There are many ways to determine whether a place is a treasure of feng shui. But there is a very simple and straightforward way, that is, there are not many ancient tombs in this place. When the ancients of various dynasties invariably chose a place to build a tomb, this place is definitely a treasure of feng shui. Looking at the whole country, there are not many such places, and Xianyang Hongduyuan is one of them.
In addition to the five imperial tombs of the Western Han Dynasty and the Shun Mausoleum of Yang Shi, the mother of Wu Zetian, a large number of high-grade tombs from the late Northern Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties have been discovered in recent years with the rapid advancement of the expansion of the airport new city and the third phase of the airport in the Xixian New Area, including the tomb of Shangguan Wan'er, the tomb of Princess Taiping Ma Xueshao and the tomb of Luo Wanshun, which have attracted widespread attention.
Now, this long list of "Hongduyuan Tomb Sect" will add an important historical figure - Dou Luen.
1
The head and pedestal of the Doulun Tombstone
It reappeared after nearly 100 years of loss
The tomb of the Douluen family has been excavated and cleaned up as early as November 2019 to April 2020, and it was not until October 8, a few days ago, that the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute officially announced some of the results of this archaeological excavation. Although the news was somewhat belated, it attracted widespread attention. The discovery of ancient tombs in a large archaeological province is no longer a rare thing, and the reason why the tomb of the Douluan family can cause a sensation is mainly due to two points:
First, this is the most complete Northern Zhou family cemetery found at present, which is of great significance for the study of the tomb system of high-ranking nobles in Northern Zhou;
Second, the head and pedestal of the tombstone of Douluen, which have been lost for nearly a hundred years, were discovered, and the Douluen Monument was finally "integrated".
▲The Douluen Family Tomb is located east of Dunhua Road and west of Guangde Road in the east of Nanzhu Liu Village, Beidu Town, Airport New City, and only 800 meters away from the tomb of Shangguan Wan'er
▲ This is the site of an archaeological excavation in December 2019
▲ DouLuan Family Cemetery. The tomb of DouLuen is located at the southernmost point, and there are three tombs in the north, the middle of which is the tomb of his grandson Doulu Jun, and on both sides are the tombs of his two sons, Doulu Hao and Dou Luzhen. Source: Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute
In particular, the stele and pedestal of the Tombstone of Douluen discovered this time are of great significance and can be called "consummation". The first is to complete the whole picture of the stone stele. The stele of the Douluen Monument is now stored in the Xianyang Museum, and when it was first excavated, the upper part of the stele was broken, and the head and stele were scattered, which is a typical stele. The discovery of the stele head and stele this time just completed the whole picture of the Douluen Stele.
The second is to make up for the lack of inscriptions. Although the stele of Douluen's tombstone is engraved with more than 1,200 words, it is incomplete, and many words are missing. The stele found this time retains more than 30 words lost from the original stele, although there are only less than 20 words that can be clearly identified at present, but it is a big step forward from completing the integrity of the inscription.
Finally, there is the coincidence of the time of excavation. In 2019, the stele head and stele were discovered, and it was exactly 100 years since the discovery of the stele of Douluen near the tomb of King Zhou Wen in Xianyang in 1919.
▲ The head of the Douluen Monument. The head of the stele is embedded in the west wall of the tomb, in a circle, with double dragons wrapped around it, and the seal book in the middle of the Guishou is "Zhou Shaobao Youzhou Thorn Shi Dou Lu Gong Monument". Source: Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute
▲ The pedestal of the Douluen Monument. The pedestal is square in shape with a mortise in the middle. Source: Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute
2
Dou Luen was in Western Wei and Northern Zhou
Military merit and eminence are tilted toward the opposition
Combined with the inscription of the Douluen Stele, coupled with the appendix to the "Book of Zhou" and the "Northern History" of the "Biography of Dou Luning", it can be roughly understood that the family lineage, surname change and life deeds of the tomb owner Dou Luen can be roughly understood.
▲ The rubbing of the tombstone of Dou Luen See watermark
According to the records of the tombstone, Dou Luen, the word Yong'en, is also called Dou Lu Yong'en, so the tombstone is also called "Dou Lu Yong En Stele". He was a "Changli Tuhe native", a native of jinzhou city, Liaoning Province. His ancestor's original surname was Murong Yuanzhen, who was "After Emperor Huan of Yan Civilization", who was a Xianbei of the Xianbei tribe, also known as Murong Yuanzhen, and was the nominal founding monarch of Former Yan during the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms periods.
