On July 10, 2024, Elon Musk, the founder of Neuralink, conducted a live video broadcast with a number of Neuralink executives to share the latest progress and future development direction of brain-computer interface. Musk said that Neuralink will be able to give humans superpowers and allow people to upgrade themselves like in cybergames, with the ultimate goal of making the human brain highly connected to computers, establishing a symbiotic relationship between human intelligence and digital intelligence, and reducing the risk of AI to human civilization.
On May 16, 2024, Ashley ·Vance, author of "Iron Man of Silicon Valley: Musk's Adventured Life", published an in-depth interview with Noland Arbaugh, Neuralink's first patient, · Bloomberg. Nolan explained for the first time how he could change his life with brain-computer interface technology, which allowed him to control a computer with his mind.
In this issue of long-termism, we select the live broadcast minutes of Musk and Neuralink executives, Ashley · Vance's in-depth interview with Nolan · Albord, the first patient of Neuralink, hard AI, rubble villager, Liuhe Commercial Research and Selection, share with everyone, Enjoy!
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Musk's first live broadcast explained the brain-computer interface in detail: the ultimate goal is to integrate humans with AI and avoid being surpassed by AI
When: July 11, 2024
Source: Hard AI
Word Count: 12,034
On July 10, 2024, Elon Musk, the founder of Neuralink, conducted a live video broadcast with a number of Neuralink executives to share the latest progress and future development direction of brain-computer interface.
Musk said that Neuralink will be able to give humans superpowers and allow people to upgrade themselves like in cybergames, with the ultimate goal of making the human brain highly connected to computers, establishing a symbiotic relationship between human intelligence and digital intelligence, and reducing the risk of AI to human civilization.
Following the successful completion of the first human brain device implantation, Neuralink will welcome its second human implanter. Musk revealed that the company hopes to implant the device into high-single-digit patients in 2024.
Musk has mentioned many times before that Neuralink can help paralyzed patients regain their mobility, and restoring previous functions is only one of the goals, Neuralink wants to give people superpowers, so that people who implant chips have more powerful abilities than normal people.
Neuralink will launch two products, the first is Telepathy, which helps people with neuronal damage regain their physical functions; The second is a brain care device, similar to an Apple Watch with tiny electrodes, which are implanted in the brain to rewrite electrical signals to help people use their brains better.
Musk said that only about 15% of the threads in the implant in the first patient worked, and even then, he still used the BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) to watch videos, read, play chess and play other video games, sometimes up to 70 hours a week.
Looking to the future, Musk believes that Neuralink has a lot of potential, and people's understanding of the brain will be greatly improved, and will really understand what the physical essence of the human mind is: at the moment about 10 bits per second for Neuralink devices, and eventually I think it will be hoped to reach megabits, and even realize the entire brain interface; Years from now, gigabit is also possible, which can be quite staggering.
Musk also answered a series of detailed questions about the device, such as whether the implanted device will be abrupt, how to charge, how long the device lasts, and the question of device upgrading.
Musk said that if you put your hand on the top of the skull, you will not feel any equipment. Even if someone is bald, they won't really notice it. From the internal contours of the skull, from a physical point of view, the brain doesn't really notice that there is a depression in the skull, there is no depression.
In terms of charging, the current version takes about 45 minutes to charge, and a full charge can last for 4~5 hours. The charging device is probably a large coil wrapped in a suit or hat.
In terms of upgrades, devices will be upgraded in the future, just like people don't want the iPhone 1 to stay in their brains forever, people may want the iPhone 15.
Full Stream:
Elon Musk: It won't be long before a person with a neural connection device will communicate faster than a person who is physically functional. The goal is to give people superpowers, and we just wanted to be clear, if only one person had a Neuralink chip in their brain. For those who think we've put a ship in their veins and want to assure you, or what it's worth, you probably won't believe us, we don't have each other in your brain.
Welcome to Neuralink Live. We're going to tell you about the progress of the first implant in the link, and then talk about what changes we've made for the second patient, and we hope to implant the next human in the next week or so.
This is our first product, Telepathy, which allows you to control your computer or phone by thinking.
We'll start with some introductions.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: I'm an electrical engineer and chip designer, and I've led generations of Neuralink design. I am currently a member of the founding team and am currently the president.
Neuralink神经外科医生Matthew:我是Matthew Mcdoul,执业神经外科医生,在Neuralink担任神经外科医生。
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: I am the Head of Brain Interface Applications.
Neuralink executive: I make some software engineering trying to figure out how to turn brain activity into something cool in the world.
Elon Musk: Let's see, we'll start in the demo.
Our first product is similar to Telepathy, which enables people implanted with Neuralink to be able to control their phone or computer by thinking.
Once you can control your phone and computer, you can control almost anything, just by thinking. There's no eye tracking or anything, it's purely a personal idea of the user.
This is a very far-reaching device that can help a lot of people who have lost the connection between their brain and their body. Imagine someone like Steven · Hawking, who could help millions of people around the world if he could communicate at the same speed as someone connected to their brain-body.
This is part of our overall goal of achieving a very high level of connectivity between the user's brain and the rest of the world and the user's computer. The ultimate goal is to reduce the civilizational risk of AI by establishing a closer symbiotic relationship between human and digital intelligence. It will take many years, and we will help with many brain injuries or spinal injuries.
For our first product, Telepathy, this is again very profound. It is also possible to bridge the gap in the long term if there is damage or several neurons that are able to cross the gap between the motor cortex of the brain and the spine to enable someone to use the body. Again I think it's going to be very exciting, and in the long run, it's possible.
After our second product, we have demonstrated that working with monkeys is a blind spot, which will make a person completely blind, plus two eyes or completely lose their nerves in the subject. It's a, it's something we want to show in the future. It's just to give you an idea of what this device is, a way of thinking about a care device, kind of like a Fitbit, or an Apple Watch with tiny wires or electrodes.
These tiny wires are implanted in the brain, and they rewrite electrical signals. A lot of people think that the brain is a very mysterious thing, and it is mysterious in many ways, and it is. It does run on something like electrical signals, and if you can read and write those electrical signals, you can connect with the brain, and these devices are the same size as the removed skull block, it's like a skull that's a few centimeters in diameter that has been removed.
