Zhao Erfeng (1845-——1911), zi jihe, Han army Zhenglan banner people, ancestral home of Penglai, Shandong. He was first appointed as The Supervisor of Jingle and YongjiZhi County, Shanxi, and the supervisor of Hedong River. In 1903 (the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu), xiliang, the governor of Sichuan, appreciated that he entered the river with Xiliang and was promoted to Yongning and Jianchang Province in Sichuan. In 1905 (the thirty-first year of Guangxu), Zhao Erfeng led troops into Xikang to quell the Tusi rebellion. In July 1906 (the thirty-second year of Guangxu), the Qing government decided to establish the Sichuan-Yunnan Border Special Administrative Region, which is equivalent to the provincial-level structure of the Sichuan-Yunnan Border Special Administrative Region, with Zhao Erfeng as the Minister of Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan, whose jurisdiction stretched from the arrow furnace in the east to Danda Mountain in the west, to Weixi and Zhongdian in Yunnan in the south, to Yushu in Qinghai in the north, and 460,000 taels of silver was allocated by Sichuan as administrative funds every year, and the source of soldiers and supplies was mainly supplied by Sichuan. In 1908 (the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu), Zhao Erfeng was promoted to minister in Tibet and minister of border affairs in Sichuan and Yunnan. The following year, he led troops into Tibet and repeatedly defeated the Tibetan rebels who were manipulated by the British. Zhao Erfeng carried out the reform of the land and returned to the stream in Sichuan and Yunnan, abolished the toast system and temple privileges, and made considerable achievements in the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, handicrafts, transportation, post and telecommunications, and cultural and educational undertakings in Tibetan areas. In 1911 (three years after the declaration of reunification), Zhao Erfeng acted as the governor of Sichuan and caused the Chengdu Massacre, known as the "butcher". Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising, Chengdu declared independence and established the Sichuan military government of the Great Han Dynasty, and Zhao Erfeng was executed by the new governor Yin Changheng.
When Zhao Erfeng is involved in historical research, he is often pejorative about his historical events. However, some scholars have also put forward different views. The modern scholar Zhang Shizhao is an example. As early as 1927, Zhang Shi created the poem "General Sigh", which gave Due Recognition to Zhao Erfeng's military ability and achievements in rectifying the Riverside.
In the late Qing Dynasty, Cen Yuan was the most famous;
Like General Zhao, Kawabe Yang Yingsheng.
Zhao Erfeng
Although he suppressed the Southern Sichuan Hui Party and the Sichuan Road Preservation Movement, which was a stain on his life, he carried out land reform and return to Tibet and various measures in the Tibetan areas of Sichuan, which promoted the social and economic development of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan, consolidated the national defense of the southwest, and safeguarded the unity of the country; in particular, he harbored a strong anti-imperialist and patriotic ideology and waged a struggle against the imperialist aggressive forces. In addition, Zhao Erfeng is not a murderous person. Weighing Zhao Erfeng's historical merits, it should be said that his merits outweigh his deeds. Only by facing up to historical facts will the evaluation of Zhao be closer to objectivity and fairness.
Zhao Erfeng passed through the beginning and end of the river
The unification of Tibet and the formation of the Sichuan-Tibet border
Traditionally, Tibet was divided into four parts: Wei, the area centered on Lhasa; Tibet, the area centered on Shigatse; Kham, also known as Kamu and Dogan, including the present-day Qamdo region of Tibet and the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province; and Ali, the extreme western part of Tibet. Dating back to the early Tang Dynasty, Tubo did not border the Tang Dynasty. On both sides of today's Jinsha River, there are numerous tribes of the Qiang system. With the strength and eastward expansion of the Tubo Dynasty, Tubo gradually occupied the entire Kangdi, reaching the Min River and dadu River at its peak. The many Qiang tribes of Kangdi gradually became culturally and linguistically identical to Tubo, and merged to form the Tibetan people in today's sense. However, since the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty in 842 AD, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has not achieved internal unity until it was incorporated into the central territory of the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, xuanzhengyuan ruled over the entire territory of Tibet. From 1637 to 1642, Gushi Khan led his troops into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and eliminated the anti-Yellow Sect forces of Wei, Tibet and Ali. Subsequently, under the planning of Gushi Khan, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen clique established their rule over the Wei and Tibetan regions respectively, and Gushi Khan became the great khan of all Tibetan areas, including Qing, Kang, and Tibet, thus beginning the period of Co-management of Tibet by the Heshuo Mongols and the Huangjiao clique. In 1717 (the fifty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), the Dzungar forces raided Tibet from Ili, occupied Lhasa, and killed Lazang Khan, the great-grandson of Gushi Khan. It was imperative for the Qing Dynasty to intervene directly to appease Tibet. In 1718 (the fifty-seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty), the Sichuan Governor Nian Tang Yao sent troops to Litang. In 1719 (the fifty-eighth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), the Dingxi general Gar Bi and the yongning deputy general Yue Zhongqi led their troops from the arrow furnace to Tibet. Garbi further moved west into Tsamdo and settled in the surrounding areas of Tsamdo. After two wars, the Qing government expelled the Dzungars, restored local social order in Tibet, consolidated the southwest frontier, and safeguarded the unity of the motherland.
