(This book is about 6800 words, recording the anecdotes of European politicians in the first three chapters. In the second half we write about artists, take it easy.
Code words are not easy, welcome to like or collect, thank you)
Some people say that history is a little girl dressed up. This sentence is a bit flippant, but it also makes some sense.
This book is a history of the world outside of the main history, and digging deeper after the dust of historical events has settled, often has unexpected results. History can be written with a pen, or it can be carved with a knife or with a wave of blood.
This book will show the smallness behind the greatness, the fun beyond the coldness. This is actually another kind of gossip, not much higher than celebrity gossip, although the gossip is often academic celebrities. But it's also a kind of thinking—yes, never forget to think.
Well, the nonsense is over, and the topic begins:
<h1>Under the change of power, the death of the big man</h1>
The end of history is often accompanied by the death of big men, but did they die naturally or were they murdered? Is it really dead or stealing? One word can be used to unify the "divergent opinions".
Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire, the first great empire in history to span three continents in Asia, Africa and Europe, but he was eventually beheaded by the Maqtaean army. Some say he died of coveting Tomiris, queen of Magtay. It is also said that he was dragged under the horse by his subordinates during the war, and this stemmed from the design of his maternal grandfather.
Alexander the Great conquered many kingdoms, but mysteriously died when he was 33 years old. The ostensible reason is that the fever does not recede, and some people say that his teacher Aristotle died of alcohol because he was dissatisfied with Alexander's brutality and poisoning himself, causing Alexander to die of alcoholism. Of course, there is also a saying that Alexander died of prophecy – the great men are often happy to die of prophecy, as if the whole life is covered with mystery, and this kind of listening is enough.
Julius Caesar, the builder of the Roman Empire, was stabbed to death 23 times by his political enemies, but this is the superficial reason. One theory is that Caesar voluntarily asked for death because he was suffering from epilepsy and wanted to exchange his death for immortal fame, a decent death, and a chosen successor. He eventually did, and even when Julius Caesar died, his political enemies did not succeed, and the right to rule remained in the hands of his followers.
But not everything went as he expected. He was succeeded by his appointed successor, Octavian, and his follower, Anthony. Not only that, but Antony also inherited his lover Cleopatra (Cleopatra had Caesar's child), and eventually Octavian and Antony fought the Battle of Yaksing, where Antony was defeated. Cleopatra was imprisoned by Octavian and recorded in history that she committed suicide with a snake to martyr Antony.
Did Cleopatra really love Anthony enough to be willing to die for him? Not necessarily. Octavian was Caesar's designated successor, Cleopatra was Caesar's lover, and had Caesar's illegitimate children, who were also Egyptian pharaohs. Octavian was inconvenient to kill Cleopatra and his illegitimate children, but had to let them die, so it was possible to "arrange" for her to commit suicide with dignity.
Joan of Arc was a famous national hero in France, as a peasant girl, she turned the tide when France was almost destroyed, fought for the independence and freedom of France, and supported the Crown Prince Charles VII to the throne. But she saved the country, and the country didn't want to save her. In a skirmish, she was captured because her teammates closed the city gates early, and her partners refused to redeem her, and the king was jealous that she had too much influence, so she was bought by the British and executed.
Teammates only need dead idols, not living heroes.
Mary, Queen of Scots, was born with a good deck of cards, but played poorly. In France, after the husband ascended the throne, he was snubbed by his mother-in-law and returned to Scotland because of his pursuit of power; in England, he threatened the status of the current queen and did not accept the compromise, and he and his second husband were united because of power; and began to pursue love to kill the second husband, and finally was killed after 25 years of captivity by the Queen of England.
She was too young to know all the gifts of fate, and she had already secretly marked the price.
Cromwell was keen to establish a republic and executed King Charles I for it, but became the new dictator as a protector. After Cromwell's death, Charles II exhumed him, his head pierced by nails, and after 25 years of public display, it was bought and sold, viewed, and played with for hundreds of years.
Wang Tu's hegemony was as heavy as a mountain, and the god of death was in front of a huge hair.