After implanting the tiny wires of the surgical robot, we replace it with a device, which makes the neurons completely wireless with the ability to rewrite. It's completely wireless, like I can now be happy to have a neural link that will inductively charge. You can have an electromagnetic device and use it to charge the device, it's like an Apple Watch.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: In addition to the fact that this is a more difficult technical challenge to solve, there are limits to how much brain tissue can be considered.
Elon Musk: In our case, it will also go through scans and other checks. Charging with bandwidth communication is a bigger challenge, and it takes something inherent through the skin.
Elon Musk: The first step in our telepathy is to unlock digital independence for people with policies, so that they can control their computers with their minds and not move their bodies. Our goal is to provide them with the same level of control, functionality, and reliability as I do with my computer, or even better than the level of control I have.
Head of Brain Interface Applications, Neuralink: Not a high standard for you. Nolan uses his brain to control this, unlike his hands that you don't see in this video, Nolan doesn't use a mouse and keyboard and doesn't think about how to move the cursor.
Elon Musk: Right? There is no eye tracking.
Musk: Just thinking, that's interesting.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: A few days later, the cursor moved here, and I think the way Nolan described it was the same.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: Nolan has more videos on the platform, be sure to check them out. Nolan can do this and is a person who is able to speak and move his head in real time.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: If you join this stream, you can ask Nolan a question and he'll tell you what it's like.
Head of Brain Interface Applications at Neuralink: I don't think I've played Civilization, I don't think it's an easy mode, it's the experts.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: The point is that when you're on the air, it's a tough task, playing the hardest mode, and Nolan is able to do that while on the move.
Neuralink President DJ SEO: Also talk, interact with the audience.
Head of Brain Interface Applications, Neuralink: Another game Nolan likes to play is chess, and I think sometimes he's playing speed games, which is confusing.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: You need high-fidelity control, and speed control, to win.
Another cool thing about our device is that we can use it anytime and anywhere, on the plane, while in-flight while trading very cool cash means. Our device can unlock things that were previously unavailable to the participant, such as the fact that we were able to connect him to the console and play Mario Kart with friends, family, and it was great to see them play together after many years.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: Nolan likes to use the device to play, and uses the browser independently every day to watch videos, read, and play games.
The key metric we care about is making sure that our equipment is really useful, the number of hours we use it every day and every week.
We followed up once a week after the surgery, and in the weeks when Nolan wasn't too busy and didn't travel, we could even complete 70 hours of device fusion in a week, which was amazing.
Nolan would certainly love to use it more, but would need to run some sessions. Nolan needs to sleep sometimes, and of course he needs to charge his devices occasionally, and hopefully we can improve that over time.
Neuralink executive: I don't think it's obvious to anyone watching this, like Nolan is controlling a regular MacBook. It's not like something limited, efficient, with very few options. Just like you can do anything on your MacBook Pro, it's exactly the same.
Neuralink executive: Another interesting point is that on the first day, Nolan used BCI, a brain-computer interface device, and then took control.
By using his brain alone, he was able to break the previous cursor-controlled word record. Recently Nolan even doubled it to about 10% more than our engineers' neural links.
You can be sure we were very good in this game and very fast. If you want to see how well you can do it, you can do it on our site, which is very addictive gameplay.
Musk: It's a very simple game, you just have to click on the squares. Even if it sounds silly, it can be quite addictive. Especially if you get a low score and you don't want to take your time, anyone who wants to try this, I recommend going to Neuralink. See if you can break the Nolan-1 Implant record, you'll find it hard to do.
Musk: This is the first version of the device, and only a small part of the electrodes are working. It's really just the beginning, and even if it did, it was twice as good as the world record, and that needs to be emphasized.
The media has a habit of saying that the cup is 10% empty, but it is 90% full. I think Neuralink has achieved quite a bit, the first patient, the first device, twice the world record for bandwidth for computers in all ranges. It's really an amazing, amazingly great result that's only going to get better from now on.
The potential is to eventually reach the megabit level, which may be a long-term goal to improve the bandwidth of brain-computer interfaces. If you think of the human brain as a biological computer, the communication bandwidth between the brain and external devices is very low, usually only 1 bit per second. There are 86,400 seconds in a day, which means that you can input fewer bits to any one device every day. This is very important for AI, and for humans, symbiotic AI is the ability to communicate quickly.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: Again, these are at this very high level, and about 15% of his channels are threaded validly, and we want to mitigate the issues that cause this.
The brain is a fascinating organ that shares with the user some secrets about the brain in any typical brain surgery, with a small amount of air being introduced into the skull.
It's a neurosurgeon who likes to have as much space around the brain as possible, and there's a little-known control mechanism that allows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood to rise slightly, which allows the brain to expand or contract depending on where the user can locate the carbon dioxide.
Usually, neurosurgeons shrink the brain by lowering carbon dioxide. In future surgeries, what we need to do is keep the carbon dioxide concentration fairly normal, maybe even slightly elevated, which will keep the brain in normal size and shape during the surgery.
This should eliminate the air sacs we saw on the first participant. We think that when the bubble migrates underneath the implant, that air pocket may cause some threads to relax, pushing the brain away from the implant, which is easy to fix.
Musk: The other consideration that we want to focus on is that the brain has very complex folds and folds for our upcoming participants. It's layers of neuronal worksheets that spread across the surface of the brain, folding into this strange shape.
Brain folds go deep into the brain, and with them are neurons. If we insert near one of these folds, there may be very useful information encoded in the neurons, and we may end up running parallel to some of the neuronal layers that we are most interested in, avoiding them altogether.
To avoid this possibility, we will insert in the future participants, closer to the middle of the fold, ensuring that we cross the layer of interest, the 5th cortex.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: I think the tiny wires that Musk mentioned are important, they're just a small part of a human hair-like strand. They're very flexible, the brain is constantly moving, and you want the electrodes to move with the bricks, resulting in fewer nicks.
Human neurosurgeons, no matter how talented Matthew is, can't manipulate them, right?
We have built a surgical robot that can precisely target any three-dimensional space X, Y, Z with micron-level accuracy, while avoiding certain sites so that it does not interfere and cause an immune response to occur. We have the technology to be able to place them exactly where we want them.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: Seeing the surface of the brain is really a remarkable achievement after the robot inserts all the electrodes into the first participant without seeing a drop of blood.
I'm sorry. What I probably, most people don't realize is that the brain seems to be a little undifferentiated. If you look at the cortex, it looks like a whole bunch of folds, yes. Just looking at a picture of the brain is not obvious, the brain is highly differentiated, and you can almost know exactly where the part of the brain that controls the right hand, the left hand, the leg and that thing or the vision, and it's very precisely positioned.
