu Yang Ling Beifu Cheng Ju Xiao Lian Gao Jun Zi Guan Guang". Xique has a total of 13 floors, Que is made of red sand quartz rock stacked, Que top imitation Han Dynasty wood structure building, there are corner columns, fang bucket, Que top ridge in the carved Suzaku mouth group silk, this relief image is clear, rich imagination, dynamic and distinct, head corner treatment is appropriate, for the ancient relief masterpiece.
The west wind is remnant, and the Han family is lingque. Shortly after Sun Mingjing photographed Gao Yique, the famous Chinese architects Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin also came to Gao Yique to measure this ancient Han Que.
In early September 1939, Liang Sicheng, Liu Dunzhen and experts from the Construction Society arrived in Chongqing, first inspecting the ancient buildings in Chongqing, Chengdu and their surroundings. Since the Japanese army was carrying out a large-scale bombardment of The Rear of china's War of Resistance, Liang Sicheng's inspection could only be carried out intensively in the gap between air defense sirens.
In October 1939, Liang Sicheng and his party ended their expedition to Chengdu and Chongqing, and until February 1940, they traveled back and forth along the Minjiang River, along the Sichuan-Shaanxi Highway, and along the Jialing River, visiting Ya'an, Leshan, Yibin, Guangyuan and other places, and traveled to most of Sichuan.
Around October 20, 1939, Liang Sicheng made a labor drawing of Gao Yique, a Han Dynasty stone que in Ya'an, and also took multi-faceted photographs to record the appearance of Gao Yique with precious images.
In the "History of Chinese Architecture", "Illustrations of Southwest Architecture", "Twenty Lectures on Ancient Chinese Architecture", "Atlas of Ancient Chinese Architecture" and other works, Liang Sicheng praised and admired Ya'an Gaoyi. In the work of accompanying Liang Sicheng to shoot and draw, Lin Huiyin also put down the shelf of everyone's boudoir, climbed up and down on the stone que, and recorded every detail of Gao Yique with fine drawings. The Han Que, cliff tombs, and cliff carvings found by her and Liang Sicheng in the investigation greatly filled the research gap in the Han and Tang dynasties in the history of architecture.
"The Gao Yi Que in Ya'an is the most well-preserved, the most exquisitely sculptural, the most accurate owner and the age of the Que in Sichuan, and has a very high historical and cultural value."
The famous architect Liang Sicheng, the historian Fan Wenlan, and the aesthetician Wang Chaowen all spoke highly of and affirmed Gao Yique from the perspective of their own professional academic research.
Lu Xun said: "Only the Han people are carved in stone, and their courage is deep and majestic. ”
On March 4, 1961, the State Council announced gao yi's tomb and stone carvings as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China.
"For hundreds of years, there have been gold stone lovers who have visited Gao Yique to visit and print rubbings. Now, Gao Yique is no longer allowed to be copied, and Gao Yique's early rubbings are even more difficult to find. According to a Gao Yique guardian, Gao Yique has now installed an all-weather video surveillance system and has implemented 24-hour gap-free monitoring and protection of Gao Yique.
Ya'an Daily/North Latitude reporter Luo Guangde