Facility melon vegetable mechanized production technology
Technical Overview
Facility melon vegetables include cucumbers, watermelons, melons and other crops, which have the characteristics of wide planting range and high output value per unit scale, and play an important role in ensuring food supply and promoting farmers' income. Restricted by factors such as the structure of traditional facilities, agronomic cultivation and less special equipment, there are low levels of mechanization, many production links, many laborers, low labor efficiency and high intensity in planting, which seriously restricts the high-quality development of the industry. To this end, after continuous research and test demonstration, the integration of facilities suitable for mechanized design and construction, wide ditch and narrow ridge suitable for mechanized cultivation mode, key links of mechanized production and automated environmental control technology, the construction of facilities melon and vegetables full mechanization solution, through the deep integration of "agronomy, agricultural machinery and facilities", effectively solve the traditional facilities of melon and vegetables "difficult to enter, difficult to cultivate, difficult to work, difficult to achieve high efficiency" and other problems, to achieve land preparation, fertilization, transplanting, field management, environmental control, transportation, post-production processing, The application of this technology in the mechanized production operation of waste treatment and other links has finally realized the deep integration of agronomic and agricultural machinery facilities for the production of melons and vegetables in plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses, the reduction of water and fertilizer and the increase of efficiency and efficiency, and the improvement of quality and efficiency in light and simple labor-saving, which provides support for the upgrading and high-quality development of the facility planting industry in the mainland.
Technology diffusion
Since 2019, with the support of the National Bulk Vegetable Industry Technology System Construction Project, the National Key R&D Program "Integration and Demonstration of High-quality, Light, Efficient Production Technology of Facility Vegetables" and the Beijing Special Crop Innovation Team Building Project, in Beijing, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other facilities have been used in advantageous cultivation areas of melon and vegetables, and good results have been obtained. From 2019 to 2023, it will be demonstrated and applied in Beipiao City, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, Wafangdian City, Dalian City, and Yinong Science and Technology Park, Tieling City, Liaoning Province, 2019-2023 in Pangezhuang Town, Daxing District, Beijing, 2019-2023 in Zhangqiu City, Jinan City, Shandong Province, and Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, Tangshan City, Hebei Province from 2020 to 2024, and in Hotan and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang from 2021 to 2023, reducing production labor by more than 20%. The average operation efficiency of the main links has been increased by more than 50%, the comprehensive mechanization level has been increased to more than 60%, and the output of cucumbers, watermelons and melons has increased by 5%-10%, and the fruit commodity rate has increased by 10%-20%.
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Improve quality and efficiency
After the application of this technology, fertilization, land preparation, transplanting, plant protection, environmental control, water and fertilizer integrated irrigation and other key links can be mechanized or simplified, the comprehensive mechanization level can be increased to more than 60%, and the operation efficiency is greatly improved. The overall labor is reduced by more than 20%, the labor intensity is reduced, and the labor cost is reduced, among which, only the manure, rotary tillage, ridge and transplanting links can reduce the labor by more than 70%, saving about 1200 yuan/mu of labor costs. The yield of cucumbers, watermelons and melons in solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses can be increased by 5%~10%; The mechanized cultivation method of large ridge spacing improves the light temperature and ventilation environment of plants, increases the commercial rate of fruits by 10%-20%, increases the income of farmers by more than 10%, and significantly improves the economic benefits. This technology has successfully solved the bottleneck problem encountered in the mechanization of melon production in solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses in mainland China, and can be promoted in melon and vegetable production areas of solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses in mainland China, and has great application potential.
Technology awards
In 2020 and 2022, "Mechanization Technology for Efficient Production of Vegetables in Plastic Greenhouses" and "Mechanization Technology for Vegetable Production in Solar Greenhouses" were selected as the main agricultural technologies in Beijing. The short video of the core content of the technology, "Solar Greenhouse Cucumber East and West Ridge Light and Simplified Production Technology", was selected as the most valuable short video of the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center in 2022. Focusing on the technology, the "Technical Regulations for High-quality, Light, Efficient Production of Cucumbers in Solar Greenhouses", "Technical Regulations for High-quality, Light, Efficient Production of Watermelons in Solar Greenhouses", "Technical Regulations for High-quality, Light, Simple, and Efficient Production of Cucumbers in Plastic Greenhouses", "Technical Regulations for High-quality, Light, Efficient Production of Melons in Plastic Greenhouses", etc., have been published in greenhouse horticulture, Chinese vegetables and other magazines. At present, the industry standard of "Technical Specifications for the Mechanization of Facility Structures" is being compiled.
Technical points
1. Mechanized design and construction of facilities
Solar greenhouse: the recommended span ≥ 8.5m, the height of the lower edge of the skeleton at 0.5m from the bottom foot of the front roof in the greenhouse should be ≥ 1.5m, and the height of the lower edge of the skeleton at 1.0m should be ≥1.8m; there is no column indoors, the height of the fixed rope of the fallen vines should be ≥ 1.8m; under the premise of ensuring that the structural strength, thermal insulation and other functions are not affected, the east and west ends of the front roof are close to the gable, and the height of the machine and tool outlet ≥ 2.0m and the width ≥1.8m are set.