So, did the famous Napoleon die of illness or murder? It doesn't really matter. Napoleon was indeed ill and indeed poisoned. Importantly, Napoleon was a threat to the winner, his survival was taboo for the winner, and only death was safe.
Similarly, it does not matter whether Hitler committed suicide in Berlin, nor does it matter whether he died as a stand-in. Even if it is a stand-in that dies, after all the dust settles, it is really fake. Even if he decides to commit suicide and repent of being killed, it does not matter whether he is "decent" or "decent", anyway, history is conclusive, he was pronounced dead at this moment.
The German general Rommel, who belonged to Hitler's camp, was killed by Hitler, and unlike the politicians who were keen to commit massacres, he was eventually involved in the murder of Hitler. In the final stages of his life, he fell out of favor with Hitler because of his defeat and disagreed with him.
<h1>Chapter Two: Great and Ordinary, Great, Great Master Who Influences the Direction of History</h1>
Human beings are usually great because of merit, ordinary because of selfish desires, which even big people are not exempt from.
The Roman Emperor Claudius I was one such figure. He appeared sluggish and slow because of his physical disability, and was often ugly in Romans, where eloquence was admired, because he could not speak. But he was very studious and obsessed with the classics. After he ascended the throne, he co-opted the Senate upwards, respected sub-political groups such as the Citizens' Assembly downwards, abolished the interrogation of treasonists, declared himself the first citizen, allowed foreigners to enter the Senate, gave equal powers to other provinces outside Italy, conquered Britannia, and built waterways. But he spent his life manipulating his own favors and wives, eventually dying at the hands of a fourth wife to make way for her son.
The story of King Arthur is a household name throughout the West, he may exist in epics, but more in literature, and the characters are far less plump than the legends. Just like China's Liang Zhu, it is a microcosm of British culture and spirit. The story of King Arthur is a sustenance of the British for their romance and culture.
In the famous painting of Louis David, the famous Byzantine general Belisarius was blinded by his emperor, Justinian the Great of the Byzantine Empire, to beg for a living in his later years, which is not historical fact, but in line with the laws of history, it is the story of countless emperors and famous generals.
Justinian wanted to restore the glory of the Roman Empire, Andbelisarius was his famous general, who spent his life fighting, heroic and good at war, and made great achievements for the Byzantine Empire, but because of the emperor's suspicion, he was recalled, dismissed, snubbed, raided, and finally died shortly after his release from prison. The man who said that he begged in his later years was only to prove that Justinian was unfair to him, thus fabricating such a strange example.
On Christmas Eve 800 BC, Pope Leo III suddenly crowned Charlemagne on behalf of God, and the successor of the Western Roman Empire was justifiably recognized by the Holy See, but Charlemagne seemed to resist.
This is not because the emperor refused to be crowned, but because the relationship between the secular emperor and the holy see has always been ambiguous. Charlemagne spent almost his life on horseback, he ruled almost the whole of Europe, even Pope Leo III was "saved" by him, and it is a fact that he called the emperor. In the political alliance between Charlemagne and the Pope, it was always Charlemagne, not the Pope, who was in the ascendancy.
Frederick, King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Italy six times, angered the Italians with the third time by insulting Milan excessively, failed on the fourth time by the stubborn resistance (and plague) of the Italian people, and never succeeded again. He eventually drowned in an unknown river during the Third Crusade, and some speculate that the cause of death was bathing in the river or having a heart attack. But his death was a pity, for the German army was the most powerful of the Crusaders at the time, Frederick was the most feared enemy of saladin, sultan of Egypt, and after his death, the Third Crusade ended in failure.
The Thirty Years' War was a civil war between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire that spread throughout Europe, and this war produced two unborn geniuses, Marshal Wallenstein of the Holy Roman Empire, and King Gustav Adolf II of Sweden, known as the "Lion of the North".
