Huang Zongxi is a famous figure in Chinese history, and regarding his positioning, Luo Zhaoping said in the article "Huang Zongxi and the Collection of Books of The Continuation Of The Tang Dynasty": "Huang Zongxi was a great Enlightenment thinker, an outstanding historian, writer and natural scientist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and also a famous bibliophile. Huang Zongxi's Collection of Books has played a very important role in his completion of more than fifty kinds of academic writings and the selection and compilation of more than a thousand volumes of Song, Yuan, and Ming literature and history materials. Compared with Luo Zhaoping's comments, the title given to Huang Zongxi in the book "Research on the Historiography of Eastern Zhejiang" written by Cai Kejiao and Xia Shihe is more: "Huang Zongxi (1610-1695), an outstanding thinker, philosopher, writer, philologist, educator, geographer, calendarist, arithmetician, bibliophile, scientist, historian of eastern Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty, was the founding father of the historiography of eastern Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty." ”
It can be seen that Huang Zongxi is extremely important in the history of historiography, and regarding the position of Huang Zongxi in the history of historiography, the book "Introduction to the Commentary on Masterpieces of Chinese Historiography" edited by Cang Xiuliang includes an article written by Mr. Cang himself, "The Case of Ming Confucianism", which can be described as Mr. Cang's comprehensive evaluation of Huang Zongxi's position in the history of historiography: "The Case of Ming Confucianism is written by Huang Zongxi, an outstanding Enlightenment thinker and historian in the late period of China's feudal society, and is the earliest and most complete work on the history of academic thought in China's feudal society. It has an important position in the history of Chinese historiography and the history of thought. Although Mr. Cang's words evaluate one of Huang Zongxi's dozens of works, Mr. Cang believes: "The Case of Ming Confucianism is a representative work of Huang Zongxi's historical works. ”
Huang Zongxi compiled the six volumes of the Records of the Dynasty
Huang Zongxi's ability to have such a high achievement in historiography is directly related to his large collection of books, huang Zongxi in order to enrich his own collection of books, can be said to have put a lot of thought, he wrote in his "Tianyi Pavilion Collection" about the main source of his collection: "Yuezhong Library House, Niu Shixi Shixue Lou Qi's works. Yu saw that there were hundreds of novelists in his catalogue, and Shang's "Barnyard Sea" was borrowed from him. At noon, Chongzhen Geng's books were scattered at the beginning, and Yu only got more than ten books from the old books. Xin Wei, Yu in Nanzhong, Wen Jiao's book wants to sell, rushes to inquire, is not subject to the value of odd zero, and two thousand gold must be the seller. When Feng Yixian official Nan Na said, Yu thought that the book returned to Yi Xian Yu also returned to me, and Yi Xian was very happy. And the rest returned without fruit, and later the smell dispersed. In March, Yu visited Qian Muzhai and the museum was downstairs in Daiyun, because he had to turn over his books, and everyone who wanted to see Yu was there. Mu Zhai was about Yu as a reading companion, and after three years of retreat, Yu was overjoyed. Fang wants to fulfill the covenant, and Daiyun is torched and returned to the East Wall! Shexi Zheng Clan Cong Gui Tang, also bibliophile also. Xin Ugly, in the martial forest to pick up Cheng Xuelou, Ma Shitian set several parts, the rest can not be asked. Jiachen, Guan Huanxi, and Li Gaoshi sold more than 2,000 books, roughly all of which were banknotes. Yu persuaded Wu Mengju to accept it. Yu spent three years in Huanxi and read it all over the place. This book solidifies the cold of his hometown. Jiang You Chen Shiye was quite good at collecting books, and he said that he was not very lonely. Yi Mi sent his family, and his son Chen Pengshu came, and after the fire of the war, the only survivor of the book was Xiong Beixuan. Huan Xi Lü and his father, Wu Xingpan's son-in-law, Yan Zhaodu wanted to change the "History of Song", Zeng Furen and Xu Juyuan created it without success, and the History of Song Muro was very rich, and he was firmly at home for more than ten years. About the rest of the time, first of all, the changed calendar to see the picture. Before the father died, this wish was unsuccessful, and I don't know if it is still the same? ”
