Tuoba Hong (拓跋弘, Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty) (454–476), courtesy name Douyin, was a native of Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi), a member of the Xianbei clan. The sixth emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (reigned 465-471), the eldest son of Emperor Wencheng Tuoba Mao, and his biological mother Li Guiren.
In the first year of Chengming (476), he died suddenly and violently, at the age of twenty-three, with the title of Xianwen and the temple number xianzu, and was buried in Jinling in the clouds.
So today Xiaobian will talk about the short emperor life of Emperor TuobaHong of the Northern Wei Dynasty, let's take a look at it!
A brief biography of Tuoba Hong, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty
Early life
Tuoba Hong (拓跋弘), the eldest son of Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei, was born to Li Guiren (later posthumously honored as Empress Wenchengyuan). On the first day of June in the first year of Xingguang (454), Emperor Wencheng went out to tour the Yin Mountains. On the fifth day of the first month of July (August 14), Takumi was born in the northern part of the Yin Mountains.
In February of the second year of Tai'an (456), Tuoba Hong was made crown prince. Tuoba Hong is intelligent, intelligent, astute and intelligent, and has the ambition to save the people of the world since he was a child, and is kind and innocent, and respects his teachers and friends.
Succeeded to the throne as emperor
On May 11, 465, the sixth year of peace, Emperor Wencheng died. On May 12, Crown Prince Tuoba Hong succeeded to the throne as Emperor Wen. Empress Feng (Empress Feng) was honored as empress dowager.
Quell the rebellion
In the sixth year of peace (465), after the great general Yi Hun came to power, he saw that Emperor Xianwen was young and took the opportunity to borrow Emperor Xianwen's edict to wantonly exclude dissidents and establish a dictatorial rule. Yihun killed Shangshu Yang Baonian, Pingyang Gong Jia Airen, Nanyang Gong Zhang Tiandu, and Siwei Supervisor Mu Duohou to death.
On May 16, Shi Zhong, Situ, and Lu Li, the King of Pingyuan, entered the court from Tangquan, and Yihun killed him again. On May 17, Emperor Xianwen appointed the general Yi Hun (乙浑) as a lieutenant and a retainer, Liu Ni the Prince of Dong'an as a situ, and Shangshu Zuo and his slaves as Sikong. He soon seized power, took command of the army, and on the second day of July was made a chancellor, ranking above the kings; inside and outside the imperial court, matters of all sizes were decided by him, and he proclaimed himself the King of Taiyuan.
In the face of the ferocious Yihun, the young Emperor Xianwen had no choice but to cry bitterly at Empress Feng. At the beginning, Empress Feng did not have any way to kill the ministers in a frenzied manner, nor did she dare to offend Yihun, so she could only worship him as a chancellor in order to keep Emperor Xianwen's throne. Due to the gradual stabilization of the throne, Yihun's desire became greater and greater, and he was no longer satisfied with the position of chancellor, and was ready to wait for the opportunity to launch a palace coup and ascend the throne himself as emperor.
On the second day of the first month of February in the first year of Tian'an (466), Empress Feng ordered Yuan Pi, Yuan He, Niu Yide, and others to lead an army to besiege Andhun Province and kill Yihun. Due to the chaotic situation, Empress Feng issued an edict to the court to listen to the government and handle all military and state affairs.
Prince Zen
In August of the fifth year of Emperor Xing(471), Emperor Xianwen was not obsessed with world affairs, and often had the intention of being born, and planned to cede the throne to his uncle Tuoba Zitui, the king of Jingzhao, but was resolutely opposed by his courtiers, and Emperor Xianwen had to give up.
On August 21, Emperor Xianwen issued an edict to Tuoba Hong, the crown prince, and the group of ministers played that the new emperor Tuoba Hong was young and unable to handle the government, so Emperor Xianwen personally handled the government of the dynasty, and honored Emperor Xianwen as Emperor Taishang, distinguishing him from the "Taishang Emperor" who was the father of Han Gaozu, who was the father of the emperor but did not rule the world. On August 23, Emperor Xianwen moved to the Sogo Palace, where the equipment in the palace was rudimentary, the palace steps were made of earth, and the major state events were informed to Emperor Xianwen.