Wallenstein's success depended on personal efforts: he traveled for a while after dropping out of school; followed King Matthias, from Protestant to Catholic; married a much older widow and quickly inherited a huge inheritance, relying on the inheritance to recruit an army (actually a mercenary) to fight. He was generous and cruel, allowing the army to ravage the four wildernesses for a long time to support himself, but the army won many battles, relying on the recklessness of family lineage, grace and power, and the courage to take responsibility.
Wallenstein and Matthias, who had reached the pinnacle of their careers, had a disagreement and were defeated in a battle with the Swedish king, the lion of the north, but also succeeded in killing Gustav, the lion of the north. He was eventually stabbed to death by an officer at the behest of the emperor.
His failure was frustrating, but his presence brought deep disasters to the surrounding cities and people, so it can be summed up in five words: "Heavenly Path is good reincarnation."
Even the wisest emperor, if he does not have a long enough reign, is doomed to leave a strong mark. Louis XIV, the monarch of the French Bourbon dynasty and the Sun King, is the best example.
First of all, he reigned long enough, a total of 72 years, the world's first; second, he worked hard and diligently, working more than 8 hours a day, completely taming the French aristocracy and the church; third, he made outstanding military achievements, following the Tradition of "The Country Must Be Hegemonic" in the West, laying almost all the territory of France today; fourth, he was committed to making Paris the center of art and culture in Europe, and cultivated a large number of talents in dance, music, oil painting, sculpture, literature, drama, science, architecture, etc. It was more than dozens of times higher than the contributions of his ancestors.
A stable regime is the soil of civilization, comparable to Renaissance Rome.
Russian Tsar Peter the Great once went to the West alone to investigate, and after returning home, he vigorously promoted Russian reform and drove the Russian Empire to civilized society with a whip. However, his personality was so brutal that it was daunting: he was frightened and twisted because he was a child, his gums were pulled out and bleeding profusely when he studied dentistism, he sentenced the rebellious shooting army to death, and flogged his own son. There is no claim that Peter the Great was not the son of the Tsar.
King Charles XII of Sweden, known as the "Little Napoleon of the early 18th century", faced the siege led by Peter I when he succeeded to the throne at the age of 15, and once beat Peter the Great to the ground. He used his troops flexibly, repeatedly won more with less, and was regarded as the god of war in Norse mythology. Unfortunately, he was too conceited and arrogant, and he knew that he did not know how to retreat, and he lacked the old success of the country, and eventually lost the territory pioneered by Gustav II.
But in any case, he was one of the very few powerful people who could be on a par with Napoleon and Hitler and almost destroyed Russia, and almost poisoned the famous Peter the Great Peter to commit suicide, which alone was enough to impress the world.
The tiger father is not only a Specialty of China, but also the father of Frederick the Great of Prussia, a small European country, and under his education, Frederick became an idol of many European kings, including Napoleon and Hitler.
Frederick I, in order to preserve the small country of Prussia, pretended to be fond of tall soldiers and was extremely miserly, and was able to train one of the strongest armies in Europe. He expressed "support" with fists and sticks for Frederick the Great's love of music, art and reading, and he was the founder of modern militarism throughout his life against luxury and music. Eventually the territory was preserved and Frederick the Great was left with a well-founded empire.
The French aristocrat Lafayette was a hero of the American Revolutionary War, and as the successor to the largest estate in France, he was influenced by the Enlightenment and traveled to the United States alone, making great contributions to the American Revolutionary War. He was good friends with Washington, using his identity to travel between France and the United States, bringing enormous resources and political influence to the United States. Later, he participated in the French Revolution, presided over the drafting of the Declaration of The Rights of Man, and buried the coffin with the dirt of a war in the United States when he died. He was twice awarded the honorary citizenship of the United States, and when he died, the United States gave him the same standard of courtesy as Washington, and his friendship with the United States to live up to each other and repay the favor is a good story.