Such a large passage tells his arduous experience of getting a book from the third year of Ming Chongzhen to the third year of Kangxi. Next, he also told the story of his partnership with Lü Liuliang to buy the books of the Tangshengtang And then befriended him: "The Book of the Qi's Garden, in the chu yu family, did not look at it very much, and Yu borrowed it, but the virtue knew its beginning and end, and took it according to the catalog, and Russia got it immediately." After the chaos, he moved to Hualu Temple, and often scattered in the city. At noon, Yu and Shujia entered the mountain to read for three days and nights. The remaining ten bundles came out, nearly a hundred kinds of scriptures were studied, and there were ten volumes of barnyard officials, and there were no survivors of the Song and Yuan anthologies. On the way, he also stole Wei Xiang's "Collected Sayings of the Book of Rites" and "The Story of the Eastern Capital" for shujia. In the mountains, only the sermons of the industry, the chronicles of the provinces, and the two cabinets are also. ”
Huang Zongxi wrote a volume of "Overseas Weeping"
The end of this story is quite complicated, and whether Lü Liuliang secretly ordered Shu Jia to steal books, relevant researchers have different views. Huang Zongxi's account in the Tianyi Cabinet Secretary is also quite restrained, he did not name Lü Liuliang, but it is enough to show that his resentment against this matter has always been difficult to shake off. However, from one side, it can be shown that some of his collections are also derived from the Tang Sheng Tang. And in this account, fifteen years after Kangxi, Huang Zongxi is still visiting books everywhere:
Bingchen, to Haiyan, Hu Xiaoyuan Kaoso is exquisite, meaning that his family must have a collection of books. Visiting his son Ling Xiu, he was surprised to send out his old feelings, and there were also more than ten kinds of Song and Yuan collections, but all of them were seen. Xiao Yuan's notes cite the Yao Mu'an Collection, and Ling Xiu also said that there were books of his own, which could not be obtained at a time, and the remaining books were many fragments. Wuyi Sun Yuefeng is also known as a book collection and no different books, and later returned to the skin. The chaos of Chou was destroyed by fire. Yu got a fragmentary record of it from his neighbor, a third of his ears.
Huang Zongxi, in the Tibetan secretary written for Tianyi Pavilion, talked about a large number of his personal visits, and his way of writing was certainly not to show off, because he only wanted to show off: "From this point of view, it is the author's creation that is very jealous, and it is not particularly protective, and thus the disaster is so." Therefore, it is said: 'If you hide for a long time and do not disperse, it is difficult to do so.' ’”
From this record, it can be seen that Huang Zongxi made great efforts to collect books. Quan Zuwang said in the "Inscription of Mr. Lizhou Shinto": "After poor years of searching, wandering to the place, traversing the tongqu Committee Lane, searching for the old books." Bo Twilight, a child shouldered back, riding the night Dan lead, the next day came back, the rate is normal. ”
Why did Huang Zongxi make such great efforts to collect classics? He expressed this view in the "Book of Learning with Xu Qian": "The Song and Yuan Jiluo has not yet been completed, but it is only ten days, that is, it should be sent." But those who have not been found out and stayed in the Beijing residence, I don't know when they will be able to see it? The brother intended to divide the various bodies of the chronicle and compile them by class, and then he thought about it and thought that it was impossible. The Chinese characters in the cover collection may not be all good, but only according to one episode, it is stored so that it will not be annihilated. If it is compiled, it will be full of evil literature and tired. And there are a lot of unseen sets, and later see them, and it is difficult to insert, but if one person is an episode of his own, no matter how much, he can choose as he sees, so the name is "Song JiLuo" and "Yuan JiLuo". Sir think so? There are also more than 100 episodes on the brother's shelf, and all of them are out of the banknote to please zhengye. ”
Huang Zongxi wrote the Sixty-two Volumes of the Ming Confucian Studies Case The Preface to the Qing Dao GuangYuan Year Order