Bizarre death
In February of the second year of Yanxing (472), Emperor Xianwen of Taishang disguised himself as emperor of Beijing and led his generals in the northern suburbs to repel Rouran's attack; in November, Emperor Xianwen rode on a warhorse and attacked Rouran, killing him all the way to the south of Monan, forcing Rou to retreat thousands of miles. Emperor Xianwen also issued edicts to make industrial and commercial miscellaneous servants work in agriculture, prohibit the indiscriminate killing of livestock, protect agricultural production, promote those who abstain from self-denial, and severely punish greedy and cruel officials.
In June of the fourth year of Yanxing (474), Emperor Xianwen once again ordered that all cases should be handled in accordance with the law, based on facts, and the use of punishment should be cautious.
On June 20, 476 , Tuoba Hong died in the Yong'an Hall at the age of twenty-three , emperor Xianwen , who was buried in Jinling.
Demystified: How did Tuoba Hong, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, base himself on the court and eliminate traitors to maintain his rule?
This Tuoba Hong is not The Other Tuoba Hong, this Tuoba Hong is the father of the Xiaowen Emperor Tuoba Hong, and he is also an excellent ruler. When Tuoba Hong was young, he was made crown prince, but under the influence of Northern Wei customs, Tuoba Hong was raised by his mother-in-law Empress Feng. This Empress Feng was originally a woman with great wisdom, and when she grew up around her, Tuoba Hong benefited a lot. After the death of his father Tuoba Hong, Tuoba Hong ascended the throne as emperor with the assistance of Empress Feng.
At the beginning of his succession, in the face of the unscrupulous courtiers in the center of the dynasty, he could only rely on himself. Through continuous efforts, he was finally able to eliminate the traitors and maintain his rule. By the end of Tuoba Hong's reign, dissatisfied with Empress Feng's long-term involvement in the imperial government, Tuoba Hong wanted to give the throne to a clan's descendants, but under the persuasion of Wenwu Hundred Officials, he passed the throne to his son Emperor Xiaowen. After that, he continued to hold power and govern the country. It is recorded in the Book of Wei: "Emperor Cong, who is wise and resourceful, is young and has the rules of the divine martial arts of the people, is pure in benevolence and filial piety, and respects his teachers and friends." ”
At a very young age, Tuoba Hong obtained a status that no one else else had, and became the crown prince of the country. This is inseparable from his own abilities, and it is said that he was clever and clever from an early age, respected his teachers, was pure and filial, and had the grand ambition to save the people of Li. This seems to be the ideal candidate for the crown prince in the hearts of all those in power, so he is not a prince who is a prince. In six years, the young Emperor Wencheng died suddenly and violently, and due to the sudden incident, the Northern Wei regime was once in turmoil.
The young Tuoba Hong was ordered to succeed to the throne with the support of Empress Feng and the royalists, and historically made him Emperor Xianwen. The new emperor was young and his rule was not stable. That is, in the year when he ascended the throne as emperor, after the great general YiHun came to power, he felt that the emperor was young and the empress dowager was really not afraid, so he repeatedly falsely preached the holy will, suppressed those upright ministers in the imperial court, and gradually established his own dictatorship.
In view of this, there were naturally officials in the DPRK and China who were dissatisfied, and they all spoke out one after another to safeguard the imperial power, represented by Jia Airen, the Duke of Pingyang, Zhang Tiandu, and others. They all ended sadly, and they were all brutally killed. Later, Emperor Xianwen also made the great general YiHun a lieutenant, so that this person's power had reached a certain level, and even the army was under his control, and the affairs of the court and the central government had to go through his eyes before they could enter the emperor's eyes.
The young emperor saw these acts of the traitors in his eyes, but at the moment he could do nothing about them, only to hide next to Empress Feng and weep bitterly. In the beginning, Empress Feng was also helpless about this, and could only choose to ignore the rights in Yihun's hands and his crazy exclusion of dissidents. Even later, he could only appoint him as a chancellor, thus temporarily stabilizing Yihun and ensuring the stability of the emperor's throne.
However, due to the increasing number of rights in his hands, Yihun was no longer satisfied with his existing position and was ready to launch a palace coup and ascend the throne himself. Fortunately, Empress Feng also had a certain amount of power after years of accumulation, and she had long discovered the enemy's plot and launched an army to surround Yihun's mansion and kill Yihun. In this way, the power of the state returned to the hands of the Tuoba family. Because the situation was too chaotic, Empress Feng temporarily listened to the government and handled the affairs of the country.
