Zhang Yu: The Innovation and Development of Marxist Political Economy in Contemporary China

【Abstract】Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has put forward a series of new ideas, new ideas and new strategies in guiding the great practice of mainland economic development in the new era, forming Xi Jinping Economic Thought. Xi Jinping's economic thought is the economic chapter of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, which has achieved a new leap in the sinicization and modernization of Marxist political economy and contributed Chinese wisdom to the innovation and development of Marxist political economy. As the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the world in the 21st century, this thought not only has distinctive Chinese characteristics, but also has great world significance. It is not only based on national conditions, guiding practice, but also looking at the world and leading the times; It has opened up a new realm of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and a new situation in the development of Marxist political economy in the 21st century.

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is contemporary Chinese Marxism and Marxism in the 21st century, which has achieved a new leap in the Sinicization of Marxism and the era. Xi Jinping's economic thought is the economic chapter of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the world in the 21st century.

1. Constantly open up a new realm of Marxist political economy in contemporary China

Marxist political economy is an important part of Marxism, and it is "the most profound, comprehensive, and detailed proof and application of Marxist theory." With Marxism as the guiding ideology for building the party and the country, the Communist Party of China has always attached importance to the study, research and application of Marxist political economy, persisted in integrating the basic tenets of Marxist political economy with China's specific reality and with China's excellent traditional culture, and constantly promoted the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist political economy.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, faced with the difficult historical task of building a socialist economy in a large country like China, which accounts for nearly one-quarter of the world's population and is very backward economically and culturally, Mao Zedong called on all party cadres to conscientiously study and study socialist political economy, take the Soviet Union as a mirror, follow their own path, create new theories, write new works, produce their own theoreticians, and put forward a series of original theoretical viewpoints on developing the socialist economy in the light of China's reality.

After the reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping clearly put forward the major theoretical proposition of developing "political economy that combines the basic tenets of Marxism with the practice of Chinese socialism" around the brand-new historical topic of developing a socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. Our party has worked hard to blaze new trails in the integration of theory and practice, successfully realized the transformation from a highly centralized planned economic system to a dynamic socialist market economic system, and gradually formed a socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core has put forward a series of new ideas, ideas and strategies in guiding the economic development of the mainland in the new era, forming Xi Jinping Economic Thought. Xi Jinping's economic thought comprehensively, intensively and profoundly reflects our party's new understanding of the law of economic development, especially the law of socialist economic development, is the latest achievement of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and is the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics in the new era, which provides a scientific guide for the high-quality development of the mainland's economy and the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country, and realizes a new leap in the sinicization and modernization of Marxist political economy.

Constantly writing a new chapter in the Sinicization of Marxism and the modernization of Marxism is the solemn historical mission of the contemporary Chinese Communists. It is the solemn historical mission of Marxist political economy in contemporary China to continuously write a new chapter in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist political economy. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping has published a series of important expositions on how to adhere to the development of Marxist political economy in the new era, emphasizing that learning the basic principles and methodology of Marxist political economy will help us master scientific economic analysis methods, understand the process of economic movement, grasp the laws of social and economic development, improve the ability to control the socialist market economy, better answer the theoretical and practical questions of the mainland's economic development, and improve the ability and level of leading the mainland's economic development; Emphasizing the development of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, constantly improving the theoretical system of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and promoting the construction of economic disciplines that fully embody Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese style; Emphasizing grasping the law, adhering to the Marxist position, viewpoint, and method, looking at the essence through the phenomenon, and exploring the long-term trend from short-term fluctuations, so that theoretical and policy innovation can fully reflect the advanced and scientific nature; Emphasizing the establishment of an international perspective, discussing the common issues facing mankind from the connection and interaction between China and the world, and contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind; It emphasizes the elevation of practical experience into a systematic economic theory, constantly opens up a new realm of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and contributes Chinese wisdom to the innovative development of Marxist political economy. These important expositions have very clearly answered a series of major questions of direction and principle in upholding and developing Marxist political economy in the new era, greatly enhanced people's consciousness and self-confidence in developing socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and pointed out the direction of progress, opened up a broad road, and opened up a new realm for the development of Marxist political economy in contemporary China.

2. Make China's original contribution to the development of Marxist political economy

All epoch-making theories are products that meet the needs of the times. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the mainland's economic development has also entered a new era. The strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the historical convergence and in-depth interaction between the world through great changes unseen in a century, the new changes in the domestic and foreign situation and the new requirements of practice have brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to the economic development of the mainland, and put forward new major issues of the times for the development of the mainland's economic theory. It will provide a solid material and technological foundation for building a modern socialist country in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and contribute China's strength to promoting the healthy development of economic globalization and building a community with a shared future for mankind. The CPC has led the Chinese people to successfully answer the new topic of the times from the combination of theory and practice on the basis of the great achievements in socialist economic construction since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, and while promoting high-quality economic development, they have created socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, making important original contributions to the development of Marxist political economy. Xi Jinping's economic thought is the concentrated embodiment and systematic expression of this original contribution, which can be summarized as:

1. Creatively put forward and adhere to the development of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, a new scientific category and scientific theory, which demonstrates the distinctive subjectivity and originality of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and establishes the theoretical core of China's independent economic knowledge system.