It can be seen that Huang Zongxi worked hard to collect and copy books, the purpose of which was to make academic research. However, his collection process was full of hardships, Huang Zongxi lived in the period of social changes in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and Huang Zongxi participated in anti-Qing and restoration activities. Luo Zhaoping wrote in his article: "In May of the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), Qian Sule, a former Ming Dynasty official, first rebelled against the Qing in Ningbo, and all parts of eastern Zhejiang responded. Huang Zongxi and his younger brother Zong Yan led hundreds of local peasants to join the anti-Qing army, known as the 'Shizhongying', and formed the Siming Mountains, active in the eastern coastal area of Zhejiang. He served as the chief of the military department, the superintendent of the imperial history, and the left deputy capital of the imperial history during the reign of the Southern Ming Lu King. Later, the Qing army captured Zhoushan, the Lu government collapsed, and Huang Zongxi had to return to his hometown to hide. ”
Because of this, since the third year of Shunzhi, he has been wanted by the Qing government many times, and he said in his autobiography "Strange Sayings": "Since the northern soldiers went south, the two who bought the surplus of books, the one who captured the famous, the one who guarded the siege, the two or three who plotted against him, the one who was desperate for one day and one night, and the other people who were even infected with the sentry, no age and no age, can be described as the end of the ten dead." Even in this difficult situation, Huang Zongxi still tried to buy books and read books. In the sixteenth year of Qing Shunzhi, Huang Zongxi was already 50 years old, and he composed six poems of "Mountain Residence Miscellaneous Songs", which still wrote that he was still busy writing after cultivating: "Several huts are only calm, half of the books are fast and half of the farmers." The left hand ploughs three or four pieces, and the right hand has a hundred thousand passes. The cattle official circle is a servant, and the medicine stove tea bell sits on the old man. Ten families are self-satisfied, and the economy has not been without merit over the years. ”
After a series of feats of anti-Qing and restoration, in the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, that is, when Huang Zongxi was 50 years old, he wrote a poem in the "Mountain Residence Miscellaneous Songs" that "left his years to work", which showed that he decided to spend his rest of his life in writing valuable academic works. In the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, that is, when Huang Zongxi was 53 years old, he had clearly seen that there was no hope of restoring the country, but he always had the concept that the country could be destroyed and the history could not be destroyed, so from then on he devoted his main energy to writing literary and historical works. Until his death at the age of 86, for a period of 33 years, Huang Zongxi created a series of brilliant achievements in addition to writing and lecturing.
As for the origin of Huang Zongxi's concept of history from literature, this concept should have originated from his father Huang Zunsu, Quan Zuwang, in the "Inscription of Mr. Lizhou's Shinto": "The arrest of Zhongduan Gongzhi is also said to be public: 'Scholars must not fail to inform the history, and can read the "Records of Dedication". 'Gong Sui from the Ming Dynasty Thirteen Dynasties "Records", up to the "Twenty-first History", did not investigate the heart, but returned to the scriptures. ”
Huang Zongxi wrote a volume of "Ming Yi to Be Visited" in the fifth year of the Qing Dynasty, Jinhua Bookstore
When Huang Zunsu was arrested by the castration party, his entrustment to his son Huang Zongxi was to let him work hard in historiography, which shows that Huang Zongxi's concept of striving to write history books was entrusted by his father. In fact, Huang Zongxi has favored classics since he was a child, and he can also study history without his father's advice. Huang Baijia mentioned Huang Zongxi's situation when he was young in the "First Testament to The Sacrifice of Wen Xiaogong Lizhou Fu Junxing Strategy":
The prince of the house reads books, that is, does not trivialize the rules and sentences, so as to spy on the group. In the fourteenth year, he accompanied the king's father in the beijing residence, and the king's father taught himself to make righteousness. After completing his class, Fujun secretly purchased "The Evolution of the Three Kingdoms", "The Legend of the Nations", and the novels of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, hiding the bottom of the tent, and watching it at night. One day, the Queen Mother told the King Father, saying, "It is enough to enlighten his wisdom." "Since then, the king's father has privately looked at the book of the prince of the house, and looked at the place of the house, and the prince of the house did not know. In the twenty-second year, I read the "Twenty-first History" with anger, limited to one book per day, Dan lead and alum, and did not sleep.