Some people may think, look, the brain is like, it could be anywhere. Our brain is highly differentiated, even if it doesn't look like it.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: We can put a patient who is thinking about having this implant into a functional MRI machine and ask them to imagine hand movements that don't happen because of a spinal cord injury, but just visualizing these hand movements causes these brain regions to glow in the MRI machine.
We have a good idea, based on each participant, which part of their brain will respond to the imaginative actions of the hand. We can map these imaginary actions to the cursor on the control screen, just as we do when we move the mouse.
Musk: Anyway, I think it's an important point that the part of your brain that controls the hand, is not possible anywhere in the cortex, and this happens in a very specific area and is very prevalent in the population.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: Precision is key. Left-handed, right-handed is the same in my mind, like if you're right-handed, you want the device to be left-handed, just like the latter.
Head of Brain Interface Applications, Neuralink: Another risk mitigation measure that we're looking at in the future. The implant has a certain size, the depth of the implant base, and it is thinner than the average human skull. What we want to do is control the size of the space under the implant so that the threads that go from the implant into the brain are as loose as possible. We did not do this in the first participant, we do not want to manipulate them in any organization, we absolutely do not have to.
Head of Brain Interface Applications, Neuralink: In the upcoming implants, our plan is to be very intentional in sculpting the surface of the skull to minimize the gap under the implant so that the base of the implant is perfectly flush with the normal contour of the inside of the skull. This will bring the implant closer to the brain, removing some of the tension on the void, which we think will reduce the tendency of the thread to shrink.
Musk: We've built a tool, and it's a very important detail, you really want the internal contours or the skull to be flat. It's really important that the brain doesn't want to frown in the cracks. This is like minimizing the conflict between the airbag and the implant and the internal contours of the skull, which are two of our most important improvements.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: The added bonus here is that you do see some traces, which we call cutouts. There will be slight discomfort in your head, but this further eliminates it.
Elon Musk: Our goal is that if you put your hand on top of the skull, you won't feel any equipment. Even if someone is bald, they won't really notice it. From the internal contour of the skull, from a physical point of view, the brain doesn't really notice that there is a depression in the skull, there is no depression.
Matthew, Neuralink Neurosurgeon: The other aspect of the human brain, which is significantly different from any of the animals we've tested, is that the human brain is much larger.
What you may not realize is that this means that the human brain moves much more than any other creature with a smaller brain. When we open the skull, we see that when the heartbeat and breathing occur, the brain is about 3 millimeters in and out of the robot in total.
This movement, it adds a small challenge to the robot in precisely choosing the depth to insert into each thread. It's not a huge challenge, and we've upgraded the robot's capabilities to aim deeper more precisely, even with very fast-moving brains with a lot of movement.
Neuralink Head of Brain Interface Applications: You might think that the most obvious relief for threads pulled out of the brain is to insert them deeper into the region, and we think so we will expand the range of depths that can be inserted into the thread.
For the first participant, we have a large amount of animal study data. We highly optimize the insertion depth to maximize the layer of interest in the cortex, the crossing with our recording electrode.
Now that we know that retraction is possible, we will insert at different depths, and even in several cases with different numbers of retracted threads, we will set the electrodes at the appropriate depth, and with the deepest threads, to be able to track how much retraction has occurred on the surface of the brain for each thread. We'll have more threads in the right tier, and better data on how much impact the retraction has.
Matthew, Neuralink Neurosurgeon: If you're a BCI, you probably know that being able to control the individual depth of each thread isn't what most neural interface devices offer.
Most neural interface devices, it's a static, fixed, rigid array, and you push it in, and all the electrodes are in depth, and being able to do that, is a very novel part of the robot.
Musk: It looks crazy, just with a pneumatic camera, it sounds a bit barbaric.
It's not something we do, it's something that's been done before, especially using the brain to hammer nails that look better and even really work. Surprisingly, it works well.
The Deep Brain simulation stuff really works, it helps people align, and that's a great product. I think we can do a more granular version in the future, like a neural connectivity device, that can really absolutely reduce the damage to the brain, definitely reduce the burden on the patient, with the goal of getting someone to live a completely normal life.
You won't even notice that someone even owns the device. Like I said, regain control of your computer vs. phone, that's what we're aiming for.
The next device is the ability to see things that you couldn't see before, you can let people see things like the Dorado Forge from Star Trek, infrared, infrared, ultraviolet radar.
I think the other way to say that we want to give people superpowers, that we not only restore your previous brain function, but that you have a bigger function than a normal person, and that's a super big thing.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: I also think that the question we get asked a lot is, why do you have to really get into the brain? If you put it on the surface or outside the school, long story short, how does it work, you really need to have the sensors, these sensors facing the source in the brain, which neuron, as close to it as possible, otherwise you can't get to the level of control that we think it is.
Musk: A good analogy would be something like this, if you want to understand what's going on in the factory, you need to walk into the factory. You can't just put a stethoscope on the wall and try to figure out what's going on. Trying to read things from the outside, like a person putting a stethoscope on a factory wall and trying to understand what is happening in the factory, is not effective. You have to be in it, the thread has to be in it.
Again, I want to emphasize that the goal is to empower people with superpowers, not just to restore previous functions. I think this should give a lot of people in the world hope that the future is going to be exciting and inspiring, and that technology is going to give them superpowers, and that's amazing.
Matthew, Neuralink Neurosurgeon: One of the really exciting parts of this story is that we're able to do a lot of things with 15% of the threads and you have more channels at the same time. This provides you with more than just faster mouse control, in the motor cortex, neurons don't represent the same thing.
If you're trying to understand what a finger is trying to do, you may or may not have electronic text. The more channels you have in your brain, the more representational or decodeable all the fingers on your hand will be.
This is very important if you want to output text quickly, which is very important for people who are completely locked up, who can't speak at all, who are trying to say I love you to a loved one in the family, or asking for a glass of water or whatever, to be able to type faster, which is very important. The more fingers you can reach, the more likely it is to do this effectively, and I'm very excited about how high the ceiling we can reach.
Musk: We're about 10 bits per second at the moment, and eventually we want to get to megabits, and I think eventually the whole brain interface can be realized, and in a few years I think gigabit is possible, which is pretty amazing.