Bismarck was born in 1815, the same year napoleon met Waterloo, the whole of Europe was revealed, and the German Confederation was rebuilt. In his youth, Bismarck possessed a number of superior qualities and conditions: a good living condition, a combative nature, a brilliant person, a master of Chinese, and a desire to do a great cause. In 1861, when Wilhelm I succeeded to the throne, Bismarck took to the stage of history as Prime Minister and Foreign Minister due to the conflict between the armament and the parliament, and solved the problem with the great cause of unification that the German people longed for. He waged three wars against Denmark, Austria and France, and won them.
He was a diplomat, a politician, but by no means a war maniac, so he devoted himself to diplomacy after the reunification of Germany and fought for a chance for Germany to recuperate. However, when the new Emperor Wilhelm II succeeded to the throne, he wanted to be Caesar's foil rather than Bismarck's foil, and the two had a huge disagreement, and Bismarck was forced to step down. After stepping down, the new German Foreign Minister declared war on the outside world and took the initiative to start the First World War, the powerful German Empire was disintegrated, and because of the post-war reparations problem, inflation led to inflation, which in turn triggered economic collapse and dragged down the entire European economy.
Similarly, Hitler, the world-recognized symbol of the devil, has its own human side (from descriptions of those who came into contact with him). He possessed all the qualities one should possess as a great leader, and at the same time lacked even the slightest bit of conscience that ordinary people should have. From Hitler, we know that even the best of character, once his preferences and standards become the standards that the whole world must unswervingly enforce, it is a great disaster.
<h1>Chapter Three: Even if there are regrets, don't be surprised</h1>
The representative who takes the individual as the criterion is Hitler, but what about the system as the criterion?
If Athens represents the glory of civilization, then Sparta is the castle of war. All Spartans were screened by military standards from birth together, spartans only needed soldiers, and those who did not meet the standards were discarded or naturally eliminated, both men and women. The Spartans believed that honor was higher than life, and society as a whole expected warriors to fight bravely, rather than return safely. This one was integrated into the moral system of society as a whole and maintained its superiority for many years until it was defeated by the Thebans in 371 BC.
The war between China and the Xiongnu lasted for many years, until the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the generals Dou Gu and Dou Xian attacked the Northern Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu fled west and disappeared.
Where did the Huns go? There is a saying that the Hungarians were descendants of the Huns of the time. About 300 years after the Huns fled, a powerful Hun cavalry suddenly appeared in eastern Europe, occupying the entire Hungarian steppe and the Balkan Peninsula, driving the Goths into the Roman Empire, and then the Goths and later the Huns dealt the Roman Empire a fatal blow.
The Huns and Huns in Europe were very similar in many customs, but historians have not yet reached a conclusion.
Although Caesar, Napoleon and other great emperors are famous, the largest empire in history is the Mongol Empire, with a land area of 33 million square kilometers at its peak, occupying almost half of eurasia.
Why, then, did the Mongols not conquer India in the South Asian subcontinent? There are roughly three reasons: in the day, the Mongols did not consider conquering India at first, and it was not suitable to conquer India after delaying for too long; geographically, the Mongols were a people on horseback, and South Asia was blocked by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which was inconvenient to conquer; any, India was not suitable for the survival of horses, the Mongols had the ability to conquer, but the governance ability was weak, there was no need to conquer India.
Did the Spartans of the war city-state have a nemesis? There was, a holy army of 300 Homosexual couples of Theban nobles, who defeated the Spartans in 371 BC. But the enemy often came from the outside, the rise of Macedonia in the north of ancient Greece, King Philip II and his son Alexander the Great used cavalry to crush the combined forces of Thebes and Athens, and the 300 holy army was not afraid until all were killed and the Greek army completely collapsed.
If ancient Greek culture was so glorious, why didn't they unite into a powerful nation? This has to do with the character, political system and culture of the ancient Greeks.
Personality: The ancient Greeks generally loved freedom, and their royal power did not have a sense of distance and arbitrary power from the beginning, so ancient Greece consisted of independent city-states, and each citizen carefully guarded his rights and loved his city-state very much.
Political system: Based on character, the patriotism of the ancient Greeks was limited to city-states, and in order to protect their own city-states, they would unite against slightly stronger city-states in order to prevent threatening themselves, so no city-state was significantly stronger than the others.