After Tibet was pacified, the major military personnel in charge of the Sichuan side realized the importance of Litang and Batang in managing Tibetan affairs, and the region was on the way from Sichuan to Tibet for grain supply, and it was necessary for the Sichuan side to control them. In addition, in the course of the war, there was a motion to assign the land to Yunnan, and as a result, Lijiang Toast could not wait to send personnel to intimidate the locals and make it attached to Yunnan, and the resulting incident once affected the transportation of military grain from Sichuan Province to Tibet, so that the work of clarifying the boundary between Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan and the division of administrative jurisdiction was proposed after the war. In 1725 (the third year of Yongzheng), Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, said: "Although the tribes of Luolongzong, Chawa, Zaergang, and Zoga Chuizong (Sangang Quzong and Gunzhuo Gongjue) outside of Tsamdo are not under the jurisdiction of the Dalai Lama, the Luolong Sect is far from the arrow furnace, and if it is returned to the interior, it is difficult to control remotely, and the Zhongdian, Litang, and Batang, which were originally belonging to the inland toastmasters, and then along the nearby Delgt and Vashuhor areas, should be returned to the interior, and their leaders should be chosen, and the title of tusi official should be given to them, so that they can be governed." Its Lolong sect and other tribes, please give it to the Dalai Lama to manage. ” 。 This proposal was quickly approved by the Qing Central Committee, and in 1727 (the fifth year of Yongzheng), Zhou Ying, the deputy governor of Eqi, the cabinet scholar Bandi, and the commander-in-chief of Songpan Town, the viceroy of Sichuan, went to the Batang Chamudo area and awarded the Dalai Lama's local boundaries. In May, arriving in Batang, there will be Kan Batang, Bangmu, and the south pier of the Dalai Lama, with the name of the mountain tranquil, and a boundary monument is planned to be erected on the top of the mountain. He also likes the two boundaries of Songgong Mountain and Dara, and the summit also stands a boundary stone. It should be said that the border of Tranquility Mountain is in line with the interests of both Sichuan and Tibet, and it is basically located at the midpoint from Lhasa to Chengdu, slightly closer to Chengdu, to facilitate the administration of both sides. In addition, for a long time in the Qing Dynasty, The local and central government relations in Tibet were good, and for nearly two hundred years after that, Tibet and Sichuan did not raise any objections to this border. As a provincial administrative boundary, Tranquility Mountain has become a "tranquil" boundary respected and maintained by both sides.
Ii. New changes in the relationship between Tibet and the central government and Sichuan at the end of the Qing Dynasty
With the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840, China began to face challenges from the capitalist powers of the West. From Daoguang to Tongzhi, the British completed their invasion and control of Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Ladakh, and set their sights on Tibet. In 1876 (the second year of Guangxu), the British forced the Qing government to sign the "Yantai Treaty" and obtained the right to enter Tibet to "visit the road", which aroused strong opposition from the Tibetan people. In view of the attitude of the Tibetan people, the Qing government was also opposed to the British entering Tibet. In order to achieve the purpose of aggression, the British brazenly invaded Tibet twice in 1888 and 1904. In the struggle against the British army, the local government of Tibet and the monks and laypeople broke out into a high anti-war mood. However, the Qing government mistakenly replaced Wen Shuo, the minister stationed in Tibet who actively advocated the War of Resistance, and replaced him with a cowardly ascension to Tai. After Shengtai took office, the war of resistance against Tibetan monks and laymen was not only not supported, but suppressed. As a result, the prestige of the Qing government itself declined, and a rift began to arise between the local government of Tibet and the Qing central government. What was even more serious was that in the face of Britain's aggressive aggressive posture, the Qing government in fact also reflected and reviewed its own Tibet policy. In 1906, the Qing court appointed Zhang Yintang to "go to Tibet to investigate and handle the incident", and after Zhang Yintang entered Tibet, he first impeached a group of officials stationed in Tibet headed by ShengTai, the minister stationed in Tibet, for their misdeeds, and the Qing court soon carried out a strict punishment of the above-mentioned people in accordance with his impeachment, showing full support, trust, and determination to rectify Tibetan politics. In the first month of 1907, Zhang Yintang