2. Creatively analyze the new situations, new problems, new characteristics, and new trends facing the world economy and the mainland economy, and form a series of new laws and understandings on doing a good job in economic work in the course of constantly summing up the practical experience of the mainland's economic development and guiding the successful practice of the mainland's economic development in the new era.

3. It creatively answers the major questions about the development of socialist economic theory and practice with Chinese characteristics in the new era, makes a new theoretical summary of the essential characteristics and development laws of socialist economy, and makes a new epochal interpretation of Marxist political economy, especially the basic principles of socialist political economy.

4. A series of interrelated and intrinsically integrated new concepts, new categories, new expressions, and new assertions have been proposed, and a series of important original theoretical achievements have been formed, which have elevated practical experience into systematic economic theories and constructed a theoretical system of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

This theoretical system includes: Strengthening the party's overall leadership over economic work is the fundamental guarantee for the mainland's economic development; Adhering to the people-centered development philosophy is the fundamental position of the mainland's economic development; Entering a new stage of development is the historical orientation of the mainland's economic development; Adhering to the new development concept is the guiding principle of the mainland's economic development; Building a new development pattern is the path choice for the mainland's economic development; Promoting high-quality development is a distinct theme of the mainland's economic development; Persisting in building a modern economic system is the strategic goal of the mainland's economic development. Persisting in the modernization of agriculture and rural areas is the top priority of the mainland's economic development; Upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system is the institutional foundation for the mainland's economic development. Speeding up the development of new productive forces is an important focus of the mainland's economic development. Unswervingly expanding opening up in an all-round way is an important magic weapon for the mainland's economic development. Coordinating development and security is an important guarantee for the mainland's economic development. Adhering to correct work strategies and methods is the methodology for doing economic work well, and so on.

The above-mentioned theoretical viewpoints adhere to the methodology of the Marxist world outlook and the basic theories of Marxist political economy, are based on the reality of the mainland's economic development in the new era, originate from and guide practice, run through the contradictory movements between the productive forces and the relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, and cover the main links of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, as well as the main aspects of the basic economic system, economic system, economic operation, economic development, opening up to the outside world, macroeconomic governance, and working methods. It profoundly answers the new issues of the times that have not been talked about by the writers of Marxist classics, which our predecessors have never encountered, and which cannot be solved by Western economic theories, and gives Marxist political economy a new connotation of the times, and makes outstanding original contributions to the development of Marxist political economy.

3. Strengthen the party's overall leadership over economic work

The relationship between economy and politics is the basic issue of historical materialism and Marxist political economy. Marxism holds that the economy is the foundation of politics, and politics is the concentrated expression of the economy. Under the socialist system, the people have become the masters of economic life as well as the masters of political life, the economy and politics have achieved a high degree of unity with the people as the main body, and the active role of politics in the economy has been brought into full play. The Communist Manifesto clearly states that the first step of the workers' revolution is to raise the proletariat to the ruling class and to use its political rule to seize all capital, step by step, to concentrate all the means of production in the hands of the state, and to increase the total amount of productive forces as quickly as possible. Lenin profoundly pointed out that "politics cannot but take the first place in comparison with economics." To be unsure of this is to forget the most basic common sense of Marxism." Mao Zedong emphasized that "political work is the lifeblood of all economic work." Deng Xiaoping emphasized: "Where are the advantages of the socialist market economy? Just four insisted. The four insistences are embodied in the leadership of the party." Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping has comprehensively inherited and developed the Marxist idea of the dialectical relationship between economy and politics from the overall situation of the development of the cause of the party and the country in the new era, put forward the major theory of strengthening the party's overall leadership over economic work, and made an in-depth and creative interpretation of how to correctly handle the dialectical relationship between economy and politics under the conditions of socialist market economy from the combination of theory and practice: First, it is proposed to be good at observing and analyzing economic problems from a political perspective and being good at gaining insight into the political consequences of economic activities. He is good at thinking about and promoting economic and social development from the height of stressing politics. Second, it is proposed that economic work is the central task, and that the party's leadership must be fully embodied in the central work, and that the party Central Committee must assume overall responsibility for economic work and exercise overall leadership. Third, it is necessary to innovate the concepts, systems, and methods of the party's leadership in economic and social development, so as to set a good direction and steer the ship for development. Fourth, it is proposed to improve the party's ability and level of leadership over economic work, improve the scientific level, legal level, and professional ability of the party's leadership over economic work, and earnestly transform the institutional advantages of the party's leadership over economic work into governance efficiency. Fifth, it is proposed to apply the methodology of Marxist political economy to deepen our understanding of the laws governing the mainland's economic development and to enhance our ability and level of leading the mainland's economic development. Sixth, it is necessary to take the promotion of Chinese-style modernization as the biggest politics, unite the broadest masses of the people under the unified leadership of the party, focus on the central task of economic construction and the primary task of high-quality development, and turn the grand blueprint of Chinese-style modernization into a beautiful reality step by step. These important expositions have profoundly expounded a series of theoretical and practical issues, such as the great significance, objectives and tasks, institutional mechanisms, and practical requirements of upholding the party's overall leadership over economic work, profoundly expounded the dialectical relationship between the high degree of unity between economy and politics under socialist conditions and the tremendous dynamic role of socialist politics in the socialist economy, and raised the Marxist understanding of the relationship between economy and politics to a new scientific level.

