"Only France has Paris, a city in which European civilization has reached its zenith, where the nerve fibers of the whole history of Europe are gathered, from which at certain intervals an electric shock is sent that shakes the whole world, the inhabitants of this city, unlike the people of any place, who combine the passion for pleasure with the passion for historical action, the inhabitants of which are adept at living like the most sophisticated Athenian hedonists and dying like the bravest Spartans, In them embody both Archibiade and Leonidas; This city, as Louis · said, is really the heart and mind of the world. ”
——Engels, From Paris to Bern
In one sentence, the opening ceremony of this year's Olympic Games is described as having a rough idea but no talent, the software development has been full, and the hardware is almost meaningless.
It is also worthy of arriving in Paris, the old revolutionary area, how can there be no freedom to guide the people?
Since we are talking about Paris, of course, we are talking about Notre Dame Cathedral, how can we be without Hugo, and since Hugo has been mentioned, how can we be without Les Miserables?
蒙面火炬手跑到了歌剧院中，在彩排的局面上悲惨世界的那首经典曲目:Dou you hear the people sing！
In the high-pitched sound of music, the picture suddenly became the classic "Freedom to Guide the People".
This is followed by a compilation of classic musicals, operas, and rock tracks that you would think might have "underworld" if you don't know musicals or opera.
The Phantom of the Opera, Dvořák, Les Miserables, Carmen, the Guillotine Queen......
From tradition to rock, the France sang classic Revolutionary songs in a rock way next to the ancient prison.
This kind of struggle and romance is indeed too France.
Speaking of this, I have to say that France is worthy of being an old revolutionary area, and that kind of axis strength in the bones is indeed a bit interesting!
In fact, some clues can be seen from the enthusiasm of France people to participate in politics, and it can be seen from the voter turnout in the presidential election, France's turnout is often higher than that of other capitalist countries. Unlike voters in other countries, who say "whoever votes is the same", they really regard voting as an act to influence the future of the country.
France people are not only enthusiastic about participating in politics, but also highly conscious. I remember that a few days ago, Macron wanted to carry out labor law reform, and a protester against the reform did not analyze the specific impact of the reform on himself in the face of reporters, but talked about the danger of rightward drift in the current France political arena, and the ideological realm is really not low.
They really understood, so as soon as Macron ran to the stage and said, the France immediately understood, and immediately reversed!
These two points determine that France are very sensitive to politics. And the France also have two spiritual temperaments, one is idealistic and the other is unwilling to obey. The French are not like the United Kingdom, who can compromise and back down as long as they achieve their goals. The United Kingdom bourgeoisie, in order to hold real power or even retain the royal family, is unthinkable for the French, who will follow Rousseau's guidance and build a pure republic, tearing down and rebuilding even a little feudal remnant at any cost.
France have long been left-minded, probably because they are too idealistic. The France's pursuit of freedom, equality, and fraternity has never been extinguished, from the most thorough bourgeois revolution in their history, to the great practice of the first proletarian revolution, to the red flag of the armed forces of hundreds of thousands of people of the French Communist Party. France do not like to obey the government, probably because of their geography and climate. Southern Europeans have always been more active than northern Europeans and do not like to listen to the government, so they prefer revolution.
For these reasons, France has become a mecca for countless progressives and a "troublemaker" in the eyes of reactionary forces around the world. Of course, these are only from the ideological temperament of the France. From the point of view of historical materialism, the frequent revolutions in modern France should have deeper political and economic reasons. Nevertheless, the France people, who put on red hats and went to revolution when they heard the sirens, are indeed admired and loved.
The France Revolution: A Historical Transition from Feudal Autocracy to Democratic Republic
More than two hundred years ago, a major event broke out in Paris, France that shook Europe and changed the course of history - the France Revolution. This revolution not only overthrew the feudal monarchy system in France, but also set a milestone in the process of democratization in Europe and the world.
From glory to decline: France before the Revolution
Under the rule of Louis XIV, the "Sun King", France reached the peak of the feudal dynasty and became the hegemon of Europe in the 80s of the 17th century. However, the good times were short-lived, and France soon went downhill. By the time of Louis XVI, the state had accumulated deep evils.
Louis XVI himself was not interested in politics and was obsessed with making locks, and Louis XVI is said to have threatened: In France, there is no lock that I cannot open; And his queen Marie · Antoinette was known for her extravagance, and once left an astonishing remark of "why not eat cake", but it is the same as our Sima!
The result was an intensification of social contradictions, and France society at that time was divided into three classes: nobles, clergy, and commoners. The first two enjoyed privileges and lived in luxury, while the common people, who made up the vast majority of the population, often did not have enough to eat. This disparity between the rich and the poor and social injustice has sparked widespread discontent.
At the same time, the writings of Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot, and others were widely circulated, preaching reason, human rights, and equality, and strongly questioning the idea of the divine right of kings. These ideas provided the theoretical basis for the coming revolution.
In 1789, a severe food crisis was the straw that broke the camel's back. The plebeian class rose up and stormed the Bastille, symbolically announcing the end of feudalism. Subsequently, the National Assembly promulgated the Declaration of Human Rights, which established the principles of civil rights and State sovereignty.
However, the revolution did not end there. Over the next decade or so, France experienced turbulent regime changes: from constitutional monarchy to republic, to Jacobin dictatorship, and finally Napoleon's empire. This period was accompanied by mass violence and death, but it was also the price of trial and error in France's search for the right path!
May Storm: Another revolution in modern France
Fast forward to 1968, and France was once again at the center of social movements. The student and workers' movement, known as the "May Storm", did not cause mass bloodshed, but its impact was far-reaching.
The movement began as a dissatisfaction with the education system and working conditions, which soon evolved into a question about the entire social order. Strikes and demonstrations swept the country, paralyzing France for a time. The slogans of this movement are full of idealism, such as "All rights to imagination"!
There is no need to think that France is so frequent and large-scale, in fact, a large part of the reason is the disunity of the upper echelons of the France ruling class in modern times. Since the Glorious Revolution, United Kingdom has basically been a constitutional monarchy. Their upper layer is always monolithic when it comes to the lower level. Whether you are a bourgeois or an aristocracy, you are absolutely loyal to the British monarchy and the constitutional monarchy! So you can't see it in United Kingdom!
France's upper ruling class, the royal party, was divided into Orleans, Orthodox Bobangs and Napoleons, and then the Republicans. The struggle between each other is too fierce. Many of them began to think about winning over the lower strata to carry out revolution together when they were struggling. In this way, if the upper ruling stratum is not unified, it will not be able to suppress the lower stratum.
France's economic structure retains a large number of small farmers and poor people, reducing the efficiency of the economy. On the contrary, it is thankless, and it is easy to break out into a revolution.
France is the country with the best centralized power. Centralization greatly eliminated the power of the aristocracy, and the power of the aristocracy was the real force that could suppress the lower classes!
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