Strychnine concocts detoxification methods

Strychnine, also known as the turtle and bitter fruit, is a dried mature seed of the strychnaceae plant Strychnine, which is button-shaped and round, often raised on one side and slightly concave on the other, densely covered with silk-like fur. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition) records that strychnine tastes bitter and is warm; There is a big poison. Return to the liver and spleen meridians. It has the effect of relieving pain through the network, dissipating knots and reducing swelling. It is used for bruises, fracture swelling and pain, rheumatism stubborn paralysis, numbness paralysis, carbuncle poisoning, sore throat. The common amount is 0.3 ~ 0.6g, and it is used in the pill after preparation. Folk Chinese medicine commonly uses strychnine to treat fractures and tendons, as well as neurological diseases such as stroke and hard paralysis.

Strychnine toxicity was gradually recognized in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhongzhong recorded in the Primitive Materia Medica (1612 AD) that the Fanmu turtle was highly poisonous, cold and poisonous, and inferior, such as the evidence of insufficient Yuan Qi was prohibited. Zhang Xichun of the Qing Dynasty described Daoma Qianzi in his book "Records of Medical Intentions in the West", which is very poisonous, and its hair and pi are particularly poisonous. However, if there is a law, the poisonous person can be non-toxic. And its power to open the meridians and penetrate the joints is far better than other medicines." The description affirms the therapeutic effect of strychnine specific to disease while recognizing the high toxicity of strychnine.

Studies have confirmed that strychnine contains dozens of chemical components such as alkaloids, glycosides, acids, alcohols, etc. Accounting for about 1.5 to 5%, including strychnine, strychnine, strychnine, sengosine, pseudocarpus, pseudo strychnine, isocarycine, etc. Strychnine and strychnine account for about 80% of the total alkaloids, mainly strychnine, accounting for 40 to 50%, followed by strychnine, accounting for about 30 to 40%. Strychnine toxicity is mainly caused by strychnine (also known as strychnine) and strychnine (brucine), also known as brucine. Strynin and strychnine can highly selectively excite the posterior horn cells of the spinal cord, enhance the motor reflexes of the spinal cord, cause sensory organ sensitivity, manifest as increased tension of skeletal muscles, and can also excite the respiratory center and vascular motor center in the bulbar, and improve the function of the sensory center of the cerebral cortex, resulting in ankylosing convulsions, and ultimately causing respiratory paralysis to death. Strychnine has a damaging effect on renal tubular epithelial cells, can destroy glycolysis, lipid and amino acid metabolism, long-term use can lead to abnormal liver and kidney function.

In order to better apply strychnine to the clinic, successive generations of doctors have attached great importance to the toxicity control of strychnine. In addition to controlling the amount, the methods taken also include specific concoctions, compatibility of parties, etc. The most important thing is to concoct and reduce poison, such as sand scalding method, frying method, licorice method, urine method and so on.

According to Cai Baochang's research and comparison of various preparation methods of strychnine, it is proved that the content of ninh and strychnine in strychnine alkaloids has decreased to varying degrees. Among them, the content of strychnine after sand scalding or frying has dropped by about 28% on average; The content of strychnine has decreased by about 40% on average, of which the alkaloid content has decreased most obviously due to the long soaking time due to the long soaking time by the urine immersion method.