Dou Luen's great-grandfather was murong sheng, and after returning to Wei, he was awarded the title of Changle Commandery ( 長樂郡守). His grandfather was named Doulu Shiva, and he was given the title of "Left General, Emperor Wencheng of Wei", and served as a military attaché of the Northern Wei Wencheng Emperor Tuoba Mao, a position generally held by the descendants of the meritorious people, belonging to the emperor's close subjects.
Dou Luen's father was called Dou Lu Chang. According to the tombstone of Dou Luen, Dou Lu Chang was "less famous for his male strength, and unfortunately died early". In the biography of Dou Luen's brother Dou Luning, it is recorded that "Father Cang, wei rou Xuanzhen general, has a mighty weight, see the name of the time". After his death, Dou Luchang was posthumously awarded the title of Grand General of the Pillar State, Shaobao, and Duke of Fuling County.
Dou Luen also has an older brother named Dou Lu Ning. This Dou Luning has a special biography in the "History of the North", and served as a great general from the Northern Wei to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and led the troops to suppress rebellions many times.
▲ Dou Lu'en family character relationship diagram Cartography / Shaanxi light lamp
In addition to the ancestors of Douluen, inscriptions and history books also introduce the change of surname of the Douluen family.
Dou Lu'en's ancestral surname was "Murong", and it was not until the time of his great-grandfather that he changed his surname to "Dou Lu". According to the tombstone, "From the Celestial City Star Demon, Lianjin Bingfu, Shangshufu Jun changed his surname to Doulu, and Zheng Shi yu Wei." According to the "Biography of Dou Luning", "Gao Zusheng, Yi Yan." The emperor first returned to Wei, gave Changle Junshou the title of Doulu Clan (Dou Lu Clan)."
As for the reason for the change of surname, the history books record it as "or the People of Northern Yun said that it was "referred to as 'Doulu', because of the clan Yan, and Yun took refuge and changed it, not detailed." There are three theories for changing his surname, one is that Murong Sheng, the great-grandfather of Dou Lu'en, began to serve the Northern Wei regime during the reign of Emperor Tuoba Jue of the Northern Wei Dynasty (396-398 AD), when people called this so-called "guiyi" behavior "Dou Lu", and in the Xianbei language, "Dou Lu" means "guishun". Another theory is that the surname was changed because of refuge. The third theory is that the emperor gave the surname. As for the real reason for the change of surname, people at that time also "did not know which one was", and it was not certain which one was correct.
From the Murong clan to the Doulu clan, the Sinicization process of the Xianbei clan mostly took place during the Northern Wei Dynasty, and most of them took the surname reform as the starting point. About seventy years after Dou Luen's great-grandfather changed his surname to Dou Lu, during the reign of Tuoba Hong, the Xiaowen Emperor of Northern Wei, he promoted a larger and deeper Sinicization reform, and specially issued an edict to change "Dou Lu Shi" to a single-character Han surname "Dou Shi". However, this order was not completely carried out, and the Doulu clan has been quietly using their compound surnames.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Doulu clan, as an important aristocratic force that continued during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, was still a prominent family and flourished for a long time. Dou Lu'en's son Dou Lu Tong was known for his wide and huimin benefits, and married Princess Changle, the sister of Emperor Yang Jian of Sui. Dou Lutong's son Dou Lukuan, the nephew of Emperor Yang Jian of Sui, was given the title of Duke of Rui. When Tang Gaozu Li Yuan led an army to pacify Guanzhong, Dou Lukuan followed Xiao Yu to li yuan and made great contributions. At that time, Li Yuante issued an edict and ordered the "Doulu clan" to go to "Dou" and change his surname to "Lu".
Since then, the Murong family, which originated from the Former Yan regime of the Xianbei ethnic group, in addition to a "Dou clan" separated from the Northern Wei Dynasty, has also derived a "Lu clan", both surnames have been integrated into the Han nationality in the great ethnic integration from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and have been passed down from generation to generation, becoming an indispensable part of the Chinese nation.
▲ Blowing figurines excavated from the tomb of Dou Luhao, the son of Dou Luen
As for Dou Lu'en himself, he once held an official position during the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties. The Douluen Monument records in more detail the promotion process of this important minister of the two dynasties.