Now, this is still about version 1 of the device, which is only 15% threaded working. The current device has 64 threads with 16 electrodes on each thread. Our next device has 128 threads, each with 8 electrodes. As we become more confident about how and where to place the electrodes, the threads, we need fewer electrodes per thread. We can, with no substantial changes, potentially double the bandwidth if we place the threads accurately.
The next generation of devices will likely have more threads, with a target of 3,000 electrodes. It's going to get better and better, I think it's going up by a factor of 10. It won't be long before a person with a Neuralink device can communicate faster than someone with a fully functional body, faster than the fastest typist or auctioneer.
Neuralink executive: That's probably a very interesting part of that, we're currently connecting standard input to a computer with a keyboard. Soon we will have a higher bandwidth interface, and we need to think of new ways to actually build the interface.
Elon Musk: That's a good point.
At the moment, the import devices are hand-centric, and we have these mobile devices, such as mice and keyboards, as well as Xbox controllers.
But you don't need these traditional control mechanisms anymore, you don't need these controllers if you don't want to use your hands, and eventually I think, you're going to be able to communicate the whole uncompressed concept to other people through neural links.
Neuralink Executive: Even today, we still have some questions, like, if you don't feel the mouse clicking under your finger, how do you know it's actually happened? You see it on the screen, but you're not playing. And you also don't have proper individual feedback, keys or trackpads on your fingertips. There are all sorts of interesting UX challenges that give users a real sense of what their decoder is doing and what early bugs are doing.
Neuralink Neurosurgeon Matthew: It's Bluetooth, just a Bluetooth connection, just like your regular Apple mouse or Apple Magic Keyboard connected to your computer, exactly the same thing.
We can expose it as a hidden interface if we want. Hid is just a name for a protocol that is used to send the operation of the mouse to the computer, and I can type anything.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: I think we chose that interface because it's ubiquitous and any device has Bluetooth capabilities. Our long-term goal is to have our own protocol, safe and secure. Now, you know that choosing it is for interoperability.
Neuralink Neurosurgeon Matthew: The question is, can Neuralink treat paralysis in the long term? We can't do that now. We have done preliminary work to implant a second neural link in the spinal cord where we can restore the natural appearance with leg movement in an animal model.
But it's nothing, don't hold your breath and wait for it, it's going to take a while. We have a lot of work to do, and theoretically we can't fix the paralysis without a reason.
Musk: Completely solve the problem of paralysis, there are no physical barriers. It's a way of saying that your motor cortex sends signals that if they are transferred to a nerve damaged area, it's a communication bridge.
Users can bridge the communication of the motor cortex to the point of injury in the neck or spine, and from a physical point of view, it is possible to restore the function of the whole body. This is a very difficult technical problem, and from a physical point of view, it does not prevent it from happening.
In terms of the next phase of rollout, we really want to make sure that we make as much progress as possible between each neural link, between one patient. It is only now that we have moved on to our second God patient.
We hope that if all goes well, 2024 will be in the high single digits. It's partly dependent on regulatory approvals, with the technological advances we've made, but hopefully in a few years there will be thousands.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: I think one thing to emphasize is that we didn't just make one device with one surgery, we did a series of surgeries.
We build thousands of devices, even if it's just for the ability to mine any low-frequency failure modes. We've invested a lot in infrastructure to be able to scale in terms of device manufacturing, as well as in surgery.
We want to be able to help as many people as possible as quickly as possible, through the appropriate obstacles, which are regulatory challenges.
Elon Musk: Device implantation, it really needs to become almost completely automated, like LASIK eye surgery (excimer laser in situ keratecismization, which uses a laser to change the shape of the cornea to improve vision), without an ophthalmologist holding a laser cutter in hand. That's crazy, the Alpha model (the advanced automation system used in surgery to ensure the accuracy and safety of the surgery) just supervises the basic machine, makes sure the settings are correct, and then the machine does everything and restores your vision. There are a lot of people who have regained their sight through LASIK, which is really remarkable.
I guess there's also a surgery called smile, and they keep making it better. We need something like nerve implants so you can sit down and do any upgrades or brain repairs that are needed, which are reviewed by medical experts.
We obviously want to make sure that the review is correct, and it really needs to be automated. You sit down, and within 10 minutes you'll have a neural device installed, very quickly. It's very much like a cyberpunk experience, like the action RPG Deus Ex.
Neuralink executive: It's a good question that we're starting to interact with other devices like wheelchairs. We currently focus on electronic computers and unlocking independence in the virtual world. Our plan is that, as we mentioned earlier, robotic arms with wheelchairs unlock independence in the physical world. Of course, if you build a computer, there are additional risks, but we are working with the FDA to request it.
Musk: If the wheelchair has an app, the wheelchair only needs to have an interface. If the wheelchair has a wheelchair interface, you can connect to the wheelchair via a Bluetooth interface, which is probably something we should do soon.
We can limit the speed so that we don't create a real disaster. Take your time at the beginning, to be able to really sort it, and a neural device should generally work with anything that has a Bluetooth interface.
We can also talk to the Tesla Optimus Prime humanoid robot, which you can send directly, or if someone loses the ability to speak, they can still communicate with Optimus. They can telepathize with Optimus via Bluetooth, and even if someone loses their ability to speak completely, they can still control Optimus or their computer or phone.
Something like eating, it's hard to eat with friends if someone needs to feed you, it's a normal social experience. If you can feed yourself, pick up a fork, and eat pizza, chicken on your own, that's a big deal. It prevents and saves a lot of interaction with caregivers and other people who depend on caregivers in their lives.
I think in the long run, an exciting possibility is that if you combine the Optimus Prime humanoid robot, part of it with neural links, let's say somebody loses an arm or a leg, we can connect an Optimus arm, an Optimus leg, and do a neural link implant, so that the movement commands from the user's brain, will go to the user's biological arm, and now to the user's robotic arm or robotic leg. Once again, you have cybernetic superpowers.
Neuralink Executive: The latency from the nerve link to your hand may be slightly faster than it is now. You can imagine that if you're a virtuoso pianist or any profession that requires extremely fast hand movements, you might have a rather unbalanced right-handed robotic arm control versus left-handed physical arm control, which is one of the features.
Elon Musk: Like the future cyberpunk game says, you're going to have better cyber upgrades than your creatures. When we scale to a large number of clients or patients for neural linking, understanding of the brain will be greatly improved.
