491, Zhuangzi's outer chapter "Heavenly Fortune" VI

[Original 6-1]

Confucius saw the old man and spoke benevolently. Lao Dan said: "If the husband squints (1), then the four directions of heaven and earth will be translocated; If the gnats and flies have a bad skin (2), they will not sleep (3). Husband's benevolence and righteousness are indignant (4), and chaos is great (5). My son makes the world not lose its simplicity (6), my son also moves with the wind (7), and the total virtue is established (8), and Xi Jieran is evil if he builds a drum and begs for the deceased (9)? The husband and the hoof are white without bathing (10), and black without the sun (11). The simplicity of black and white is not enough to argue (12), and the concept of honor (13) is not enough to be broad (14). The spring is dry (15), the fish phase is on land, the phase is wet (16), the phase is wet (17), and it is better to forget the rivers and lakes (18). ”

[Notes]

(1) Broadcasting: Broadcasting. 穅: Same as "bran". Squint: A fine object falls into the eye.

(2) 虻méng: that is, the ox flies. 噆zàn: bite, ding.

(3) Tongxi: All night. In the past, it was the same as "Xi".

(4) 憯cǎn然: , the appearance of brutality. (5) Chaos: harm, scourge.

(6) My son: "You". Tianxia: refers to the people of the world. Park: Honest and simple.

(7) Put: Yishun. (8) Total: uphold. Li: refers to standing in the world.

(9) Jieran: The look of force. Negative: Hit. Building Drum: Big Drum. Jiantong "Jian".

(10) Hoof: also known as "crane". Day bathing: Bathing every day.

(11) Qian: Black. This refers to dyeing black. (12) Debate: through "discrimination", discrimination.

(13) View: exterior decoration. (14) Wide: Large. This means to pay attention.

(15) Dry: Dry up without water. (16) 呴xǔ: Exhale slowly.

(17) Wet: moisturizing. (18) Phase: This refers to selection.

【Translation】

Confucius met with Lao Dan to discuss benevolence and righteousness. Lao Dan said: "When the chaff that is sown enters the eyes, it will be impossible to distinguish between heaven and earth; When a mosquito bites your skin, you can't sleep all night. But the cruelty of righteousness makes me resentful, and its evil is too great. If you want the people of the world not to lose their pure and simple nature, you should act according to the laws of nature and uphold virtue in the world, why do you have to work hard to preach benevolence and righteousness, as if you are beating gongs and drums to find the fugitive? White swans don't need to bathe every day and their coat color is naturally white, and black crows don't need to be dyed with black every day and their coat color is naturally black. The black of the crow and the white of the swan are in their nature, and there is no need to distinguish between those who are superior and those who are inferior; Fame and honor are exterior decorations and do not deserve attention. When the spring water dries up, the fish snuggle up to each other on the land, make each other feel wet, and moisten each other with spittle, but it is better to forget each other than the life in the rivers and lakes in the past. ”

【Analysis】

The first paragraph is that Lao Tzu denounced the benevolence and righteousness advocated by Confucius. It is said that the benevolence and righteousness advocated by Confucius are like chaff entering the eyes, making people unable to distinguish between heaven and earth; and like a gnat biting a man's skin, it keeps him awake all night; Let the people of the world lose their pure and simple nature. Therefore, the scourge of benevolence and righteousness is too great to make Lao Tzu resentful. Second, Lao Tzu asked Confucius to give up benevolence and righteousness, act in accordance with the laws of nature, uphold virtue and live in the world, not like fish after the spring water has dried up, it is better to forget each other and live freely in the rivers and lakes.

[Original 6-2]

When Confucius saw the old man returning, he didn't talk about it for three days. The disciple asked, "When the Master sees Lao Dan, what will he do?" Confucius said, "I am now seeing the dragon!" The dragon is combined into a body and scattered into a chapter (20), and it is nourished by the clouds and yin and yang (21). If you open your mouth and can't talk (22), you can't talk about it! Zigong said: "However, people are inherently corpses and dragons see them, thunder and abyss silence (23), and those who launch like heaven and earth (24)? Can it be given (25)? Then he saw Lao Dan with the voice of Confucius (26).