It can be seen that Huang Zongxi liked to read all kinds of books at an early age, and he was particularly interested in history books, Huang Zunsu did not stop his son's idle book behavior, he believed that his son could enrich knowledge and develop imagination by reading more books in all aspects. And Huang Zongxi's reading is not just reading the storyline, he has read the twenty-one canonical histories of the huge department day by day. It is precisely this kind of effort that has enabled him to lay a profound foundation in historiography.
Huang Zongxi used his collection to write a large number of works, most notably the famous historical work "The Case of Ming Confucianism". Quan Zuwang first cited this famous work in the "Shinto Inscription": "Gongshou has written sixty-two volumes of the Ming Confucianism Case, and there are three hundred years of Ming Confucianism. It seems that the Ming Confucianism Case can be regarded as the orthodoxy of the academic history of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to this book, Huang Zongxi also wrote a large number of works, and Quan Zuwang's "Shinto Inscriptions" lists the following titles and brief comments:
The six volumes of the "Yixue Elephant Number Theory" (易学象數論) strive to distinguish between the two sides of the Heluo azimuth chart, and spread throughout the families. It is attached to "Yi", which is plausible, as the internal editor; it is obviously contrary to "Yi", and the proposed author is the external editor. In a volume of the "Essay on The Book of Instructions", Yan Zhengjun of Huai'an asked the "Book of Shang" and told him. The Spring and Autumn Eclipse Calendar is a volume that discerns the fallacy of What Pu said. The second volume of the "Law of Lü Xinyi", when the public was young, tasted the yuhang bamboo pipe meat to stop evenly, broke it into twelve laws, and tried it with the four clear voices, because the wide range of speakers also. It is also said that Fengshan has the interpretations of the Analects, the University, and the Zhongyong, and the only "Mencius" is the four volumes of the "Sayings of Mencius". Historians tried to revise the History of the Song Dynasty but did not succeed, and only three volumes of the "Congmu Supplement" remain. The 244-volume Ming Shi Case. There is a volume of "Ganzhou Wreckage", a volume of "Shaowu Controversy", a volume of "Siming Cottage Chronicle", a volume of "Overseas Weeping", a volume of "Japanese Beggars", a volume of "Zhoushan Xingdun", a volume of "Shadingzhou Jichao", and a volume of "Giving Surnames to Ben mo". There is also a volume of "Records of Survival", and the "Surviving Records" of The Correction of Xia Kao gong is also. The calendar is rarely enlightened, and on the island, the ancient pine flowing water, the cloth is calculated. "The art of Pythagorean is the legacy of The Zhou Gongshang Gao, and the posterity lost it, so that the Westerners can steal its transmission." "There is a volume of "Time-Granting Calendar", a volume of "The Great Unified Calendar Deduction Method", a volume of "Time-Granting Calendar If", a volume of "Western Calendar" and "Hijri Calendar If", and there are also books such as "Qi Operation Method", "Pythagorean Diagram Theory", "Kaifang Fortune Telling", and "Measuring the Essential Meaning", a total of several volumes. (The "Xingluo" still has the "Yuanzhu Secret Language", which is actually not composed by the public).) Later, Mei Zhengjun Wending, this "Zhou Jie" calendar, the world was shocked to think that the secret was not passed on, but did not know the truth. The anthology of essays is ten volumes of the Nanlei Wen case, one volume of the Outer Collection, four volumes of the Collection of My Regrets, four volumes of the Collection of Writing Staffs, four volumes of the Shushan Collection, two volumes of zi Liu Zi Xingzhi, four volumes of the Poetry Calendar, and one volume of the Divine String Song in the Zhongduan Ancestral Temple. Later, it was divided into "South Revending", where there were five episodes. In his later years, it was also designated as the "Southern Raven Covenant", which is now combined into forty volumes. Two volumes of the Ming Yi To Be Visited, and one volume of the Book of Retention, the strategy of the king. Mr. Gu of Kunshan sighed when he saw it: "The rule of three generations can be restored!" "The second volume of the "Si Old Record" traces back to the old couple of Shanyang, and there are many historical texts in it. Gong also selected the three-hundred-year-old text of the Ming Dynasty as the "Ming Wen Case", and thereafter, it was widely known as the "Ming Wen Hai", a total of 482 volumes, and said that he was more than a member of the History of the Ten Dynasties and The History of the Ten Dynasties. And li yinjun Zheng Si is the "Ming Poetry Case", the book of the hidden jun, which was not completed. In his later years, in addition to the "Ming Confucian Case", he also compiled the "Song Confucianism Case" and the "Yuan Confucianism Case", and in addition to the "Ming Wen Case", he also compiled the "Continuation of the Song Wenjian" and "Yuan Wen Copy" to make up for the gap between the Lü and Su families, and had not yet been compiled. He also wrote cai zhengfu's book and wrote the "Present Water Classic". The rest of the "Siming Mountain Chronicle", "Tai Tang Ji You", "Kuang Lu Youlu", "Yao Jiang Yi Poem", "Yao Jiang Wenluo", "Yao Jiang Trivia", "Biography of Tang Poets", "Sick Bed Essay", "Huang Clan Genealogy", "Huang Clan Funeral System" and "Self-Written Chronology" books, several volumes.