Today we don't have a very fine-grained understanding of the brain, it's just that the sensors aren't good enough. fMRI is pretty good, but it's still not as good as actually having high-bandwidth electrophoresis in the brain.
Matthew, Neuralink Neurosurgeon: I think this is underrated as a research tool that can drive the whole effort to really understand what the physical essence of the human mind is, and we haven't reached the level of understanding that we need yet, and Neuralink is a very powerful research tool.
Musk: I think we can finally understand and fix quite serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia.
Neuralink神经外科医生Matthew:就像他们呼吸中有芯片的错觉一样。
Elon Musk: yes, I just wanted to be clear, there's only one person who has a Neuralink chip in their brain at the moment.
To those who think we've put chips in their brains, I want to assure you that we didn't.
If in the future you want us to implant a chip in your brain, which might help solve the problem you thought you had in your brain, we can do it.
Musk: Some people have severe schizophrenia, and their brains malfunction to some extent. This is due to physical circuit problems, you can think of the brain as a biological computer, if some circuits are crossed, it will crash, or there will be other problems.
With neural devices, we can solve these problems and help people with brain disorders or mental illnesses to live a normal life, and I think that's one of those things that could happen in the future.
As you can imagine, for example, some people have Alzheimer's disease, they don't remember as well as they used to, and sometimes they forget who they are, who their grandchildren are, or what the date is, and that's something that Neuralink can help with.
Neuralink President DJ SEO: It's for personal reasons, like you're losing a part of your identity.
Musk: It's just a glitch in a biological computer that can be fixed, but it's essentially a short circuit.
Neuralink Executives: About how the device is charged and how long does the charging last? In the current version, it takes about 45 minutes to charge, and it can last 4~5 hours when fully charged.
What we learned from Nolan, the first implanter, is that this is one of the main limitations of his more use of it, and it is quite difficult to use the product for more than 70 hours a week.
For example, we were confused about 8 hours of sleep per night, which is more than the time we spent using the bed, 56 hours, 70 hours per week.
Elon Musk: It's worth emphasizing that, for example, our first implanter, Nolan, used the device for 70 hours in a week.
Neuralink Executive: You probably won't like me to share his computer usage openly, but I'm sure it's only for productive things.
One thing we learned is that in the next version of the device, we need to double or increase the battery capacity. Charging time doubles battery life, meaning you should be able to use it for about 8 hours.
Neuralink President DJ SEO: The goal of charging devices, is to actually use everything they use, you can charge it in your sleeve, or you can charge it while you sleep.
Musk: Exactly, once you've used it for 16 hours, you have 24 hours of use, and it can be charged while you sleep.
Executive: One more important thing, and I think it's important to point out here, is that if you're paralyzed, you can't put the charger on your head. It is important to consider like, not only is it better to use the duration, but also can you charge independently? We spent a lot of time thinking about how to make it feasible to be able to charge with the device without needing anyone to help you.
Neuralink President DJ SEO: It's just that there's a bigger coil charge, you know, so big. We put it in the sleeve of the package, or the knitted cap, and then he puts it on, saying with voice commands.
Elon Musk: Regarding the hard writing work, the equipment that Nolan currently has, is reading his worst moves.
It is also pointed out that in the future, we have developed a second implant that can be used with the other hand and with greater precision.
You can play games that are electrical impulses, not emitting electrical impulses like reading the electrical impulses of neurons, which is essential for vision.
Vision and writing are just the transactions and electrical impulses of the visual part of the brain.
We also have this on monkeys, and we've been working with monkeys for a while to flash a pixel and watch the monkey react and the monkey's eyes will fly to that location.
You just need to verify that the right side of the brain has better trigger pixels, and the initial resolution of the vision will be relatively low, kind of like the Atari graphics type thing, and over time, it has the potential to be better than normal vision.
Neuralink President DJ SEO: I'm guessing some additional apps that might be useful to write to the brain, like order apps, with feedback, with a proper set of feedback, with a prompt feedback.
Especially on the robotic arm, if you want to grip, you need to know about it.
It's a very delicate balance to not only initiate the movement, but also to get feedback and control it accordingly. There is a neurosensory cortex near which movement can take place.
Musk: Any changes in nerve growth after plugging in the device, we haven't seen any signs of nerve damage, I think we've seen some bounce on the electrodes, right?
Matthew, Neuralink Neurosurgeon: When you're about 25 years old, there's less plasticity in the brain as a whole. Each insertion does a little bit of damage, but it's just a tiny fraction compared to anything else, which is an amount of damage that can be easily recovered.
It can only be detected after the animals are no longer alive and they are observed under the microscope, and you can't really tell if there is any damage in your life.
Executive: Another way to explain this, any change in nerve growth after plugging in the device, like the user learning how to use the device, I think there's been tremendous progress in that.
Nolan has spent hundreds of hours trying to figure out the best way to use this device, and he really thinks that if he can figure it out, he can help share that knowledge.
He started a meeting at 8 p.m. on Friday night to figure out how to take his performance to the next level. It's really a unique learning process, not many people in the world have ever had the experience of moving something, and he really turned that into one.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: He's just talking about the last six months of work, right? In many ways. Like, he used it on travel and planes, and the BCI left a lot behind.
Musk: One of the questions is, how close we are to the translation of ideas into words. Now it's more about transferring ideas from the screen to the virtual keyboard. In the long run, you should be able to transfer the entire idea faster than anyone else.
Neuralink Neurosurgeon Matthew: Is the brain trying to naturally reject these devices? This is a common feature of any implant in the body, trying to reject it. The surgeon on and the technical team aim to combat it, and through artificial hip and screw screws on the spine, we have found biocompatible materials and technologies that can hold these implants in the body.
It's hard to find someone who doesn't have an implant and has some kind of screw on their spine. We've worked around this pretty well, the body is trying to get rid of any implants, but we can be sure.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: It's worth emphasizing that these leads haven't moved in the last 5 months. Some may be pushed out, some will be pushed out, and it will be more or less very stable.
Once you've had brain surgery, it takes some time for the tissue to get in and our tissue or needle to actually get in and hold the thread in place. Once that happens, everyone is stable and sees a lot of changes.
Elon Musk: The thread is very small and important. If they are very small, the less likely it is that the brain will react to them. That's why we want the threads to be very small while minimizing any damage to neurons.