In the second year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (532 CE), Emperor Min of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a general of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Later, he welcomed Wei Xiaowugong and sealed Xinxing County. Later, he participated in the battles of Hongnong, Shayuan, and Heqiao, and was general of Bailong Jun and Doctor Zhongshan.
In the eighth year (542 AD) of the Western Wei Emperor Yuan Baoju," Emperor Wen of Western Wei conferred the title of Governor of Zhiyu and his right confidant, and he was transferred to the Governor of Dadu and zhisan to ride a regular attendant.
In the sixteenth year of the reign (550 AD), he paid homage to the envoys, the great general of the chariot, and the three divisions of Yi Tong.
In the first year of the Western Wei Dynasty (552 CE), emperor Yuan Qin was appointed a general of the Hui Dynasty and the Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division.
In the third year (554 AD), he oversaw the military forces of Chengzhou, the history of Chengzhou's assassination, and the search for Jia Shizhong.
In the first year of the reign of Emperor Gong of Western Wei (554 AD), he was the Marquis of Longzhi County.
In the third year (556 AD), he led his troops to ride the border defense town of He'an Erzhou.
In the first year of the reign of Emperor Xiaomin of Zhou (557 CE), he was given the title of Duke of Woye County, and was transferred to the governor of Longyou.
In the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty Emperor Yuwen YuWucheng (559 AD), he moved the capital to the military forces of the three states of Lishawen and the history of Lizhou.
In the first year of the Reign of Emperor Yuwen of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (561 AD), he was made a doctor of the Sihui Zhong.
In the third year (563 AD), he was also appointed as the governor of Longyou.
From this glorious "resume", it can be seen that Dou Luen, as a general in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties, participated in the founding of the Western Wei Dynasty, the Battle of Shayuan, and the Battle of Heqiao, and repeatedly quelled the surrounding military rebellions during the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Regarding the year of birth and death of DouLuen, the inscription does not clearly record it. It is only said that he is "in the official house, and there are eight in the fifties of spring and autumn". And "on February 6 of the first year of Tianhe, he was buried in the Hongduyuan of Xianyang". Tianhe Yuannian was the era name of Yuwen Yong, emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, that is, 566 AD. From this, it is speculated that Dou Luen died in 566 AD is the most likely. According to his age, Dou Lu'en should have been born in 508 AD, which was the early years of Yongping of the Northern Wei Xuanwu Emperor Yuan Ke.
As for the cause of his death, the inscription says that it is "six qi and five touches." The spirit does not end, the wandering soul changes", the "six qi" here should refer to the six basic substances of the human body's qi, blood, jin, essence, liquid and pulse, "five sounds" is the Chinese medicine believed to be exhaling, laughing, singing, crying, moaning, respectively corresponding to the five organs of the human body, the abnormality of the five sounds can reflect the abnormality of the function of the human organs.
After Dou Luen's death, the inscription evaluated him as "loyal and filial piety, with righteousness and benevolence". He was posthumously awarded by the emperor as Shaobao and Youji Ding, and other military governors of the five states, and the history of youzhou assassination.
3
"Dou Lu'en Monument" written by Yu Xin
It is listed as the first of the "three absolutes" of the North Monument
In 566, when Dou Lu'en died at the age of 58, yu Xin, the author of his tombstone inscription and the most famous writer of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, had been trapped in Chang'an for 12 years.
▲Yuxin statue Image source network
People familiar with history know that the Period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589 AD) was the second period of great division and great war in Chinese history. The regimes in the North and the South have long been opposed, and the changes in dynasties are constantly changing like a marquee. The Southern Dynasty included the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties, all of which were established in Nanjing; the Northern Dynasty included the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Five Dynasties, of which the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties were built in Chang'an.
▲Map of the parallel situation of the north and south dynasties
The North and the South have both a long-term military confrontation and a strategic cross-cutting relationship.
In April 554, the 42-year-old Yu Xin was ordered to envoy to Western Wei as an envoy to Southern Liang. Shortly after his arrival in Chang'an, The Western Wei state of Yu Jin, Yuwen Hu, and the general Yang Zhong led an army to conquer the southern Liang capital jiangling, killing the Liang yuan emperor Xiao Xuan, and the ministers and people of the city were captured in Chang'an, and Jiangling became a ruin. Immediately after Chen Baxian declared himself emperor in Jiankang, he established the Chen Dynasty, and the Liang Dynasty officially collapsed.