Huang Zongxi wrote the "Southern Lei Wending" Qing Kangxi engraving, book plate
Writing such a huge number of works on his own is really impressive to Huang Zongxi's exuberant energy and his diligence in writing books. His achievements are, of course, directly related to his collection of books. Quan Zuwang's "Collection of Gong Xi Pavilion" relayed a passage from Zheng Nanxi: "The book of Mr. Tai Chong is not only shown to be hidden in the form of exaggerated objects. Since the Ming Dynasty, scholarship has been very bad, those who talk about life are careless, those who are poor mathematicians are not sophisticated, those who speak elegantly are ridiculed and ugly, and those who attack words are not familiar with ancient and modern times. Mr. Jin's reasonable righteousness, number of images, and famous things are one, and rational learning, temperament, and articles are one, so that scholars know that they can return to consistency in the nine streams and hundreds of families. Therefore, Mr. Shi's collection of books, Mr. Scholar's academic sent also. Trying to experience Mr. Guan's "Study Case", "Scripture", "History Record", "Wen Hai", Suiyang Tang Wenzheng thought that it was like Dayu guiding mountains and waters, with clear veins and good self-criticism. The last learning does not know, the rambling flaws, the so-called grasshopper shakes the big tree also. The ancients recorded the book collectors, but the book is not read as a precept, and the scholar of the language of the gentleman, said, "When the heart is clear with the book, do not lose the mind of the plaything", is the best teaching of the book collection. ”
Zheng Nanxi here clearly states that the purpose of Huang Zongxi's collection of books is not to let others boast about how rich his collection is, but more importantly, he wrote a series of historical works through his own collection of books. It can be seen that the purpose of Huang Zongxi's collection of books is to write corresponding works.
Why did Huang Zongxi go to such great lengths to write so many works? Cang Xiuliang believes: "The social and academic atmosphere since the end of the Ming Dynasty has made Huang Zongxi deeply feel the crisis of historiography, which can also be said to be another important reason for his determination to study historiography. This can be proved by Huang Zongxi's remarks in the "Preface to the History of All Dynasties": "The study of self-examination is flourishing, and the historiography is abolished." In the past, Cai Jing and Cai Bian were in power and wanted to extinguish historiography. That is, the "Zizhi Tongjian" board also discussed and destroyed it, but it could not; there is no prohibition on historiography today, and the reader of history cares about no one, and sighs at the day of talent. ”
Huang Zongxi wrote the "Southern Lei Wending" Qing Kangxi engraving, the beginning of the volume
It can be seen from this that Huang Zongxi regarded historical works very seriously, and at the same time he also lamented that there were very few people who were truly committed to historiography in his time, and this was the main reason why he devoted himself to historiography. At this stage of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, why did historiography decline so much? Quan Zuwang expounded the following in the Shinto Inscriptions:
It is said that the Ming people lectured, copied the dregs of quotations, and did not take the "Six Classics" as the root, and bundled the books and engaged in lobbying, so the recipients must first exhaust the scriptures. The sutra is therefore the study of confucianism, so it is also ordered to read history. It is also said that there is not much reading, there is no change in reason, and there is more without seeking attention, which is a common science.