Fourth, adhere to the people-centered development philosophy

The question of who production is for, on whom to rely on, and who enjoys the fruits of production, that is, the purpose of social production, embodies the essence of a social and economic system and constitutes the main content of the basic economic laws of a society. In a socialist society, the development of production is no longer aimed at serving the interests of a small number of people and is no longer subordinated to the needs of capital multiplication, but is aimed at benefiting the interests of the majority of the people and satisfying the people's growing needs. Mao Zedong pointed out: "The so-called socialist relations of production are more suited to the nature of the development of the productive forces than the relations of production in the old era, which refers to a situation in which the productive forces can be allowed to develop rapidly at a speed that did not exist in the old society, so that production is constantly expanding, and thus the people's growing needs can be gradually satisfied." Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "In the final analysis, the superiority of socialism should be embodied in the fact that its productive forces develop faster and higher than those of capitalism, and that it constantly improves the material and cultural life of the people on the basis of developing the productive forces." Xi Jinping stressed that Deng Xiaoping's exposition points out the core of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. Focusing on this core, he creatively put forward the idea of adhering to the people-centered development and embodied it in all aspects of economic and social development. First, it is proposed to improve people's well-being, promote all-round human development, and steadily advance in the direction of common prosperity as the starting point and end point of economic development. Second, it is proposed that adapting to the changes in the needs of the masses of the people, striving to do a good job in various undertakings for the people's livelihood, and making the people's lives better and better are the fundamental purposes of socialist production. Third, it is proposed that the main contradictions in mainland society have changed, and efforts should be made to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development and better meet the people's growing needs for a better life. Fourth, it is proposed that common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism and an important feature of Chinese-style modernization, and the gradual realization of common prosperity for all the people is placed in a more important position, so that all the people can make solid progress towards the goal of common prosperity. Fifth, it is proposed to adhere to the supremacy of the people and the supremacy of life, and insist on putting the safety of people's lives and health first. Sixth, it is proposed to persist in ensuring and improving people's livelihood in the process of development, and continue to make new progress in providing education for the young, education for learning, income for labor, medical treatment for the sick, support for the elderly, housing for the elderly, and support for the weak. These important expositions have profoundly expounded the rich connotation of the purpose of socialist production in the new era and the goals, tasks, institutional mechanisms, principles and policies for realizing the purpose of socialist production, profoundly revealed the core position of the people-centered development idea in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and enriched and developed the theory of Marxist political economy on the purpose of socialist production and the basic economic laws of socialism.

Fifth, adhere to the new development concept

The fundamental task of socialism is to emancipate and develop the productive forces, and development is the foundation and key to solving all problems on the mainland. What kind of laws should be based on and what principles should be followed in economic development under socialist conditions are the basic questions that Marxist political economy needs to think about and answer after the establishment of the socialist system. Marx and Engels profoundly revealed the basic principles of socialist and communist social and economic development, mainly: the gradual elimination of the antagonism between classes, between urban and rural areas, and between mental and physical labor, the elimination of the spontaneity, blindness, and antagonism of social development, the realization of historical reconciliation between man and nature, and between man and society, and the free and all-round development of the individual. Since the founding of New China, especially after reform and opening up, our party has put forward a series of new theoretical viewpoints on the basic principles of socialist economic development, emphasizing overall planning, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all quarters, and adhering to people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development. After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the experience and lessons of development at home and abroad, deeply analyzed the general trend of development at home and abroad, creatively proposed to establish and adhere to a new development concept, and made a new interpretation of the basic principles of socialist economic development. First, it is proposed that the new development concept must run through the whole process of development and all fields, and always grasp, measure and promote development with the internal unity of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. The second is to put forward that innovation is the first driving force to lead development, focus on solving the problem of development momentum, adhere to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics, and give full play to the advantages of the new national system for tackling key core technologies under the conditions of market economy. The third is to put forward that coordination is an inherent requirement for sustainable and healthy development, promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, and form a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development. Fourth, it is proposed that green development is a necessary condition for sustainable development, focusing on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature, adhering to the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and promoting the formation of green development methods and lifestyles. Fifth, it is proposed that opening up is the only way to prosperity and development, focusing on solving the problem of internal and external linkage of development, developing a higher level of opening up, and promoting the formation of a new pattern of comprehensive opening up. Sixth, it is proposed that sharing is the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics, focusing on solving the problem of social fairness and justice, and the essence is to adhere to the people-centered development philosophy. These important expositions have profoundly expounded a series of major theoretical and practical issues concerning the purpose, motive force, mode, and path of socialist economic development, expounded our party's political stance, value orientation, development model, development path, and other major political issues on development, and enriched and developed the economic development theory of Marxist political economy.