Culture: Under great liberal individualism, individualism is more valuable than hereditary privilege. But the ancient Greeks generally had a low level of political morality, selfishness and narrow-mindedness, and were unfriendly to their neighbors. Their politicians, the winners, are arrogant and disrespectful, declaring personal vendettas; the losers are jealous and jealous, and they stumble on them with two sides and three knives. Without religion or doctrine as a unified code of conduct, it is impossible to build a unified and powerful state.
The controversy over the red and white roses not only exists in Zhang Ailing's literary novels, but also represents the century-long struggle between the two major British aristocratic groups. The Lancastrian family is the Red Rose, headed by the King; the White Rose is the York family, headed by a large landlord/great nobleman/great feudal lord. Finally, Henry VII of the Red Rose family married Elizabeth of the White Rose family, and the two families merged to create the Tudor Dynasty, and the family crest was the red rose holding the white rose.
Those who started the red and white rose controversy wanted to gain from it, but nearly all the feudal princes and more than half of the nobles lost in the battle. The power of the new class and the capitalist class was accumulated in the process, and England was instead united by the elimination of the upper nobility.
Speaking of world-famous prisons, the Tower of London in the United Kingdom is one, which has held a total of 1700 prisoners and is a witness to the change of power in Britain.
Its builder, Randolph Flemmbad, was also the first to be imprisoned, imprisoned as a scapegoat after the assassination of William II, and eventually managed to escape.
Henry VI was the first king it ever shut down, and was imprisoned twice, eventually dying here.
Two of the sons of Edward IV, who imprisoned Henry VI, were also imprisoned here, and their whereabouts are unknown.
Henry VIII's wife, Anne Boleyn, was the first of these days, henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic Church in order to marry her, but because she did not have a son, he quickly disliked her, accused her of adultery, and eventually executed her.
Queen Elizabeth's lover, the Earl of Essex, was sent here by the Queen herself, and he was eventually executed for his political incompetence, financial failure, unbridled impulsiveness in character, and leading a rebellion.
Not only britain, but also Rudolf Hess, the former number two figure in Nazi Germany, was also secretly detained here, and as to why it was detained, britain has not released the archives.
The habsburgs, the oldest and most prominent family in Europe, were elected the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 onwards, and began to be hereditary in 1438 and continued for thousands of years. This family maintained its status by marriage, and its rise to power was the result of a game of power between various parties, and in order to maintain the nobility of blood, it chose to marry close relatives, and finally tasted the evil consequences of the marriage of close relatives - the history of madness and deformity, and the loss of the Spanish throne began to gradually decline in the 18th century.
The United Kingdom is a whole in our eyes, but in fact, the concept of the United Kingdom is often confused with the concepts of England, Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland, etc. What is their relationship?
Modern Britain includes Great Britain (made up of England, Scotland, wales) and Northern Ireland. England has the largest population (83.9%) and is often used to refer to the United Kingdom. But the ancestors of the Scots, Wales and Northern Ireland were Celts, and the ancestors of the English were one of the Germanic tribes. They were on an equal footing, and then England conquered other independent kingdoms, but they were not overwhelmingly dominant, so several other places did not like England, and did not like to be called English, preferably British.
Why did the Spanish colonists conquer tens of millions of americans with only a few hundred, or was it really because they were ignorant and backward?
No, American civilizations are just as powerful, they may be backward, but they are by no means ignorant. The reasons are roughly as follows:
1, the colonizer's technological and weapon superiority, muskets and artillery to bring the blessing of combat strength;
2, the Americas are engaged in civil wars and imperial power struggles, the tribes conquered by the imperial power are not convinced, and instead help the colonists to attack the Americas;
3, the colonists brought smallpox to the Americas, the colonists themselves have immunity, but the Americas did not. Nearly ninety percent of American Indians died from plagues brought on by Europeans.
![Zhao Yue, executive deputy secretary of the Working Committee of the Municipal Organs Directly under the Municipal Government, went to the Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau to investigate and guide the party building work[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)