Yu xin, who had no country to return, could only be forced to stay in Chang'an. After the fall of Western Wei, Northern Zhou and the Chen Dynasty, which succeeded the Liang Dynasty in the south, exchanged friendships. People from the north and south who lived in other places were allowed to return to their hometowns. The Chen Dynasty requested that Yu Xin and others be released, but yuwen Yong, the Emperor wu of Northern Zhou, always refused to release Yu Xin back. Although Yu Xin's literary achievements had already surpassed the north and south at that time, and he was in a prominent position in politics, although he "looked at the position and often had the idea of the countryside", in extreme bitterness and depression, Yu Xin wrote a famous passage that has been passed down through the ages, "The Fu of the Southern Sorrows of the South of the River". In the first year of The reign of Emperor Wen of Sui (581 CE), Yu Xin died in Chang'an at the age of 69.
Although Yu Xin did not return to the Southern Dynasty until his death, due to the fact that the Northern Dynasty monarchs always admired the literature of the Southern Dynasty, coupled with Yu Xin's lofty position in the hearts of the literati at that time and his extensive influence in the political arena, the Western Wei and later Northern Zhou regimes all entrusted Yu Xin with officials and knights and entrusted them with heavy use.
Western Wei successively appointed Yu Xin as an envoy, a general of fujun, a grand master of the Right Golden Purple Guanglu, a governor of Dadu, a general of cheqi, and a third division of Yi Tong. After Northern Zhou replaced Western Wei, he successively created Yu Xin the Son of Linqing County, The Grand Master of Si Shui, and then promoted to The Grand General of Hongnong County, the Grand General of the Horse Riding, the Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division, the Si XianZhong Dafu, the Marquis of Yicheng County of Jin, and the Assassin of Luozhou. Therefore, Yuxin is also known as "Yukaifu". More than two hundred years later, Du Fu, an admirer of Yuxin, once said that "Fresh Yu Kaifu, Junyi Bao joined the army", and believed that "Yuxin's articles are older and more successful, and Ling Yunjian's penmanship is long-winded", which is a great admiration for Yuxin. Yu Xin, who was in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was also respected by the emperor and the princes and nobles. Emperor Ming and Emperor Wu of northern Zhou both loved literature and treated Yuxin with courtesy, and King Zhao and King Teng were sincerely friends with Yuxin, and they were like brothers and sisters.
Yu Xin's literary style and calligraphy were first-class at the time. Therefore, according to the "Northern History of Yuxin Biography", "Qungong Stele Zhi Duoxiang Zhiyan", and the Zhoushu Yuxin Biography also says "Qungong Stele Zhi, Duoxiang Please Entrust", Yu Xin almost contracted the writing of inscriptions and epitaphs of the Northern Zhou officials and nobles and the secretaries of the Shi clan at that time. The history books do not record the interaction between Dou Luen and Yu Xin, but according to them, they were both in Chang'an, both held important positions, and had great influence in the political arena of Northern Zhou at that time. Therefore, the possibility of them getting to know each other is very large.
According to historical records, in addition to the tombstones of Dou Lu'en, Yu Xin also wrote more than twenty inscriptions and epitaphs for Dou Lu'en's brother Dou Luning, Qi Wang Yuwenxian, Tuoba Jian, Sima Yi and other Northern Zhou Gongqing. Unfortunately, most of these inscriptions and epitaphs have not been preserved, and the Douluen Stele is extremely precious as a few physical objects written by Yu Xin and handed down.
In 1920, Mr. Yu Youren juxtaposed the "Douluen Stele" with two other Northern Dynasty stone tablets, the "Guangwu General Monument" and the "Statue of Yao Boduo", called the "Three Absolutes" of the North Stele, representing the highest achievement of the Art of the North Stele. In the "Three Absolute" stele, Mr. Yu used "Murong Wen Chongyu Kaifu" to describe the Douluen Stele and ranked it first, which shows the high historical value and calligraphic value of this stele.
This time, with the archaeological discovery of the Doulun family cemetery, as well as the excavation of many burial artifacts, opened a window for us to approach and understand that distant era. The rise and fall of the Douluen family, the great integration of nationalities in the era of drastic social changes, the Chang'an detention of the famous poet and literary scholar Yu Xin, and the ideological changes, literary achievements, calligraphy art, etc. interspersed with them are all endlessly evocative.
Author: Udon
Produced by Shaanlight
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