6. Promote high-quality development

A correct understanding of the historical orientation and development stage of the cause of the party and the people is the fundamental basis for our party to clarify the central tasks of the stage and formulate the line, principles, and policies. Entering a new era, on the solid foundation of the long-term development and accumulation of the mainland's economy since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, the mainland's economic development has entered a new era and a new stage, and high-quality development is a clear sign of the mainland's economy in the new era and new stage, marking that the mainland's socialist economy has made a qualitative leap in the process of moving towards an advanced stage of more developed productive forces, more perfect production relations, and richer material and spiritual wealth. It is of milestone significance in the history of the mainland's socialist economic development to better meet the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and to better realize the goal of socialist production. The economic development of the mainland in the new era is carried out with the theme of promoting high-quality development, and Xi Jinping has made a series of important statements in this regard. First, it is proposed that socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the mainland's economic development has also entered a new era, and the basic feature is that the mainland's economy has shifted from a stage of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development. Second, it is proposed that high-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, and is the theme of the mainland's economic and social development in the 14th Five-Year Plan and beyond. Third, it is proposed that high-quality development is a development that can well meet the people's growing needs for a better life, a development that embodies the new development concept, and a development in which innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous feature, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only way, and sharing becomes the fundamental purpose. Fourth, it is proposed that to promote high-quality development, it is necessary to promote supply-side structural reform, so that the mainland's supply capacity can better meet the people's growing, constantly upgraded and personalized material, cultural and ecological environment needs, so as to achieve the goal of socialist production. Fifth, it is proposed to accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, which is the only way to promote high-quality development; Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the strategic basis for promoting high-quality development; Promoting agricultural modernization is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-quality development; People's happiness and well-being is the ultimate goal of promoting high-quality development. These important expositions systematically answer major questions such as what is high-quality development, why we should promote high-quality development, and how to promote high-quality development, profoundly expound the historical orientation and phased characteristics of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics in the new era, clarify the general logic of the evolution and development of the mainland economy from low-level to high-level forms, and enrich and develop the theory of Marxist political economy on the stage of socialist economic development.

7. Build a new development pattern

Marxist political economy believes that social reproduction is a cyclical process of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption. In Capital, Marx revealed the basic conditions for the smooth economic circulation, including: the coexistence of all kinds of capital in space and the succession of time, the timely compensation of capital in material and value forms, the maintenance of a reasonable proportional relationship between various departments, and the coordination of money circulation and commodity circulation. Once the economic circulation conditions are destroyed and the circulation chain is broken, there is a risk of causing an economic crisis. Under the conditions that the mainland has entered a new stage of development, is facing profound changes in the international environment, and the external environment is becoming more complex, severe, and uncertain, how to achieve a smooth economic cycle is a major challenge before us. Building a new development pattern with the domestic cycle as the main body and the domestic and international cycles reinforcing each other is a major strategic decision to cope with this major challenge and grasp the initiative for future development. In this regard, Xi Jinping has made a series of important statements. First, it is proposed that the construction of a new development pattern is a systematic and deep-seated change that has a bearing on the overall situation, a strategic choice to keep pace with the times and improve the level of economic development of the mainland, and a strategic choice to shape the mainland's new advantages in international economic cooperation and competition. Second, it is proposed to organically combine the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening the supply-side structural reform, and make efforts and coordinate at both ends of supply and demand at the same time, so as to form a higher-level dynamic balance between demand driving supply and supply creating demand, so as to achieve a virtuous cycle of the national economy. The third is to adhere to the strategic direction of supply-side structural reform, improve the adaptability of the supply system to domestic demand, break through the economic cycle blockage, and improve the integrity of the industrial chain and supply chain. Fourth, it is proposed that the most essential feature of building a new development pattern is to achieve a high level of self-reliance and self-reliance, it is urgent to promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial and supply chains, to improve the modern circulation system is a strong support, to comprehensively deepen reform is the fundamental driving force, to further expand the opening up to the outside world is an inevitable requirement, to improve the quality of people's life is the starting point and foothold, and to firmly adhere to the bottom line of safe development is an important prerequisite and guarantee. Fifth, it is proposed to promote the formation of a grand and smooth domestic economic cycle, which can better attract global resource elements, not only meet domestic demand, but also improve the level of industrial and technological development of the mainland, and form new advantages in participating in international economic cooperation and competition. These important expositions have profoundly expounded the great significance and basic requirements for realizing a smooth economic cycle under the conditions of the socialist market economy, profoundly expounded the dialectical relationship between openness and independence, the domestic economic cycle and the international economic cycle, deepened the understanding of the law of reproduction in socialist society, and enriched and developed the Marxist political economy theory on economic circulation.