As an accomplished emperor, this Emperor Xianwen did not have the same strong ambitions for power as other emperors. On the contrary, he often had the mentality of giving up the throne and going out to wander. Later, he also wanted to pass the throne to his uncle Tuoba Zitui, the King of Jingzhao, but only because of the resolute opposition of the Civil and Military Officials, he gave up. However, Emperor Xianwen still did not give up his idea, and soon after passed the throne to the crown prince Tuoba Hong.
Because the crown prince was too young, at the request of the Civil and Military Officials, Emperor Xianwen still handled the affairs of the state. But at this time, he was no longer the king of a country, so he moved to live in the Sogo Palace, which was quite simple, but Emperor Xianwen did not care. Although he had become Emperor Taishang, Emperor Xianwen of this period was still very young. Long before that, he personally led the army to engage the soft side, and fully demonstrated his military talent in this battle.
Only to see that he personally led the army to constantly pursue, all the way deep into the desert area, and constantly retreating backwards on the Rouran side, he reluctantly returned to the north. When he succeeded to the throne, he was only 13 years old, but he especially liked to train the army, and spent a lot of effort in this regard, and under his efforts, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved.
In 468, during a hunting event held by Emperor Xianwen in Xishan, he personally shot a tiger, which surprised everyone. Then, seeing that those ethnic minorities on the border of the Northern Wei Dynasty had the intention of new soldiers to rebel, Emperor Xianwen, who had already abdicated, held a large military parade on the outskirts of the capital, shocking the government and the opposition, and also making those barbarians who harbored ill-intentions restrain their behavior.
In the first year of Tian'an, a fierce battle broke out between the Northern Song regime and the Liu Song regime, and the two sides fought in the area of Xuzhou. On the Northern Wei side, a governor led an army to defeat the Southern Dynasty generals, and the corpse was more than 60 miles away. This led to Xuzhou being unable to defeat the assassins, and eventually had to surrender to the Northern Wei, and also joined forces with the Northern Wei to finally defeat the Song Dynasty. And all this is inseparable from Tuoba Hong's correct deployment, because he has long foreshadowed the direction of the enemy's attack and redeployed the army, so that he can achieve victory so smoothly.
Tuoba Hong also contacted ethnic minorities such as Gao Che to jointly fight against the Ruoran and other tribes. Facts have proved that his choice is very correct, because in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Rouran's battle for the western region, Gao Che is fully supportive, repeatedly thwarting the attacks of Rouran. This made the Northern Wei Dynasty become the ruler of the Western Regions, and Tuoba Hong, as the emperor, was also loved by the people of the Western Regions.
Li Yanshou commented on him in the "History of the North": "Dedication to the wisdom of the wise, and the capital is decisive, so it can be more clear and desert, and the great enlightenment is served in the south." And the world-weary heart that has long been there will eventually lead to the change of the palace, and the providence will also be. In my opinion, this text is a brief evaluation of Tuoba Hong. No one can deny his ingenuity, but he is not here, and although he has carried out a series of reforms to the country during his administration, he still yearns for that free life. Therefore, in the end, he ceded the throne to his son early and lived an idle life on his own.
Who was the father of Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty?
Tuoba Mao (拓跋濬) (440–465), courtesy name Ulei, was a native of Pingcheng (present-day Datong, Shanxi), a member of the Xianbei clan. The fifth emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (reigned 452-465), the grandson of Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao, the eldest son of Emperor Jingmu Tuoba Huang, and his mother was Empress Gong of the Yujiu Lu clan.
Smart and sensitive, with unusual wind gauges. In March of the second year of Zhengping (452), Emperor Zhongchang killed Emperor Taiwu tuoba tao and established Tuoba Yu the prince of Nan'an on the throne. In October of the same year, Zong Ai killed Tuoba Yu again, and Shangshu Luli and others supported Tuoba Li to take the throne, for Emperor Wencheng, with the era name Xing'an.
After Emperor Wencheng ascended the throne, he killed the powerful minister Zong Ai. During the reign of Emperor Wencheng, he quelled civil strife, recuperated, reformed the official system, restored Buddhism in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and built the Yungang Grottoes.