It's quite challenging, you have to try to read and write electrical signals, and the thread itself needs to be electrically isolated and not affected by physical corrosion. It is very difficult to actually make this electrode work without eroding its properties over time.
DJ SEO, President of Neuralink: The human environment is very harsh, like a bag of seawater. That's a well-regulated high temperature, and the sensor is prone to corrosion. I believe people have had the experience of throwing their electronic devices into the sea in an instant.
Elon Musk: In terms of upgrades, we do think it's important to be able to upgrade equipment. You don't want the iPhone 1 to stay in your brain forever and probably want the iPhone 15, not the iPhone 1.
We're going to take out the neural linking device and put in the new one, we've done this experiment on some animals, and in one case we did 3 upgrades to one device and one pig.
We did our best to care for the animals, and when we had a United States Department of Agriculture inspector come over, she said it was the best animal facility she'd ever seen in her life.
Neuralink Executive: Breakfast on the app.
Musk: There are also monkeys who ordered room service. Monkey room service, which is a rarity. We are the only ones who provide a monkey room servant and we really do everything we can to maximise animal welfare.
Neuralink's first patient: It opened my mind
Author: Silicon Valley Iron Man: Musk's Adventurous Life Author Ashley · Vance
When: May 18, 2024
Source: Rubble Villager
Word Count: 6,178
On May 16, 2024, Ashley ·Vance, author of "Iron Man of Silicon Valley: Musk's Adventured Life", published an in-depth interview with Noland Arbaugh, Neuralink's first patient, · Bloomberg. Nolan explained for the first time how he could change his life with brain-computer interface technology, which allowed him to control a computer with his mind.
Musk recommended this article, commenting: Interview with Nolan · Albo, the first person in the world to implant Neuralink, who can control a computer or mobile phone telepathically just by thinking. In the long run, I think we can connect the severed nerve signals to a second Neuralink in the spine and thus restore control of the whole body.
Nolan said that it is still unclear what happened, how his life took such a huge and extraordinary turn, how he became Nolan, a famous cyborg, and many key details are not known to him.
In mid-2016, Nolan spent his first day off as a sports counselor at Camp Strauka Island Lake in Pennsylvania. Nolan was a student at Texas A&M University at the time, and he had spent the previous two summers working at the children's camp. He was familiar with the people and its surroundings, including a nearby man-made lake. It was a day like many days before him, and he planned to play at the lake with a group of friends.
When Nolan and his companions arrived, there were already people in the water. After a few conversations with friends on the shore, Nolan and a few others rushed into the water to join the others. The original plan was to rush into the lake and push some girls who were playing in the water into the water. Nolan said, "We jumped into the water together, like we were jumping into the sea, and the two guys got up from the water and went over to grab the girls, but I never came up again."
When Nolan jumped into the water, he didn't know what it was, or who it was, and he still doesn't know what it was, hit him on the left side of the head, leaving him unconscious for a moment. When he woke up, he found himself lying face down in the water. He wanted to move, but he couldn't, and an inexplicable calm enveloped him. Nolan immediately understood that he was paralyzed and that there was nothing he could do about it.
He held his breath and thought about his predicament, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, there seemed to be no one around, he couldn't hold on any longer. He said, "I took a big sip of water and passed out."
Two counselors spot Nolan and pull him up from the lake. He woke up on the shore and fainted again. The next time he woke up, he was already lying in an ambulance, and a paramedic loudly speculated that Nolan was paralyzed from the neck down and said he would soon be transferred to a helicopter to take him to the hospital. Then, he fainted again.
When the hospital woke up, Nolan was preparing for surgery to treat a dislocated spinal spine that would soon be confirmed. He was groggy and still unintimidated. Before the anesthesia began, he asked the nurse to call his mother, Mia · Neely, after the operation. He believes that instead of worrying the mother during the operation, it is better to have the doctor inform her of the specific news of whether her son is dead or alive.
The lakeside accident turned the 22-year-old's life upside down. He had to learn how to move around in an electric wheelchair, exhaling and inhaling at a tube with different forces to move the wheelchair in different directions. He had to learn how to poke an iPad with a cockpit stick and use a computer. He spends a lot of time with his family dealing with hospitals, insurance agencies, and paramedics.
In January 2024, as part of a clinical trial, Nolan became the first person to accept Musk's Neuralink to manufacture a brain implant device. This device, which will not help Nolan move again, will hopefully help him overcome some of his physical limitations, allowing him to control his laptop just by thinking about commands. He has been constantly wandering around online, using implants to communicate with friends instead of tapping on an iPad.
There have been others implanted with similar devices, with Nolan being the most public recipient, in part because Musk's every move has been in the spotlight.
This article is the first time Nolan has shared his story, and he is not happy about being paralyzed, but he says that there is a reason for all this, and that it is God's arrangement for him to dedicate his body to science in this way.
Nolan, 30, lives in Yuma, Arizona, with his mother, stepfather, David · Neely, and his half-brother Tavita. They have a simple self-built house next to a dirt road in a community surrounded by desert and bush. There is a chicken coop at the back of the house with chickens, roosters, quails, turkeys, and a large pen with a few Nigerian dwarf goats.
As a child, Nolan enjoyed sports and also participated in the school band and chess team. He had a close group of friends who found going to school so easy that he often skipped classes and went back just to take exams, and he usually got good grades.
He then went to Texas A&M University to study political science and international studies while attending the militarized leadership development program offered by the school.
After a few years, Nolan began to skip classes frequently, spending most of his time bartending and hanging out with friends. He said: I eventually want to travel, to be a nomadic gypsy and do nothing.
These plans were all wiped out because of this accident. But Nolan was an easy-going, intelligent young man who spoke in a light-hearted and cheerful tone, factual and patiently about his injuries and experiences, which he must have learned from his time in Texas.
He has a mustache and small earrings on both ears. Every now and then, Nolan would have a spasm and he would ask the 23-year-old Tavita to help him stretch after his arms or legs twisted into a strange position, an activity that the two of them had done many times.
Nolan still had friends and family after the accident, but he spent several years trying to find his place in the world. Sometimes he feels helpless, as if he is a burden. He applied for a job, but he poked the iPad with his mouth and couldn't meet the typing speed requirement. He said that I had a hard time doing a lot of things, and I tried other methods, but I couldn't do it.