8. Accelerate the development of new quality productive forces

Marxism holds that the productive forces are the fundamental driving force for the development of human society, and that the productive forces and the relations of production, the economic base and the superstructure interact with each other and constrain each other, dominate the entire process of social development, and determine the basic outlook and development direction of society. Our party has always attached great importance to the emancipation and development of the productive forces, always insisted on using the Marxist theory of the productive forces to guide the ever-changing practice of development, and constantly deepened its understanding of the law governing the development of the productive forces in the course of practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping has based on the new practice of the economic and social development of the mainland in the new era, conformed to the new requirements of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, combined the Marxist theory of productive forces with the practice of the economic development of the mainland in the new era, focused on the historical task of comprehensively promoting Chinese-style modernization and promoting high-quality development, published a series of important expositions on how to further liberate and develop the productive forces in the new era, and creatively put forward important theoretical views on accelerating the development of new quality productive forces. It has opened up a new realm in the development of the Marxist theory of productive forces. First, it is stated that the emancipation and development of the social productive forces is the essential requirement of socialism, and that our party is in power to lead the people of all nationalities throughout the country to continuously emancipate and develop the social productive forces and continuously improve the people's living standards. Second, it is proposed that the development of new quality productivity is an inherent requirement and an important focus for promoting high-quality development, and it is necessary to firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development and develop new quality productivity according to local conditions. The third is to put forward that the new quality of productivity is born by the revolutionary breakthrough of technology, the innovative allocation of production factors, and the deep transformation and upgrading of industries, with the basic connotation of laborers, labor materials, labor objects and their optimal combinations, and the essence is advanced productivity. Fourth, it is proposed that mankind has experienced the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution, and is experiencing the information revolution, and the information revolution has brought about another qualitative leap in productivity; Digital technology and digital economy are the first opportunities for the world's scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence is a strategic technology leading this round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and quantum technology has developed into a frontier field for a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. Fifth, it is proposed that scientific and technological innovation is the core element of the development of new quality productive forces, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, especially original and subversive scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, and do a good job in tackling key core technologies. Sixth, it is proposed to promote industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and expand emerging industries, lay out and build future industries, and improve the modern industrial system. Seventh, it is proposed that protecting the ecological environment is to protect the productive forces, improving the ecological environment is to develop the productive forces, and the new quality of the productive forces itself is the green productive forces. These important expositions have systematically expounded a series of major theoretical and practical issues, such as the great significance, basic elements, objective laws, historical trends, and main paths of the development of the productive forces, especially the development of the new quality productive forces, under the new historical conditions, profoundly answered the questions of the times in the new era, "what are the advanced productive forces and how to develop them," greatly enriched and developed the Marxist theory of the productive forces, and raised our party's understanding of the laws governing the development of the productive forces to a new height. It provides scientific guidance for promoting high-quality economic development and realizing economic modernization.

9. Uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system

The basic economic system is a long-term and stable part of the economic system, which is in a fundamental and decisive position. According to the historical law of the development of human society, Marx and Engels revealed the basic characteristics of the future socialist and communist economic systems, including the social ownership of the means of production, the planned regulation of social production, and the distribution according to work and according to demand. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the mainland established a socialist economic system based on public ownership and distribution according to work through socialist transformation. Since the beginning of reform and opening up, the mainland has established a basic economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and the common development of economies under various forms of ownership, and a distribution system with distribution according to work as the mainstay and the coexistence of various modes of distribution, and has established and continuously improved the socialist market economic system, laying a solid economic foundation for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping made a series of important expositions on how to better adhere to and improve the mainland's basic economic system in the new era and make it more mature and stereotyped. First, it proposes that the basic socialist economic systems, such as the public ownership system as the mainstay, the common development of the economy under various forms of ownership, the distribution according to work as the mainstay, the coexistence of various modes of distribution, and the socialist market economic system, not only embody the superiority of the socialist system, but also correspond to the level of development of the social productive forces in the initial stage of socialism on the mainland, and are the great creations of the party and the people. Second, it is proposed that both the public and non-public sectors of the economy are important components of the socialist market economy and an important foundation for the mainland's economic and social development. We should unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, and promote the development of various ownership systems by learning from each other's strong points and complementing each other's weaknesses. Third, it is proposed to promote state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises to become stronger, better and bigger, develop a new type of rural collective economy, promote the healthy development of the non-public economy and the healthy growth of people in the non-public economy, and promote the development and growth of the private economy. Fourth, it is proposed that the distribution system is the basic system for promoting common prosperity. Adhere to the principle of distribution according to work and the coexistence of various distribution methods, perform the government's redistribution functions well, and build a coordinated system of primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution. Fifth, it is proposed to make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources, give better play to the role of the government, build a high-level socialist market economic system, promote a better combination of an effective market and a promising government, continue to make efforts to integrate the basic socialist system with the market economy, and give full play to the advantages of both. Sixth, it is proposed to correctly understand and grasp the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, regulate and guide the healthy development of capital in accordance with the law, give play to the positive role of capital, and at the same time effectively control the negative role of capital. These important expositions put the socialist ownership structure, the distribution system, and the market economic system together as the basic economic systems, scientifically analyzed the development and changes of the three basic economic systems, made a new summary of the scientific connotation and practical requirements of the basic socialist economic system in the light of the development of reality, and enriched and developed the Marxist political economy theory on the basic socialist economic system.