In the sixth year of peace (465), Emperor Wencheng died of illness at the age of twenty-six, and was buried in Jinling with the title of Emperor Wencheng and the temple number Gaozong.
Who was the birth mother of Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty?
Empress Wenchengyuan of the Li clan, daughter of Li Fangshu of the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty, sister of Li Jun, The Prince of Dazai and Dunqiu, concubine of Emperor Wencheng Tuoba Mao, and biological mother of Emperor Tuoba Hong. Li's appearance was beautiful, and tuoba ren, the king of Yongchang, got Li when he accompanied the army to the south. Later, Tuoba Ren was killed for rebellion, and Li Shi was escorted to the palace to become a palace maid.
Once, when Emperor Wencheng went up to the White Building, he saw Li Shi, and because she was beautiful, he blessed her. (454), Li gave birth to a son Tuoba Hong for Emperor Wencheng, and was made a nobleman. (456), Emperor Wencheng made Tuoba Hong crown prince, and Empress Chang gave Li the death according to the Northern Wei system of "death of sons and noble mothers". After Tuoba Hong succeeded to the throne, he posthumously honored her as Empress Yuan and was buried in Jinling, with the sacrifice of the Taimiao Temple.
Who was Tuoba Hong's concubine of Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty?
Empress Wencheng Wenfeng, empress consort of Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei, mother-in-law of Emperor Xianwen Tuobahong, grandmother of Emperor Xiaowen Yuanhong (拓跋宏), and an outstanding female politician and reformer in Chinese history. He was the de facto host of a series of reforms in the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty and had an important impact on Emperor Xiaowen's reforms.
Empress Feng was born in the Le Feng clan, the patriarch of the Northern Yan Dynasty. Feng was the daughter of Feng Lang and was born in Chang'an. After the fall of Northern Yan, he entered the harem of Emperor Taiwu's Tuoba Tao and became a slave; (452) he was elected as a nobleman of Emperor Wencheng; (456) he was crowned empress; (465) Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei ascended the throne and was honored as empress dowager. In the political turmoil, Empress Feng listened to the government and decided to kill the powerful minister Yihun, and then returned to The Emperor Wen according to the Northern Wei ancestral system; (476) Emperor Xianwen collapsed violently, and was then known as Empress Feng poisoned. Empress Feng was in power for fourteen years and was honored as empress dowager.
Who was The Empress Tuoba Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty?
Empress Li, a concubine of Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei and an Xi of Zhongshan (中山, in present-day Ding County, Hebei), was made the Prince of Nan commandery when her father Li Hui was young, and her mother Han shi was the daughter of Han Shi, the king of Xiangcheng. Lee is well known for his moral character and talent, as well as his outstanding appearance. It is also because it is too outstanding, eighteen years old has not yet found a suitable in-laws. Later, when Tuoba Hong, the prince of Northern Wei, selected beautiful women, she was selected with outstanding beauty and elegant temperament.
In the first year of the Reign of Emperor Tian'an of the Northern Wei Dynasty (466 CE), Tuoba Hong succeeded to the throne and Li Shi was given the title of lady. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Ding Wei, 467 CE), Lady Li gave birth to a son, Tuoba Hong (Gaozu).
In June of the third year of Emperor Xing's reign (469), Tuoba Hong (Gao Zu) was made crown prince and given the death of Li according to the ancestral system of "death of the son and mother". He was buried in Jinling after his death. In the first year of the Chengming Dynasty, he posthumously honored the title of The Temple.
Empress Feng, jealous of Emperor Xiaowen's maternal grandfather Li Hui, framed Li Hui for rebellion, not only killing Li Hui, but also beheading Li Hui's family.
Who were the sons of Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei?
1. Tuoba Hong (拓跋宏) (October 13, 467 – April 26, 499), Chinese name YuanHong. The seventh emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he was an outstanding politician, reformer, and writer in ancient China. The eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Hong, his birth mother Lady Li.