He had considered finishing college, but his student loans had not been paid off and he was unable to get his transcripts from school. "I was convinced that as long as my parents could support me, I would live with them, and then, at some point, I would be sent to a nursing home," Nolan said. There's nothing I can do about it.
In September 2023, he received a call from his military school roommate, Greg · Bain. Bain understands that Neuralink is looking for its first patient to try out a brain implant. Nolan had never heard of Neuralink, and Bane introduced him to the basic concepts. This brain-computer interface implant has the potential to allow paralyzed patients to interact with a computer using only their minds. I was like, "This sounds cool," Nolan said.
United States public perception of implanting computer chips in the brain, four issues: increasing the mobility of paralyzed people; treatment of age-related mental decline; Instead of speaking, turn ideas into words on the screen; Just think about it, you can think online. Green stands for support; Gray represents uncertainty or unanswered; Red represents opposition
Bane helped Nolan fill out an online questionnaire about the nature of his injuries, how much mobility he still had, whether he smoked, drank or took drugs, and whether he had other medical conditions.
Nolan has never been a heavy drinker or smoker, and about 2 years ago, he completely quit these two mild habits as part of his self-improvement plan, which includes learning math, science, languages, and listening to a lot of audiobooks.
He said: I decided, I wanted to start doing something for my life, and it made me feel very fulfilled.
Neuralink contacted Nolan the next day and soon began a phone interview. A few weeks later, the company asked him to go to the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix Barrow for an in-person test, which included measuring the thickness of his skull and the amount of space between his brain and his skull.
Nolan, who was already a veteran of dealing with medical bureaucracy and procrastination, was pleased to see that an entire building had been emptied in order to keep his arrival a secret.
The test was done quickly by a team of doctors and nurses, who focused on him alone. Before a final decision was made, some at the hospital began to hint at Nolan that he was the leading candidate.
"It's amazing, you can see everybody excited, you can feel the energy," he said. It's weird, they keep telling me how honored it is to meet me, that I'm doing the greatest thing in the world, and that's very unreal.
In January 2024, Neuralink informed Nolan that he would be the first to undergo implant surgery.
When paralyzed from the neck down, the last shred of normal sensation we have left comes from the brain. Nolan allowed Neuralink direct access to his brain, taking on all the standard risks of a serious surgery and the unknown risks that come with such a cutting-edge procedure.
Doctors will remove part of his skull and implant a coin-sized, wire-laden Neuralink device into his brain, a foreign object that has never been tested on humans.
Nolan is blessed by his mother and stepfather, and if something goes wrong, they will still take care of him. He spent hours discussing the benefits of the procedure with Bane and several other friends.
A friend warned him that Musk has a track record of pursuing progress above all else. Nolan said: He wants to get things done, and he doesn't care what happens along the way.
Another friend mentioned the negative press surrounding Neuralink's implant testing on animals, arguing that Nolan could suffer some kind of dire consequences as a result of the surgery.
The Neuralink team members gave these signed head models to Nolan
Nolan, a Musk fan, retorted, questioning the credibility of reports about animals.
He had read a report about Musk's behavior the night before SpaceX first sent humans into space, and Musk couldn't sleep, praying for the safety of astronauts, even though he was not religious.
It reassures me and it makes me feel like he wouldn't do it if he felt it was going to end badly, Nolan said.
Nolan says it's mostly his beliefs that drive him forward. He was convinced that God was guiding him to quit smoking and drinking, which made him eligible for the trial, and he was convinced that God had chosen the Barrow Neurological Institute as the location for the operation, which was only a few hours' drive from home, which made the whole thing feasible.
Nolan said, "I'm not worried at all, I see so many things coming together and happening to me. I kept thinking that my accident was a terrible accident, why this happened to me, and what God had in store for me. When I started working on the Neuralink project, I thought, this is it.
At around 5 a.m. on Sunday, January 28, 2024, Nolan arrived at the hospital. Musk had planned to meet with Nolan before the operation, but he had a problem with his private jet. The two had a brief chat via FaceTime, and Musk rushed to the hospital while the operation was in progress.
The operation lasted less than 2 hours, and when Nolan woke up, he saw his mother hovering beside him. They stared at each other for a few seconds, and Mia · Neely asked if he was okay.
And he said, Who art thou? I didn't know who it was, Nelie recalled. With tears streaming down her face, she was about to ask for the doctor's attention, only to notice a sly smile on Nolan's face, who had planned the prank in advance.
Nolan said I wanted her to know that everything was okay and ease the tension.
For about 20 years, researchers have been conducting human experiments using devices similar to the Neuralink concept, which are bulky and often require the help of a medical team to operate. These implants are almost always used in hospital and laboratory settings.
Over the past few years, a number of startups have developed more modern products and implantation methods. All of these companies want to use implants to help people with disabilities control machines outside of hospitals.
These implants work by collecting data when neurons in the brain are firing. With the help of AI software, specific patterns of neuronal activity can be matched to certain actions, and this data can be translated into actions on the computer.
For example, Nolan can't move his hands, he can imagine moving them in his mind. The Neuralink implant can recognize his thoughts, transmit them to a nearby laptop or smartphone, and allow him to move the cursor across the screen.
This means that Nolan can play games, shop, choose audiobooks, and interact with the online world just like everyone else.
The implant surgery allowed Nolan to play computer games with relative ease
Most brain implant startups use a technique in which electrodes are placed near neurons and do not fit perfectly against the neurons. One example is a Synchron device that can be embedded in a cerebral blood vessel through a relatively safe procedure without cutting the skull. Precision Neuroscience products are placed on the surface of the brain.
To get a clearer signal, Neuralink slides wires directly into the brain tissue, an approach that requires a more invasive procedure. The main purpose of the Nolan trial is to ensure the safety of the implant surgery and to ensure that the device can be implanted in the patient's head for a long time without causing damage.
Neuralink devices, in addition to being closer to the action, have many more electrodes and higher data bandwidth than most of its competitors.
With higher bandwidth, implanted devices can receive richer signals from the brain, allowing Nolan to navigate the computer faster and more efficiently than with other products.
If this technology works well, it will be a huge boon not only for paralyzed patients, but also for people suffering from diseases such as ALS and stroke, whose mobility and communication skills are affected.
For the first few weeks back home, Nolan asked members of the Neuralink team to test the equipment in his living room and kitchen. In the state of research, patients with brain implants usually need to take a break after 2~4 hours, and their mental and physical strength will be affected, but Nolan can last up to 10 hours, and the performance of this device is also better than that of its predecessor.