10. Realize economic modernization

Modernization is an inevitable trend in the development of human society. Marx pointed out: "What the more industrially developed countries show to the less industrially developed countries is only a vision of the future of the latter." "But the modernization that Marx spoke of is modernization under capitalist conditions. Capitalist modernization has profound ills, which, while promoting the development of productive forces and social progress, have brought profound disasters to the people of our country and the people of the world. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has led the people to build a modern socialist country and successfully embarked on the path of Chinese-style modernization. Economic modernization is the economic foundation of Chinese-style modernization, and realizing economic modernization under socialist conditions is an unprecedented historical initiative, which requires sustained and in-depth exploration in theory and practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping has made a series of important expositions on how to build a modern socialist country and achieve economic modernization. First, it is proposed that the country must be strong, the economic system must be strong, and building a modern economic system is an urgent requirement for crossing the threshold and a strategic goal for the mainland's development. Second, it is proposed to build a new development pattern, which clarifies the path choice of the mainland's economic modernization, and the realization of new industrialization is the key task, and the requirements of high-quality development run through the whole process of new industrialization, and organically combine the construction of a manufacturing power with the development of digital economy and industrial informatization. Third, it is proposed that common prosperity for all people is the essential feature of Chinese-style modernization, and whether the path of modernization can be successfully and steadily implemented in the end depends on whether it adheres to the people-centered approach. Fourth, it is proposed to adhere to the path of new industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, and promote the simultaneous development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. Fifth, it is proposed to accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system supported by the real economy, promote the intelligent, green and integrated industry, and build a modern industrial system with integrity, advancement and safety. Sixth, it is proposed to unswervingly follow the path of financial development with Chinese characteristics, promote the high-quality development of the mainland's finance, build a financial power, and provide strong support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. These important expositions have profoundly expounded the basic characteristics, main contents, and development paths of Chinese-style economic modernization, creatively expounded the new historical topic of how to realize economic modernization under socialist conditions, and enriched and developed the Marxist political economy theory on economic modernization.

11. Promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas

Marx pointed out: "The basis of all developed division of labor, mediated by commodity exchange, is the separation of country and country. It can be said that the entire economic history of society is summed up in this opposing movement. "Eliminating the antagonism between urban and rural areas is the primary condition for social unity, and realizing the integration of urban and rural areas is an important goal of socialist development. After the founding of New China, Comrade Mao Zedong put forward the idea of correctly handling the relationship between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas. Since the reform and opening up, our party has proposed to coordinate urban and rural development and form a new pattern of integration of urban and rural economic and social development. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, according to the new situation of the mainland's economic and social development, our party has clearly put forward a major strategy to reshape the relationship between urban and rural areas and promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas. First, it is proposed to promote the integration of urban and rural development, strengthen the use of industry to supplement agriculture and urban areas to lead rural areas, promote the formation of a new type of urban-rural relationship between industry and agriculture, urban and rural complementarity, coordinated development, and common prosperity, and accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. The second is to propose to take the road of socialist rural revitalization with Chinese characteristics, promote high-quality and efficient agriculture, livable and workable villages, and prosperous farmers, so that agriculture and rural areas can be modernized simultaneously with the country. The third is to put forward that a strong agricultural country is the foundation of a strong modern socialist country. To build a strong agricultural country, it is necessary to embody the resource endowment based on more people and less land, the historical heritage of agricultural civilization, and the requirements of the times of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and take our own path. Fourth, it puts forward the path of poverty alleviation with Chinese characteristics, the theory of anti-poverty with Chinese characteristics, and the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. Fifth, it is proposed to uphold and improve the basic rural management system, and implement the "separation of three rights" of farmland ownership, contracting rights, and management rights. Sixth, it is proposed to promote people-centered urbanization, take the road of new urbanization with Chinese characteristics, organically combine the promotion of new urbanization with the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas, promote the two-way flow of various elements, promote the construction of new urbanization with county towns as important carriers, and form a new pattern of urban-rural integrated development. These important expositions have profoundly expounded the unique mode and rich connotation of realizing the integrated development of urban and rural areas in a large developing socialist country like the mainland, profoundly expounded the correct path for realizing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, deepened the understanding of the law governing the development of socialist urban-rural relations, and enriched and developed the theory of Marxist political economy on urban-rural relations.