In the third year of Emperor Xing's reign (469), he was made crown prince. According to the Northern Wei dynasty system of the death of the noble mother, when Tuoba Hong became the crown prince, his birth mother was tragically killed and raised by his grandmother, Empress Wenming. Tuoba Hong ascended the throne at the age of five, with the era name Yanxing, and his grandmother Empress Wenming came to power, and carried out a series of centralized reforms to the xianbei imperial court, Empress Feng first rectified the administration of officials, established the three-chief system, implemented the juntian system, and then promulgated the Feng Lu system, and Emperor Xiaowen was deeply affected.
In the fourteenth year of Taihe (490), after Emperor Xiaowen formally took the throne, he further carried out reforms. In the eighteenth year of Taihe (494), in the name of the Southern Expedition, the capital was moved to Luoyang, and the old customs of Xianbei were comprehensively reformed. Collect ancient and modern Han classics, stipulating that Hanfu should be used instead of Xianbeifu, Chinese should be used instead of Xianbei language, and the Xianbei people in Qianluo should take Luoyang as their place of origin and change the Xianbei surname to Han surname. Encourage xianbei nobles to marry Han chinese, pay with reference to the Southern Dynasty canon, reform the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and severely suppress the conservative nobles who opposed the reform, and execute the deposed crown prince Yuan Gong. A series of actions promoted the vigorous development of the Northern Wei Dynasty's economy, culture, society, politics, and military, known in history as the "Taihe Reform System", which effectively alleviated ethnic estrangement and promoted the progress of civilization and the integration of nationalities.
In the twenty-third year of Taihe (499), Tuoba Hong became ill in the army, and on his deathbed, he still had the ambition of "Seven Temples of Yangon, Bowing to The Cangsheng", and later died in the Original Palace of Gutang, at the age of thirty-three, with the title of Xiaowen and the temple number Gaozu, and was buried in Changling.
2. Yuan Xi (?) ~501), courtesy name Siyong, was a native of Luoyang, Henan, and a member of the Xianbei ethnic group. He was a chancellor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the son of Emperor Xianwen Tuoba Hong, and the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen Yuanhong, whose mother was Feng Zhaoyi.
In the ninth year of Taihe (485), he was appointed as the Grand General of the Imperial Household and the Grand General of the Zhongdu Commandery and was enthroned as the King of Xianyang County. After the death of Emperor Xiaowen Yuanhong, he accepted the edict to assist the government, and paid homage to Taiwei, Lu Shangshangshi, and Sizhou Mu. Arrogance and bribery. Guangying field production, mining salt and iron. Disgusted by Emperor Xuanwu Yuanke, he was appointed as the Assassin of Jizhou.
In the second year of JingMing (501), he raised an army against the dictatorship of foreign relatives and was killed. In the fourth year of Zhengguang (523), he was restored to his title and buried as a king.
Expanded Information: An Introduction to the Northern Wei Dynasty of the Southern and Northern Dynasties
The Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) was a regime established by tuoba of the Xianbei tribe and the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasty.
In 386, Tuoba Jue took advantage of the fragmentation of Former Qin to proclaim himself the Acting King of Niuchuan, re-established the Dai kingdom, and set the capital at Shengle (present-day Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Linger County). In April of the same year, he was renamed king of Wei.
In June 398, the official name of the country was "Wei", and the history was called "Northern Wei". In July 398, Emperor Tuoba of Daowu moved the capital to Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) and proclaimed himself emperor. In 439, Emperor Taiwu unified the north. In 493, Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang and carried out major reforms.
In the third year of Yongxi (534), it split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei. In the eighth year of Eastern Wei Wuding (550), Gao Yang accepted Emperor Xiaojing's zen concession and established Northern Qi. In the third year (557) of Emperor Gong of Western Wei, Zen was located in Yuwen Jue, northern Zhou was established, and Yuan Wei (Tuoba Wei) was declared to be over. From the reconstruction of the daiguo in 386 to the division of 534, a total of 20 emperors (12 people included in the canonical history) were served for 148 years.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism arose, Buddhism developed unprecedentedly, and the relocation of the capital luoyang and the change of customs and customs promoted the centralization of power and ethnic integration in the Northern Wei.
Because the character "Wei" has a beautiful and great meaning and is the name of "Shenzhou Shangguo", it is determined as the name of the country, which is different from the previous Cao Wei regime, and some history books are therefore nicknamed "Later Wei". It was also known as Tuoba with its royal surname Tuoba, and later changed its surname to Yuan, so it was also called Tuoba Wei and Yuan Wei.