The Ming dynasty's reading ethos was too impetuous, resulting in many important academic works not being studied and discussed in depth, and Huang Zongxi believed that scripture and historiography were the real basis of reading, otherwise it was folklore. And Huang Zongxi also expounded such a concept in the "Record of the Yongshang Witness Academy":
Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the wind of lecturing has become extremely poor, talking about life, going straight into the Zen obstacles, not looking at the books, and those who are slightly flat are scholars, and they are rootless disciples! He said that the study must be originally in the scriptures, and then it will not be false, it will be proved in the historical records, and then it will be enough to fulfill the task. Yuanyuan ben, can be based on. The previous lecture hall was sick and changed.
In order to change the pompous atmosphere of society, Huang Zongxi adopted the method of teaching to expand the concept of practical learning, and Quan Zuwang talked about the influence of Huang Zongxi's lectures in Ningbo in "Continuing Yong Shangqi Old Poems": "Mr. Huang Zongxi said that his life and teachers and friends are all in Yongshang. And the storm took a breather, and the witness seat was re-raised, although one episode was gathered in Huiji, then in Haichang, and three episodes in Shimen, it was not always the intention of Mr. Shi. Taste: 'All the talents on the Yong, all the bright and handsome men, are enough to send me the fire.' And Wu Yongshang, when it is, the study of history rises, the rain gathers, the lantern continues, and the fallen of the predecessors is also greatly enhanced by the merits of Mr. Left and Right. ”
Through the efforts and advocacy of Huang Zongxi, there have been many scholars of scripture and history in eastern Zhejiang, and the "Annals of Mr. Huang Lizhou" cites some figures who have become famous scholars because of the influence of Huang Zongxi: "Public lectures and learning are all south of the great river, and the notes of the petal incense are like Jiangdong. Corporals such as Chen Kuixian, Wan Chongzong, Chen Tongliang, Qiu Cangzhu, Chen Jiemei's Scriptures, Wang Wensan and Wan Gongxuan's Fame, Zhang Danfu and Dong Wuzhong's Gongxing, Wan Jiye's Historiography, Zheng Hancun's Articles, and their authors. ”
Some of Huang Zongxi's works are very large, such as the Ming Wen Hai he compiled, which amounted to 482 volumes, and for such a large number of works, the "Outline of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries" gave this evaluation: "The Ming Dynasty articles from He and Li Shengzhu, the world phase rate follows the study of plagiarism, and after the arrest of Jialong, its disadvantages are even greater." The meaning of ZongXi is to sweep away the simulation, rely on emptiness, and take affection as the sect. He also wants to make a generation of canonical characters to see the great mortals, so although the game novelist said, it is also an eclectic and eclectic, and it is inevitable that it will be lost. Its search is extremely rich, and the collection of literature read by it is several to more than 2,000... Other scattered and scattered, relying on this to pass on, there are still many, can also be described as a generation of articles of the abyss. The writings of the People of The Illuminati shall be prepared in the best of their ability." ”
It can be seen that Huang Zongxi wrote "Ming Wen Hai" in order not to let some unpopular celebrity works be lost. His practice also has the concept of historical retention.