12. Promote the healthy development of economic globalization

Marxist political economy holds that human society will eventually move from the history of all nations to the history of the world, and economic globalization is the only way for the development of human society. Historically, economic globalization has developed under the leadership of capitalism, and "the bourgeoisie, because of the opening up of the world market, has made the production and consumption of all countries global." "The trend towards creating a world market is already directly contained in the very concept of capital. Any boundary manifests itself as a constraint that must be overcome. "With the globalization of capital, the contradictions and ills of capitalism, such as class antagonism, the gap between the rich and the poor, economic crises, and financial turmoil, are increasingly spreading to the world, so that the process of economic globalization is often disrupted and twists and turns. At present, the changes in the world, the times, and history are unfolding in an unprecedented way, and the world is once again standing at the crossroads of history, and the question of where economic globalization is going is facing the people of all countries. At this historical juncture, Xi Jinping issued a series of important expositions, systematically expounding China's understanding of economic globalization, responding to the international community's general concern about economic globalization, and reflecting the profound thinking of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people on the destiny of mankind and world development. First, it is proposed that economic globalization is an objective requirement for the development of social productive forces and an inevitable result of scientific and technological progress, which has provided a strong impetus for world economic growth and promoted the flow of commodities and capital, the progress of science and technology and civilization, and the exchanges between the peoples of various countries. Second, it is proposed that economic globalization is a double-edged sword. When the world economy is in a downturn, the contradictions between growth and distribution, capital and labor, efficiency and fairness will become more prominent, and both developed and developing countries will feel the pressure and shock. Third, it is necessary to guide the trend of economic globalization, promote the development of economic globalization in the right direction, and promote the construction of an open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced, and win-win economic globalization. Fourth, it is proposed to stand on the right side of history, promote the construction of an open world economy, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. Fifth, it is proposed to improve the global economic governance system, based on equality and guided by openness, advocate the concept of global governance based on extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, adhere to the correct concept of justice and shared interests, and strive to make the global governance system more balanced to reflect the wishes and interests of the majority of countries. Sixth, it is necessary to conform to economic globalization, implement a more proactive strategy of opening up, promote a higher level of opening up, and build a new system of a higher-level open economy. These important expositions have profoundly expounded the internal logic, main characteristics, contradictions, and development trends of economic globalization, profoundly answered the questions of the times about what economic globalization is and where it is heading, provided China's plan for guiding the healthy development of economic globalization, contributed Chinese wisdom, deepened and developed the understanding of the laws governing economic globalization, and enriched and developed the Marxist political economy's theory on economic globalization and the world economy.

13. Coordinate security and development

Upholding independence and self-reliance, always putting national sovereignty and security in the first place, and resolutely safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests is a fundamental principle of the mainland's socialist construction. After the reform and opening up, with the continuous improvement of China's opening up to the outside world, the risks and challenges of national economic security have gradually increased, and the problem of how to effectively safeguard national economic security in the process of promoting development has become increasingly prominent. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping has profoundly grasped the new situation and new tasks facing national economic security, and issued a series of important expositions on national economic security. First, it is proposed that security is the premise of development, and development is the guarantee of security. Adhere to the benign interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, promote high-level security with high-quality development, and ensure high-quality development with high-level security, and development and security should be dynamically balanced and complement each other. The second is to emphasize the need to firmly establish the concept of safe development, accelerate the improvement of the system and mechanism of safe development, and correctly understand and grasp the prevention and resolution of major risks. Third, it is proposed that the macroeconomy should prevent major ups and downs, the capital market should prevent large inflows and outflows, and the supply security of food, energy, and important resources should be ensured, and the stability and security of industrial and supply chains should be ensured. Fourth, it is pointed out that maintaining financial security is a major strategic and fundamental matter that has a bearing on the overall economic and social development of the mainland, and that it is necessary to fully understand the important position and role of finance in economic development and social life, and resolutely guard the bottom line of preventing the occurrence of systemic financial risks. These important expositions have profoundly expounded the great significance, main contents, and basic principles of safeguarding economic security, raised the importance of economic security to an unprecedented height, deepened and developed the understanding of the law governing the development of socialist security, and enriched and developed the Marxist political economy theory on national economic security.

14. Methodology for doing a good job in economic work

To promote sustained and healthy economic development, we must not only have correct thinking and policies, but also have correct work strategies and methods. Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the methodology of doing a good job in economic work, insists on using the Marxist world view and methodology to scientifically analyze the economic situation, accurately study and judge the future trend, scientifically formulate economic policies, constantly sum up experience, grasp the law, guide work, and promote development, strive to improve the party's ability and level of leading economic work, do a solid job in economic work, successfully control the overall situation of economic development, and accumulate valuable experience in doing a good job in economic work. First, it is proposed to persist in analyzing the economic situation from a comprehensive, dialectical, and long-term perspective, and to judge the position of the mainland economy and the changes that have taken place from the historical, realistic, and future trends. The second is to adhere to the "two-point theory", look at the problem in two parts, accurately recognize changes, respond scientifically, take the initiative to seek changes, and strive to cultivate new opportunities in the crisis and open a new situation in the changing situation. The third is to put forward the need to adhere to the correct work strategy and method, adhere to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, maintain strategic concentration, and unswervingly do their own things. Fourth, it is proposed to take into account the overall consideration, systematic planning, and overall advancement, and correctly handle a series of major relationships such as top-level design and practical exploration, strategy and tactics, integrity and innovation, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, self-reliance and self-improvement and opening up. Fifth, it is proposed to adhere to the combination of goal-oriented and problem-oriented, which should not only focus on the goal, but also work overall planning and top-level design to enhance the sense of direction and planning; It is also necessary to focus on the problem and continue to work hard to make up for the shortcomings and strengths and weaknesses to enhance accuracy and timeliness. These important expositions are the creative application of the basic theories of Marxist political economy in economic work, and the vivid embodiment of the worldview methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the positions, viewpoints and methods that run through it in economic work, profoundly answer the methodological questions of how to look at the economic situation and how to do economic work, and profoundly expound the working methods of the party's overall leadership over economic work. It has enriched and developed the theory of Marxist political economy on analyzing the economic situation and doing a good job in economic work.