sent a telegram to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Chen Zhizang for discussion, in which he proposed: "To steal the Indian government's intention to invade, the opening of the port is only a superficial term, and it is urgent to withdraw the political power, quickly plan to train troops, and revitalize various matters in order to resist, and du excuses." It further outlined measures for political, economic, military, diplomatic, and educational reforms in Tibet. In the same year, Lian Yu, the minister stationed in Tibet, proposed in the upper concert: "For the sake of the present, it is indispensable to change the province to a province, and there is no doubt about righteousness." However, the implementation of the government and nobles has achieved results, not yet a false voice, and things have accumulated over time and gradually changed, and it is difficult to change suddenly. In the matter of Tibet and China, only slow arrangements were made, officers and troops were set up, and in the name of defending Britain and Russia, they gradually regained their power. In the face of the sinister international situation and the new subtle changes in domestic ethnic relations, the Central Committee realized that the old Tibet policy and system were no longer adapted to the new situation, and if no reform was carried out, it was afraid of falling into the shadow of British imperialism.
During this period, Tibet's eastern neighbor, the river, was also undergoing profound changes.
From 1904 to 1905, the British used trade blackmail to obtain the name of Zhe Mengxiong (present-day
North of Sikkim
Marched in, defeated the Tibetan army at Gyantse, entered Lhasa, and the Dalai Lama went to Mongolia. The British were not strong enough at that time, and the Kashag government that remained in Lhasa said that it had no right to sign the treaty, so the British had no choice but to turn to the Qing government and the Panchen Lama who stayed in Tibet, and signed a Sino-British treaty on the handling of the Tibet incident, which gave All the privileges of Tibet's foreign trade to Britain. Due to the british stirring up dissension, and the improper measures of the imperial court and some ministers stationed in Tibet, the Dalai Lama's political and religious clique, which originally insisted on resisting the British, turned into a pro-British force, making the Tibetan government even more sinister.
In 1904, Feng Quan, the deputy minister in Tibet, reiterated in Batang, on the sichuan side, the regulations restricting the number of lamas in the temple during the Yongzheng period in order to limit the power of the temple and reduce the burden on the local people, thus causing the envy of the local upper lamas. Feng Quan was besieged and killed in Batang. After the incident, Sichuan Province dispatched Viceroy Ma Weiqi and Jianchang Daoist Zhao Erfeng to suppress it. This was the beginning of Zhao Erfeng's involvement in Tibetan affairs. In July 1906, after the batang and Litang turmoil were calmed, the Qing court appointed Zhao Erfeng as the minister of border affairs in Sichuan and Yunnan, and thus the rapid reform of Chuanbian began.
Zhao Erfeng was indeed a rare capable talent of that era. The governor of Sichuan, Xi Liang, when he played the Inner Court to protect him, did his best to say something heavy: "Loyal and diligent, honest and honest, public and selfless, blood and sincerity." After becoming the minister of border affairs in Sichuan and Yunnan, Zhao Erfeng keenly grasped the key to the Sichuanbian problem, that is, the brutal and decadent tusi rule, and the backward serf production relations that were closely linked to the tusi rule. In view of Zuo Zongtang's experience in pacifying the Western Regions, Zhao decided to promote the return of land to Tibet in order to prevent the British from encroaching on Tibet. In a very short period of time, Zhao Erfeng used the autumn wind to sweep away the fallen leaves to remove the rule of toast in various parts of the Sichuan, send out exile officials, reform and enlistment, and establish health culture and education and various industries. It should be said that these measures are beneficial to the people of all ethnic groups in the River and have also been supported by the oppressed people. However, its reforms were bound to offend the interests of the toastmasters and the monastic community, and thus met with fierce resistance from them. As a bureaucrat in the feudal era, Zhao Erfeng is destined to have its historical limitations, and his personal personality is also obviously irritable and harsh, and he is accustomed to using tough means to eliminate interference and obstacles. Coupled with the fact that the Sichuan-bian struggle at that time was indeed arduous and complex, it was difficult to solve the problem of armed rebellion in a gentle way. All these factors have created serious mistrust and uneasiness towards him by the authorities in neighbouring Tibet.