Huang Zongxi wrote the four-volume Nanlei Wenjun (南雷文隽) a manuscript of Yao Hua in the sixteenth year of the Republic of China
Comparatively speaking, the "Case of Ming Confucianism" is the peak of Huang Zongxi's academic works, Huang Zongxi once said: "The original scripture is poor in its originality, and the history of reference is poor in its commission." It seems that only by clarifying the scriptures and history can we understand the origin of academic history. In response to Huang Zongxi's sentence, Xu Dingbao pointed out in the "Commentary on Huang Zongxi": "'Paying equal attention to the history of the classics' is an important embodiment of Huang Zongxi's historical knowledge. Quan Zuwang also talked about the concept of attaching equal importance to the history of Huang Zongxi in the "Record of the Yongshang Witness Academy": "Sir, he said that the study must be originally in the scriptures, and then it will not be false, it will be proved in the historical books, and then it will be enough to deal with the work, the Yuan Yuanben can be relied upon, and the previous lecture hall has changed. The "Case of Ming Confucianism" is one of the ways in which he practices his ideas in this regard, and for the situation of the book, Cang Xiuliang has the following brief description in his text:
The Case of Ming Confucianism records the development of academic thought in the past three hundred years of the Ming Dynasty, and is the earliest and most complete work on the history of academic thought in China's feudal society. The 62 volumes of the book organize 214 scholars of the Ming Dynasty into various schools in chronological order. Collect anthologies, writings, and quotations of scholars of the Ming Dynasty, analyze sects, and establish a study case19. The order of its compilation is that each case is preceded by a small preface that briefly describes the origin and purpose of the school. This is followed by a short biography of a scholar, which briefly reviews the personal experiences, writings, academic ideas, and academic teachings of each person. These short biographies are generally written in a simple, moving, natural and realistic way, do not carve or imitate, attach importance to content facts, fully reflect the unique demeanor of excellent historians, and adhere to the writer's penmanship.
Why is Huang Zongxi's "Ming Confucianism Case" widely valued in later generations? Cang Xiuliang gave this evaluation in his special article: "Such a comprehensive and organized monograph on the history of academic thought like the "Ming Confucianism Case" is naturally the first in China's feudal society. Huang Zongxi's contribution to the compilation of the Ming Confucian Study Case is not only to leave us a perfect monograph on the history of academic thought, but also to create a new historical body, the study case body. This is the last genre of history book founded by historians of China's feudal society, and it is also an inevitable product of the development of historiography, and it has an important position in the history of the development of Chinese historiography. ”
Calling the "Ming Confucian Case" a new historical style, the study case body, is a major invention of Mr. Cang Xiuliang. After that, this concept was quickly accepted by historians, and Mr. Cang was able to outline the originality of the "Ming Confucianism Case", which shows that he conducted a systematic study of the book, and he summarized the main spirit of the "Ming Confucianism Case" into four aspects:
First, fully embody the academic purpose of each school and scholar. Scholars have their own purposes, and these purposes are "the place where their people are powerful and where they are introduced." "To lecture without purpose is to have a good word, to be confused"; in the same way, a scholar cannot attain his purpose, that is, he cannot read his books, nor can he get his essentials. Therefore, the stipulation is that the compilation of the book must reflect the academic purpose of each person, so as to achieve "separate purposes, such as taking pictures by lamp". Second, all the original materials are compiled from each person's full collection, not to copy the old books of the predecessors, and strive to reveal the spirit and ideological characteristics of their lives through the original materials they have compiled. Third, affirm independent opinions and take the views of all families. Although the whole book divides different study cases according to the teaching system of learning, those who "have a partial view and have the opposite theory" also set up their own study cases, because these people have "different depths and shallowness in their learning, and they must all have their own skills, and those who have done their best to do their best, and then they have become a family, and they have not risked their dross with the spirit of ignorance." Fourth, advocating self-sufficiency is more valuable than creativity, "Whoever leans on the door and the household, follows the gourd, and is not a vulgar person, then the karma of life is also born." Nature has no value and does not take anything. The above four points are not only an explanation of his method of compiling the book, but also a criterion for the selection of the book's content.
The above summary is an analysis of the way Huang Zongxi wrote the book, and on why Huang Zongxi used the study case to write the academic history of the Ming Dynasty, Cang Xiuliang summarized four major benefits in the article:
First, because the same school is placed in the same study case, everyone's academic origins and teacher-inheritance relationship can be fully reflected. Second, the development and changes of academic thought are reflected, and both the relationship between teacher and teacher is known, and the development and changes are understood. Because some schools of thought are often similar and different, and some have the same source, but they have diverged into different ways later. Third, since the main points of each person's work have been excerpted, the academic purpose and ideological characteristics of each person are basically understood. Fourth, it is convenient to study the general trend of academic development and the rise and fall of the academic style of an era, and the establishment of the whole book study plan basically reflects the development characteristics of academic thought of an era, and it is naturally convenient to understand the mainstream and main representative figures of the academic development of an era.