The old man will respond to the hall (27), and said: "Give the year and go to the future (28); Why will the Son warn me (29)? Zigong said: "The rule of the three kings and five emperors is different in the world, and its department is famous." And what if the gentleman thinks he is not a saint? ”

Lao Dan said: "The boy is less in (30)!" Why is the Son different? He said: "Yao conferred Shun, Shun conferred Yu, Yu used force and Tang used soldiers (31), King Wen did not dare to rebel, and King Wu rebelled and refused to obey, so it is different." ”

Lao Dan said: "The kid is less entered!" Yu Yu Ru three emperors and five emperors ruled the world. The Yellow Emperor's rule of the world made the people's hearts one (32), and the people did not cry when their relatives died. Yao rules the world, so that the people are close to each other (33), and the people have to kill them for their relatives and the people are not wrong (34). Shun rules the sky, so that the people's hearts compete (35), the people pregnant women give birth to children in October, and the children give birth to May and can speak, not to the child and who begins (36), then people will have a premature death. Yu rules the world, so that the people's hearts change, people have a heart and soldiers have shun (37), killing thieves is not killing, people are their own species and the world is ear (38), it is to the world is shocked, Confucianism and ink are all up. What a word about the beginning of the work (39), and now of women (40)! Yu Yuru, the rule of the three emperors and five emperors in the world, the name is called the rule, and the chaos is very bad. The knowledge of the Three Emperors (41), the light of the sun and the moon, the essence of the mountains and rivers, and the Shi of the four times (42). He knows that he is worried about the tail of the oyster (43), the beast of fresh rules (44), and the love of his life, and he still thinks that he is a saint, and he is shameless, and he is shameless? Zigong was restless (45).

[Notes]

(19) Regulation: exhortation, suggestion. (20) Chapter: Gorgeous Patterns. It means that the literature is brilliant.

(21) Yin and Yang: refers to heaven and earth. The Tao refers to the sky as yang and the earth as yin. (22) 嗋xié: Close your mouth.

(23) "Corpse dwelling" two sentences: when it is still, it does not move like a corpse, and when it moves, it flies like a dragon. It was later transformed into the idiom "corpse dwelling dragon see". When he is speechless, he is as silent as the abyss, and when he speaks, he reverberates like thunder. (24) Initiation is like heaven and earth: It is said that it is as dynamic as the sky and as quiet as the earth.

(25) Given: Zigong name. His compound surname is Duanmu, and the word Zigong. (26) Voice: prestige. Name.

(27) Nestle: Standing proudly in the hall. Stretch out your feet and sit.

(28) New Year's Fortune: It means that the good times have passed. Refers to the high age of the line.

(29 Precepts: "Commandments.") That is, "admonishment".

(30) Boy: The term given by the elders to the younger generations. Less entered: Walk a little forward.

(31) Force: refers to the use of manpower to control water. Soldiers: refers to the use of soldiers to cut down soldiers.

(32) One: refers to simplicity. (33) Relatives: Prefer parents.

(34) Killing his own people: When his parents are killed, he kills the killer. (35) Heart competition: heart competition.

(36) It doesn't matter who the child begins: The sentence means that the child who has not grown up begins to be sensible.

(37) People have a heart and soldiers have a good heart: people have a heart: refers to man-made scheming. Soldiers have shun: that is, to use soldiers for training. "And" is a "conjunction". Shun: through "training". i.e. teaching.

(38) species: species; Category. (39) Lun: Renlun.

(40) Women today: The meaning of the sentence is that women have been ravaged to this day. The Xia Dynasty was still a matrilineal clan society at the time of its founding. The status of women was very high, and with the advent of the Zhou Dynasty or Confucianism, the status of women in China gradually declined. During the Zhou Dynasty, married women had a low status, and whether the marriage relationship could be maintained depended on the likes and dislikes of the husband. In the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wei Xuangong had an affair with his stepmother, and the son he gave birth to married a Qi girl when he grew up. Among the princes and kings, this kind of thing is not uncommon, and there is no one to speak of it.