15. The latest theoretical achievements of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the world in the 21st century

Xi Jinping's economic thought is a contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy with distinctive Chinese characteristics. It is also the Marxist political economy of the world in the 21st century, which is of great global significance; It is a scientific theory based on national conditions and guiding practice, and it is also a scientific theory that looks at the world and leads the times.

"The more national it is, the more global it is. If we solve national problems well, we will have a stronger ability to solve world problems; If we sum up China's practice well, we will have a stronger ability to provide ideas and methods for solving world problems. This is the law of development from the particular to the universal". As the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in the contemporary and 21st century world, Xi Jinping's economic thought is facing and committed to answering and solving, not only the special problems related to China's own development, but also the universal problems related to the development and future of human society today. For example, how to deal with the relationship between public and private ownership, between the state and the market, and between efficiency and fairness in the economic system, how to deal with the relationship between urban and rural areas, between regions, and between man and nature in economic development, how to deal with the relationship between domestic and international, between autonomy and openness, and between development and security in the course of opening up to the outside world, and most importantly, whether to take the socialist road or the capitalist road in economic and social development, whether to persist in taking the people as the center or to capital, and whether to serve the interests of the minority or the interests of the majority. Therefore, the economic laws revealed by this thought are not only the special laws applicable to the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, but also the general laws applicable to the development of today's socialist economy and the world economy. It has an important impact not only on contemporary China, but also on the contemporary world. This theory is both specific and universal; It is of great national significance, but also of great global significance.

In the great era of great changes unseen in a century and the overall situation of the great rejuvenation strategy of the Chinese nation, the development of Marxist political economy is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges, and shoulders a major responsibility of the times.

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and socialism with Chinese characteristics is becoming the banner of the development of scientific socialism in the 21st century and the mainstay of the revitalization of world socialism. We have persisted in organically integrating the socialist system with the market economy, greatly emancipating and developing the social productive forces, and the socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics has become increasingly mature and formalized in practice, showing remarkable advantages. Under such circumstances, we have the responsibility to systematically summarize the experience of socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics, scientifically answer the questions of the world and the times on how to build a socialist economy, and contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to mankind's exploration of a better social system.

Chinese modernization has shattered the myth of "modernization = Westernization", presented another picture of modernization, and expanded the path options for developing countries to modernize. In a few decades, we have completed the industrialization process that developed countries in the West have gone through for hundreds of years, solved the problem of absolute poverty that has plagued the Chinese nation for thousands of years, built a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, and embarked on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. Under such circumstances, we have the responsibility to systematically summarize the experience of Chinese-style economic modernization, scientifically answer the questions of the world and the times on how to achieve economic modernization, and contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to mankind's exploration of a more reasonable economic development path.

The mainland is increasingly approaching the center of the world stage, constantly making greater contributions to mankind, and deepening the trend of high integration and deep interaction with the world economy. We adhere to the basic national policy of opening up to the outside world, actively participate in economic globalization, develop a higher level of opening-up, promote the construction of an open world economy, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and become a stable driving force for world economic growth. Under such circumstances, we have the responsibility to scientifically answer the questions of the world and the times on how to promote the healthy development of economic globalization from the contacts and interactions between China and the world, and contribute China's wisdom and solutions to promoting the development of economic globalization in the right direction.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the mainland's economic development process is magnificent and its achievements have attracted worldwide attention, which contains great momentum, vitality and potential for theoretical creation. Based on the mainland's national conditions and our development practice, we should deeply study the new situations and new problems facing the world economy and the mainland's economy, reveal new characteristics and new laws, refine and sum up the regular achievements of the mainland's economic development practice, elevate practical experience into a systematic economic theory, constantly open up a new realm of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and contribute Chinese wisdom to the innovative development of Marxist political economy. This important exposition profoundly embodies the high degree of theoretical consciousness and strong mission of the contemporary Chinese communists in upholding and developing Marxist political economy. Only what is national is the world, and only by leading the times can we go to the world. The formation of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics and its creative development in contemporary China have opened up a new realm of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and also opened up a new situation in the development of Marxist political economy in the 21st century, demonstrating the vigor and vigor of Marxist political economy.

[Notes omitted, please refer to the paper version of this magazine for the full version]

(Author's Affiliation: Qiushi Magazine; Source: Kunlun Ce Network [Author's authorization], reproduced from "Marxism and Reality", originally published in "Marxism and Reality" Issue 3, 2024)