Zhao Erfeng's reforms in the sichuan area won the appreciation of the Qing central government. The Qing Central Committee, which was trying to comprehensively rectify Tibetan politics, naturally thought of Zhao Erfeng, who was in charge of the Sichuan side, as a candidate to be sent to Tibet. In February 1908, Zhao Erfeng was appointed Minister of State in Tibet and Minister of Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan. After hearing the news, the local government and monasteries in Tibet knew that Zhao Erfeng was in charge of The Tibetan government and that there would be the same reforms as Kawabe. Beginning in April, the local government of Tibet sent personnel to Tsamdo with the slogan "I want to attack the Three Rocks") ("The Three Rocks are northwest of Batang, northeast of Chaya, bounded by Derge in the north and Jiangka in the south. It is not yet in Tibet, nor is it under the control of the Han Dynasty"), and it mobilizes Tibetan soldiers with the intention of preventing Zhao Erfeng from entering Tibet by force. In May, he filed a complaint with the minister stationed in Tibet, Lian Yu, and asked the Central Committee to play on his behalf, "saying that Zhao Erfeng hates the Yellow Sect and intends to ask for another release." Lian Yu immediately refuted it and refused to play on his behalf. After that, the Tibetan area was directly delivered to the central government by sea route. It is particularly noteworthy that in the complaint filed by the local government of Tibet, the demand that "in accordance with the tang dynasty boundary sites, all should be returned to Tibet" was openly put forward, and this attitude, coupled with the actual action of resisting the entry of senior members of the central government into Tibet by force, did show a tendency to deviate from morality in the Tibetan localities. Zhao Erfeng's great dissatisfaction with the first request for boundary change proposed by the Tibetan side aroused Zhao Erfeng's great dissatisfaction: "Consulting the various courtesies, quoting the Tang Dynasty and Tubo and pro-inscriptions, it seems that they are enemies of the country." The contradictions between the Tibetan region and Zhao Erfeng intensified.
In 1909 (Guangxu 34), Zhao's well-trained patrol army began to cross the Jinsha River towards Chamdo (present-day Qamdo) and Wuqi. In view of the Dalai Lama's change in support of the British, Lian Yu, the minister stationed in Tibet, also asked the imperial court to transfer the Sichuan army into Tibet, and Lian Yu's purpose was also to completely change Tibet and return it to the stream. The imperial court ordered Zhong Ying, a 22-year-old Emperor Qi, to lead two brigades (brigades) of the Sichuan New Army into Tibet, and in early 1910 (the first year of Xuanun), Zhong Ying's army and the Zhao Defense Army met at Chamudo (the Sichuan army marched from the northern front, that is, in present-day Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan; the defense army marched from the southern front, that is, the garrison of Zhao Xingyuan in Batang, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan), and then the two armies quickly advanced to the front line of the Ministry of Works (near the town of Bayi, the capital of present-day Nyingchi Prefecture). Originally, the two armies would enter Tibet one after another, but Lian Yu was afraid that Zhao Erfeng had robbed the merits, and asked the imperial court to stop the Zhao army from entering Tibet. Zhao also, in view of the deep penetration of the lone army and the return of land to the rear, did not complete the land reform of the entire Ministry of Works and the Bomi area (Qamdo and Nyingchi areas) with the help of a unit of the Zhong Army temporarily remaining in this area. Zhao's land reclamation was actually to send an army and a Zhong army to eliminate the Poma Tsing Ong regime of the Pomeranian king of Phomi, who had long threatened the security of Hou tibet west of Dandaring. The military operations of the two armies went well, and soon the White Horse Qing Weng Army was eliminated and the White Horse Qing Weng was captured and executed. At the same time, the two armies recruited the toastmasters where they went, and persuaded them to establish counties and counties, which successively established more than ten counties in this area, including Chamdo, Jiangda (Gongbu), and so on, and Zhao also sent troops southward into the Chayu area and established Chayu County (Chayu was in the southeast of the present-day Tibet Autonomous Region, east of the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border, adjacent to Injan walong).