(41) Know: through "wisdom".

(42) Paradox: masking. See: Contradiction, deviation. Fall: Destruction. Shi: Run.

(43) 憯cǎn: original meaning: to grieve, to be sad. Extend "tragic". 蛎虿 lìchài: A highly poisonous insect with a tail, the long tail is called 虿, and the short tail is called a scorpion.

(44) Beast of Fresh Rules: A beast that can rarely be seen, Fresh: Few. Regulation: "Peeping". Snoop. (45) 蹵蹵cù然: that is, "蹴蹴然", the appearance of restlessness.

【Translation】

Confucius came back from a visit to Lao Dan and did not speak for three days. The disciple asked, "When the gentleman saw Lao Dan, what advice did he give to him?" Confucius said, "I have never seen a real dragon in Lao Dan's place until now!" Dragons, taken together, become a whole, scattered and colorful, riding the clouds and rejuvenating between heaven and earth. I can't close my mouth for a long time, how can I give advice to Lao Dan! Zigong said, "Is it true that when a man is still like a corpse, he flies like a dragon when he moves, when he is speechless, he is silent like an abyss, and when he speaks, he resounds like thunder, like heaven and earth move?" Can I see him too? So, Zigong went to see Lao Tzu in the name of Confucius.

Lao Tzu was sitting in the hall with his feet outstretched and replied softly, "I am old, what will you use to admonish me?" Zigong said: "In ancient times, the three emperors and five emperors ruled the world differently, but they all had a good reputation, but sir, you don't think they are saints, why is this?" ”

The old man said, "Young man, you come closer!" On what basis do you say they are different? Zigong replied: "Yao gave way to Shun, Shun gave way to Yu, Yu used force to control the water and Tang used troops to conquer, King Wen obeyed Shang and did not dare to rebel, and King Wu turned his back on Shang and did not obey, so it is different." ”

The old man said, "Young man, you are a little bit ahead!" I'll tell you about the three emperors and five emperors governing the world. The Yellow Emperor ruled the world and made the people's hearts pure and simple. When someone dies, their parents don't cry, and others don't criticize it. Yao rules the world, so that the people prefer their parents, and if anyone's parents are killed, he will kill the killer, and others will not criticize. Yu Shun ruled the world, so that the people were competitive, pregnant women gave birth to children in ten months, hoping to open their mouths to learn in five months, and young children who did not grow up began to be sensible. As a result, there was a phenomenon of premature death and short-livedness. Yu governs the world, so that the people's hearts have changed greatly, artificial scheming and using soldiers as a way of teaching, killing thieves is not murder, people think that they are different from others and form gangs and wanton the world, so the people of the world are frightened, Confucianism, Mojia have risen one after another. At the beginning, they also talked about human ethics, but now that women are tragically ravaged, what else is there to say! I'm telling you. The rule of the three emperors and five emperors in the world, nominally called governance, is actually the biggest disaster. The minds of the Three Emperors obscured the light of the sun and moon on the top, deviated from the aura of the mountains and rivers on the bottom, and destroyed the operation of the four hours in the middle. Isn't it shameless that their minds are more vicious than the tail of a scorpion, and even the beasts that can rarely be seen cannot survive in peace, but they think they are saints and do not consider them shameful? Zigong stood there uneasy when he heard this.

【Analysis】

This paragraph, on the surface, is Lao Tzu explaining to Zigong why the ancient Three Emperors and Five Emperors governed the world differently, but it is actually a criticism and denunciation of the rule of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. Lao Tzu believes that since the rule of the three emperors and five emperors, the situation has deteriorated, one is not as good as the other, nominally called governance, in fact, it has caused the biggest disaster, its poison is better than the tail of the snake and scorpion, and he thinks he is a saint, and he really does not know shame.

The sixth part, in general, is still Zhuangzi's criticism of Confucius's preaching of benevolence and righteousness and the rule of the world by the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and advocates the idea of conforming to the fortune of heaven and ruling by inaction.