Experiments have proved that after strychnine heating at high temperature (220~260 °C, 3min), the content of the highly toxic components Strychnine and Strychnine is significantly reduced, while the content of heterogeneous nin, isocyramine, Strychnine N-oxide and Strychnine N- oxide is increased. Among them, when heated to 160 ° C at high temperature, strychnine can be converted into a heteromorphic structure by opening the ring, or a methoxy group can be removed from the indole ring, connected to a hydroxyl group, and the nitrogen oxide of strychnine can be carried out only slightly by heating, and the nitrogen oxides of isamyrine and strychnine can be further oxidized or converted into isamyramine nitrogen oxide. Strynin needs to be heated to 230 ° C to make the ether bond connected to the 12th carbon atom open the ring to form heterotylene, and the strynin nitrogen oxide compound can be formed by simply heating the soil to 50 ° C; The heating of the oxynin to about 50 ° C can form the oxynic of the oxynic of the oxytocin, while the oxynic of the oxygen of the oxygen of the oxylate is locally opened to form the oxynic of the oxytherine of the oxythermal of the oxytogenesis of the oxythermal of the oxythermal of the oxygenol of the oxynic In the experiment, it was found that when the heating temperature exceeded 260 ° C, strychnine was mostly destroyed into a disorganized and amorphous product. When the temperature exceeds 285 ° C, strynin will be destroyed into an amorphous product. This explains from the perspective of chemical composition why the processing temperature of Chinese medicine strychnine is why it is appropriate to control the sand scalding method strychnine at 230 ~ 240 ° C. Since the content of strychnine and strychnine accounts for about 80% of the total amount of alkaloids in strychnine. Therefore, the conversion law of the heating reaction of strychnine and strychnine also represents the transformation law of the main active ingredient in strychnine in the process of preparation.

By comparing the toxicity of strychnine, strychnine and their nitrogen oxides. The results showed that the toxicity of SNO and BNO was significantly lower than that of S and B. SNO is about 1/10 of S; The BNO is about 1/15 of B's. When toxic reactions occurred in the medium and high dose groups, the toxic incubation period of SNO and BNO was significantly longer than that of S and B. The latter two can generally lead to death as soon as they twitch, while the first two can be repeatedly pumped multiple times without death. This shows that the nitrogen oxide compounds of strychnine and strychnine, especially strychnine nitrogen oxides, have a pharmacological effect similar to strychnine. It shows that the nitrogen oxides of strychnine and strychnine not only reduce toxicity, but also retain pharmacological activity. Because strychnine and its nitrogen oxides have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory, cough and sputum, anti-tethering, antiplatelet aggregation effect. Strychnine provides the basis for the overall effect of rheumatism, pain relief, and muscle relief and vitality.

It can be seen that heat treatment is an effective way to reduce the content of strychnine and strychnine, increase its heterogeneous structure and nitrogen oxide content, but although there are still some strychnine and strychnine remaining,

The author believes that in addition to heat treatment, the preparation of strychnine also requires soaking before heat treatment and the end of research after heat treatment is also an effective means of concoction, the historical Qing Dynasty Dragon Chapter, Zhang Xichun and modern Zhang Lotte and Zhang Jueren use strychnine more than heat treatment. The preparation method of strychnine in the Dragon Chapter "The Dragon Doctor": "When the black beans are boiled with three pillars of incense, they are allowed to be through for more than ten days, and the medicine is fished out and peeled: stir-fried with fine tooth sand and scorched black grinding for later." Zhang Xichun concocted the method of ma qianyu: the horse money was first removed from the hair, boiled in water for two or three boils, that is, fished out. Use a knife to scrape the outer skin, soak in the hot soup, change the soup once, soak it for three days, and take it out. Then fry in sesame oil until pure black, open it to see that there is a slight yellow meaning, and the heat will arrive. Remove the strychnine, wash it several times with warm water, and wash the oil. Then use sand and fry it in the same pot; the soil has oil and gas, change the soil and then change the soil and then fry, to the degree of oil and gas purification. "In addition to high-temperature stir-frying, this method also uses methods such as soaking and rinsing, as well as sandy soil stir-frying to remove oil and grind into frost, etc. From the previous research such as Cai Baochang, it can be seen that these methods can reduce the content of strychnine alkaloids and Shining alkaloids, although it is not pointed out how thorough the strychnine inactivates toxic ingredients after a series of processing methods, but through the amount of Zhang Xichun and others, it is seen that it is much higher than the amount of strychnine under the single concoction method in textbooks, up to 2 points per serving, twice a day, The daily dosage is equivalent to 1.25g, which is significantly greater than the standard of 0.3 to 0.9g stipulated in the lecture notes of modern Chinese Medicine, but Zhang Shi has not appeared in the phenomenon of "misleading people".