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Antibiotics are artificially or naturally synthesized active substances that can kill or inhibit certain harmful pathogenic microorganisms.
In the 80s of the 21st century, it was confirmed that antibiotics have the effect of promoting the growth of livestock and poultry animals and improving the weight gain rate and feed conversion rate.
Since then, antibiotics have been used in large quantities, and about 1/2 of the antibiotics produced in the mainland every year are added to livestock, poultry and aquatic feed, especially the impact of antibiotics on aquatic animals is one of the most concerned environmental issues at home and abroad.
In view of the fact that a large number of antibiotics that have not been metabolized after the use of antibiotics eventually enter the aquaculture water body through different ways, threatening human health, therefore, non-antibiotic healthy aquaculture is the development direction of the aquaculture industry in mainland China.
So far, scholars have successively evaluated the application effect of antibiotics in aquatic animals, such as Ye Jidan et al., who evaluated the antioxidant capacity of different doses of quinethanol on carp liver;
He et al. showed that antibiotics could induce intestinal dysbiosis in zebrafish;
Zhao et al. found that the addition of norfloxacin to the feed inhibited the immunological parameters and disease resistance of sea cucumbers.
Limbu et al. showed that the addition of antibiotics to the feed inhibited the intestinal secretion of goblet cells in tilapia.
The available authoritative statistics show that tetracycline antibiotics are the most detected and most polluted antibiotics in aquaculture waters.
Sulfonamides are widely used in aquaculture disease control in the United States, and in recent years, they are considered to be harmful to fish and need to be controlled in actual production, but the above two types of antibiotics are still used as feed additives and as the main means of disease prevention and control in individual aquaculture areas.
Many scholars have also found out the residual dose of antibiotics in Chinese aquatic animals such as shrimp, turbot, Atlantic salmon, sea bass, tilapia, and carp.
As a class of non-nutritive feed additives, antibiotics have shown that they have a positive effect on the growth of livestock and poultry, and even have a similar promoting effect in fish farming.
The following explains in detail the principles and precautions for the use of florfenicol and enrofloxacin commonly used in aquaculture;
It provides specific methods for how aquaculture producers can identify, screen and rationally use antibiotics, which will play a certain guiding role in standardizing the use of antibiotics and reducing the risk of drug use by aquaculture producers.
Florfenicol powder
【Properties】This product, also known as flumethionomycin, is a fluorine derivative of thiomycin, the appearance is white or off-white crystalline powder, odorless, slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid, soluble in methanol, and easily soluble in dimethylformamide.
【Function and use】This product is a new broad-spectrum and high-efficiency antibacterial drug, which has been used in aquaculture since the early 90s of the 20th century.
In 1999, China approved florfenicol as a national second-class new veterinary drug, which is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug, which has inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
In the aquaculture industry, it is mainly used to prevent and control fish diseases caused by Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, orphan bacteria, Flexobacterium, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, Nocardia, Edwardia, Mycobacteria and other bacteria.
[Usage and dosage] oral, mixed feeding: 10~15mg (based on florfenicol) per kilogram of fish weight mixed with bait, once a day, for 3~5d.
【Precautions】 (1) The mixed bait should not be stored for a long time; (2) This product should be properly stored to avoid misingenization by humans and animals; (3) Dispose of waste packaging after use.
Such as bacterial gill rot disease, leukoderma, white-headed white-mouth disease, erection scale disease, bacterial enteritis disease, printing disease and so on in freshwater fish. Mixed feeding bait is fed with 10~15 mg (in terms of florfenicol)/kg body weight, once a day, for 3~5 days.
Enrofloxacin powder
【Properties】This product is a yellowish or off-white crystalline powder, odorless and slightly bitter. Soluble in alkaline solution, slightly soluble in water and methanol, insoluble in ethanol.
The color fades to orange-red when exposed to light. It has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and strong permeability, and has strong antibacterial effect on most aquatic pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, solitary bacteria, Flexobacterium, Streptococcus, etc.
【Function and use】This product has a strong killing effect on Gram-negative bacteria, and also has a good antibacterial effect on Gram-positive bacteria, with good oral absorption, high and stable blood concentration, and can be widely distributed in tissues.
It is used for the treatment of hemorrhagic sepsis, gill rot, printing disease, enteritis, red fin disease, erythrophysis, ulcer disease, Edwardsis and other diseases caused by bacteria in aquatic animals.
It can be used for the prevention and treatment of bacterial gill rot, bacterial sepsis, and yellow eel hemorrhagic disease in freshwater fish. It is effective against severe infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens, and has no cross-resistance with other antimicrobials.
[Usage and dosage] Oral administration: 10~20mg per kilogram of body weight (aquatic animals) (calculated as enrofloxacin), which is equivalent to 0.1~0.2g of this product per kilogram of body weight (2.0~4.0g of this product per kilogram of feed according to 5% bait amount), and used for 5~7d.
【Precautions】(1) Avoid taking it internally at the same time with drugs containing cations, such as acid-making drugs, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, etc. (affecting absorption) or feed additives.
It is forbidden to be compatible with rifampicin (RNA synthesis inhibitor) and florfenicol and other drugs with a diar effect. (2) Mix bait evenly and feed. (3) Centralized destruction of packaging materials after use.