From day one, he set out to break speed records for a series of typical tests used to measure the performance of brain-computer interface implanted devices.
The world of Nolan began to reopen, and games such as Sid · Meier's Civilization and chess could be played with relative ease. He can choose between websites and audiobooks, and he can do these things while lying in bed, which is much more comfortable than sitting in a wheelchair and trying to point his mouth stick at an iPad, and it is not easy to cause spasms.
In the early days, Nolan had to learn how to adapt the Neuralink software to his own brain patterns and master the essentials of turning ideas into action.
After a few weeks, the process becomes second nature. Nolan can play chess and talk to people at the same time, and he seems to have developed a superpower.
Nolan is getting ready to be helped to bed by his mother and stepfather
After practicing for 1 month, he found that his cursor control on the screen was not accurate, and there was a lag between his thinking and his calculations.
The reason for these problems is that the electrical wires in Nolan's brain have changed far more than Neuralink has found in animal trials. This disrupted the quality of the connection between his brain and the computer, and his superpowers began to wane.
Neuralink has not disclosed details about what caused the electrode wires to move so violently.
One of the problems may be that human brains are larger and more prone to shaking than animal brains. Nolan's skull is thicker than the average person, which may also affect the way the electrode wires are fixed in his brain tissue.
Nolan will continue to use the current version of the implant, and it is likely that Neuralink will adjust the surgical process, possibly parts of the implant itself, to address these issues when the device is tested in more patients in 2024.
Tech products almost always improve over time; Nolan had discussed with Bane that what he would receive was probably the worst Neuralink implant.
Nolan agreed to participate in the trial, and it is precisely these kinds of problems that can occur. He wanted to help others by helping Neuralink eradicate the defect in the implant, which did not alleviate his pain when he lost his newfound abilities.
Nolan said, I started to lose control of the cursor, I thought they had made some changes, and then they told me that the pole line in my brain was being pulled out of my brain. At first, they did not know how serious the situation was and did not have a lot of information.
I was really sad to hear that. I thought, this device only took 1 month, and the journey was over. I thought they would continue to collect data, that they might be ready to move on to the next person, and I cried uncomfortably.
Neuralink began researching how to solve these problems, and the company's software engineers adapted the algorithm for recording Nolan neuronal data, changing the way data is analyzed and transmitted to a computer. Now, Nolan is setting records again.
He said, "I bet the next person to implant this thing will feel the same way I do." Once you get a taste of using it, you can't stop it, and it completely blows my mind.
Nolan uses the implanted device for 10~12 hours a day, and only allows it to rest when it is charging or sleeping. Every morning, he uses his laptop to read online devotional materials provided by Gateway Church in Texas and then to check up his baseball dream team roster. He also studies, flips through audiobooks, and plays a lot of video games.
There is a magical feeling to witness Nolan's actions firsthand. In the past, many of his daily tasks were done through voice commands and mouthpieces. If he's listening to an audiobook, he won't be able to communicate using the speech-to-text feature unless he stops listening to the book and jumps to a new app with the help of a mouthpiece. Now he can easily switch from one app to another.
Neely is a young pastor, and sometimes she can't believe what she sees. She would go live with him in Nolan's bedroom, where Nolan used his brain to play video games. The biggest takeaway for her was that Nolan was happier, less painful, and could use the computer in whatever position was most comfortable for him.
"It's a blessing that we see that he doesn't feel pain anymore, he doesn't have to constantly adjust his posture, he doesn't have to spit out his mouth in frustration," she said.
Nolan named his implant Eve, which he said was partly due to God's use of Eve as Adam's assistant. Recently, he began to use implants to control the cursor to trace letters on a computer screen.
This is the first step in training the Neuralink software to recognize the text Nolan is thinking, and Nolan hopes that he will soon be able to come up with complete sentences and let the software know what he wants to say. He has always dreamed of becoming a fantasy writer and hopes to write a novel.
Nolan wasn't entirely sure what to do with his time in the spotlight, and he wanted to use it to find a way to earn a living so that he would be less dependent on his family and not have to take care of him as much as he used to.
Nolan said that my brother has been taking care of me for 8 years and he needs to live on his own. If wealth allows, he really wants to earn enough money to build his mother a house to thank her for all she has done for him.
Nolan agreed to keep the device in his brain and provide Neuralink with 1 year of data. One year later, he and the company will discuss whether to deactivate or even remove the device. Nolan thinks he'll want to keep the device and even continue to use it when the next version of the product comes out. He said, I want to escalate and hope they will put me on the shortlist.
After Ashley · Vance's interview was published, Nolan launched a poll on X asking people for ways to generate revenue.
He said, "Hello everyone. I need some advice. As briefly mentioned in today's Bloomberg article, I wanted to find some way to support myself in the long term and, if I could, build a house for me and my family so that I would no longer be a burden to those around me.
Here are some of my thoughts, and I'd like to know which one you think is the most suitable opportunity for me. If you have other suggestions, please leave a message. To be honest, it struck me as strange as asking questions. That's part of the reason why I haven't done these things so far. It makes me feel terrible, sorry for bringing it up.
The four options for voting are: account monetization, game live streaming, a funding platform Gofundme, and all of the above.
So far, more than 10,000 votes have been cast, and all of the above options are far ahead with 56% of the votes.
Musk replied all, and later, he added, do the first two things first.
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【Blockbuster】China's new economy leader, a compilation of 20 reports on listing in Hong Kong and the United States
Knowledge service + payment + audio, opening up new industry-level opportunities for content production, the knowledge economy can be expected to be 100 billion yuan in 10 years
From the 4-year replacement of the best-selling list of the App Store, watch the rise of content payment
Thinking about the new third board breaking 10,000 yuan: the daily trading volume of the new third board is 100 times in 10 years?
Zhao Yujie of Jiuyu Capital: Technology Changes Consumption and Makes Life Better|2017 GNEC New Economy and New Consumption Summit
Zhao Yujie of Jiuyu Capital: The Law of Time in the Entrepreneurial Era, Parallel Time for Developing Users|2016 GNEC New Economy and New Intelligence Summit
Zhao Yujie of Jiuyu Capital: The Internet Leads the New Economy, Content Entrepreneurship Connects the New Ecology|2016 GNEC New Economy and New Marketing Summit
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