Chayu River Valley
Zhao's policy of returning to the land is not as cruel as some overseas Tibetans say. Zhao's policy was to use both Enwei and Wei, he and Zhong Yingjun defeated the Tibetan army on the Sichuan border and the independent regime of Baima Qingweng, and the local people (Kham people) did not like the Tibetan regime's high tax exploitation of them (throughout the Qing Dynasty, the central government's taxation of the western areas was symbolic, such as a large area of land under the jurisdiction of a toast (after the land reformation) was only a few yaks per year, just a dozen or two silver), basically supporting the central land reform policy, the result was that many remote and transportation difficult areas that the Zhao army did not arrive. Local leaders sent people to express their willingness to submit to the central government, such as the leaders of the Baimagang area (present-day Metuo County) and the Luoyu-Lower Chayu area (that is, most of the area south of the eastern section of the present-day Indian-Occupied Sino-Indian border). (See the archive of "Reporting the Situation of Miscellaneous Corners" submitted to Zhao Erfeng by Cheng Fengxiang, a pipe belt sent by Zhao Naiqiang in ren Naiqiang's "Xikang Tujing" of the Republic of China, and the seventh chapter of "Marching into Lulang" in the "Dream of Wild Dust" written by Zhong Jun's pipe belt Chen Quzhen.) Zhao Ben planned to send troops to the Menyu-Luoyu-Lower Chayu area (i.e., 90,000 square kilometers south of the McMahon Line on the present-day Sino-Indian border) (see also the Book of Western Kangtu), but the British intervened. (See also The Memoirs of Ying Rong Hepeng).
Farmland in Metuo County
Brahmaputra Mother Square in Meth
First, after the British invaded the Assam area on the Indo-Burmese border, at the end of Guangxu, they sent personnel to the Menyu -- Luoyu area to appease, but the indigenous leaders refused, but adopted a soft policy, built roads on the Border of Assam, in an attempt to penetrate deep into this area, the British in order to obtain the support of the local leaders, and gradually expanded their influence to this area, but due to the extremely complex terrain of this area, high mountains and dense forests, and pure primitive state, the confinement area was never expanded to the depth of this area, and taxes could only be collected near the Border Line of Assam. So far, the Indians have not extended modernization to most of the region. However, the British side was very afraid of Zhao Erfeng's westward advance, and the British and Indian authorities repeatedly asked the British government to stop the westward advance of the Zhao army through diplomatic efforts in the documents submitted to the Queen's government. In 1910, the Qing army entered Lhasa, and the 13th Dalai Lama fled to India. The Qing government announced that the 13th Dalai Lama had been stripped of his name.
Zhao Erfeng changed the land and returned to the stream "The border land (referring to the return of the land to the land) was more than 3,000 miles from east to west, more than 4,000 miles from north to south, and more than 30 districts were established, and the scale of Xikang Province was coarse. Later, due to the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing court was overthrown, and various toasts recovered on their own. Since then, chaos has arisen and turmoil has been unstable. Until the Republic of China government, on the basis of Zhao Erfeng's establishment of counties in the area, mediated with the British and fought for national territory, thwarting the British attempt to split Tibet. In 1928, Xikang established a province, and the results of Zhao Erfeng's land reform and return to the stream were settled.
Regarding Zhao Erfeng's political achievements in Sichuan at the end of the Qing Dynasty, many scholars gave Zhao a high evaluation. Shang Binghe said in his book "Spring and Autumn of King Xin": "Erfeng has been surveying Kangdi and driving away labor and exhaustion since the thirty-first year of Guangxu, and by the seventh year, the total amount is more than 600,000 yuan, and the ministry is still one-third of the funds allocated, and the overall situation of Xikang is determined. Erfeng Zhikang, with Fu Song plotting. Fox its people, and know its mountains and rivers are mainly victorious.". Assertion: "Since the Qing Dynasty, no one who has ruled the border has done anything like this." He Juefei also said in the note "Zhao Erfeng's Experience and Its Eternal Life" in the "Notes on the Poetry of the Xikang Chronicle": "Erfeng's rule of the border is also with the soldiers and ,...... Frontier land is established, that is, to engage in various constructions. ...... However, to lay the foundation for the politics of Xikang, it is advisable to be zhao. ...... Zhao himself is also sensitive and honest, and does things fairly. Although the close relatives of the offender do not forgive a little, the Kang people are more convinced." Li Sichun, a famous scholar of modern times, also said: "Nineteen counties east of the Jinsha River, which can still be annexed (annexed: referring to the return of the land to the stream), are all Zhao Erfeng's Yu Wei in the Qing Dynasty, and since the Republic of China, the borders will be unpredictable." In short, in the case of the precarious situation in the late Qing Dynasty, the disorder of the imperial program, the fatigue of the people in society, the ministers leaning on each other, and the incumbents being blamed for their actions, there were still some wise men such as Zhao Erfeng who had the courage to do things, took care of the side affairs, and safeguarded reunification, and their historical merits in consolidating national unity and territorial integrity are worthy of every Chinese will never forget.