Plastic greenhouse: at the north and south ends of the plastic greenhouse, leave a width and height of 2~2.5m for agricultural machinery access channel; the east and west sides of the plastic greenhouse shoulder height should be appropriately increased (greater than 1.5m) to meet the operation requirements of agricultural machinery; the span of the greenhouse is optimized according to the suitable mechanized planting parameters to fully meet the needs of agronomy and agricultural machinery. In addition to the east and west sides of the plastic greenhouse with a span of more than 10m, a set of automatic air release devices are added at the top to realize the automatic air release and cooling on the east and west sides and the top of the plastic greenhouse.
2. Wide furrows and narrow ridges should be mechanized for cultivation
2500~3000 cucumber single stalk pruning per mu, 2000~2300 watermelon hanging seedling cultivation per mu, 2000~2200 melon hanging seedling cultivation single stalk pruning per mu, and 1600~1800 double stalk pruning per mu. According to the local climate, geographical location, solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse conditions, the following parameters can be selected: ridge bottom width + ditch width, respectively: 1.8m (0.6m + 1.2m), 1.6m (0.8m + 0.8m) or staggered wide furrow narrow ridge cultivation.
3. Mechanized fertilization
Use the manure spreader for mechanical bottom fertilizer, when the manure spreader operates, those who have nothing to do with the operation of the machine should stay away from the manure spreader, there can be no bystanders in the fertilizer spreading area, and the operator is strictly forbidden to approach the rotating device when the manure spreader rotates. When spreading granular fertilizer, the width of the throwing should not be greater than the span of the greenhouse, so as not to damage the plastic greenhouse film; The fertilizer should be spread evenly, and the coefficient of variation should be ≤30%; The amount of fertilizer is determined according to the requirements of agronomic planting, such as watermelon, and organic fertilizer can be applied 2~4t per mu.
4. Mechanized land preparation
4.1 Deep ploughing operations. Every 2 years, it is advisable to choose a deep cultivator for 1 round of deep ploughing operation, and the operating depth should be > 30cm, break the bottom layer of the plow, improve the soil aggregate structure, and increase air permeability.
4.2 rotary tillage, ridge laying, film laying, drip irrigation with integrated operation. The solar greenhouse adopts east-west ridge formation; The plastic greenhouse adopts north-south ridge formation. The center distance between the adjacent two ridges is generally 1.8m, the width of the ridge bottom is 80cm, the width of the ridge top is 60cm, the width of the ditch is 100cm, and the ridge height is 15~20cm. 8.5-10m span facilities, 4 ridges, 10-12m span facilities, 5 ridges, ridge bottom width, ridge height and other parameters should be matched with the transplanting machinery used, drip irrigation belt (pipe) should be laid accurately, the membrane should be flat, compacted, no obvious folding.
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Mechanized land preparation
5. Mechanized transplanting
It is advisable to choose about 15cm of the whole plant height (including the height of the seedling mound) melon hole tray seedlings for transplanting, the plants are compact, neat and consistent, and free of diseases and pests. The qualified rate of transplanting ≥ 90%, and the qualified rate of plant spacing ≥ 90%. For transplanting without mulching, the planting depth should be within 1cm of the ground on the upper surface of the seedling mound. For mulching transplanting, the pass rate of membrane surface opening ≥ 95%, and the planting depth should be about 1cm lower than the membrane surface of the seedling mound. The qualified rate of transplanting depth ≥ 80%, and for common grafted seedlings such as watermelons, the grafting point should avoid touching the soil during transplanting operations, and melon vegetables should be watered to slow down the seedlings after planting.
Mechanized transplanting
6. Field management
In terms of plant protection, new and efficient plant protection equipment such as fog machine, powder machine and fog machine are used to realize the overall sanitization of space diseases and pests such as plants, ground and greenhouse film in greenhouses. In terms of irrigation, in the large-scale park, a small automatic control irrigation machine is used, and the drip irrigation belt is selected with a low-flow drip irrigation belt of 1L/h, which can ensure that the drip water of the 140m long drip irrigation belt is uniform, realize the integrated irrigation of water and fertilizer, and improve the efficiency of fertilizer and water use and labor efficiency by more than 20%.
7. Environmental regulation
First, an automatic air release should be set at the top of the solar greenhouse, a mechanical or automatic air release device should be set at the bottom corner, and a wind release device should be set up in the plastic greenhouse according to the requirements to realize the automatic air release and cooling of the facility environment. Second, reflective film and other light reflection devices are set on the back slope of the solar greenhouse to improve the light environment on the north side of the solar greenhouse in winter. Third, you can choose to install an active ventilation device to control the indoor heat reduction efficiency by controlling the ventilation efficiency to achieve active ventilation control.
8. Transportation
The harvesting auxiliary platform is adopted, and the melons and fruits are manually picked and mechanically transported, and the platform can also be used for material transportation, plant management, pesticide spraying and other operations.
9. Postpartum treatment
9.1 Postpartum waste disposal. The tractor is used to match the stubble/straw returning machine, and the residual seedlings are directly returned to the field for use by mixing the fungal agent. The use of consumables such as "pollination marking paper" and "plastic grafting clips" should be reduced or manually cleared in advance to ensure sufficient disinfection time and temperature and humidity after mixing with microbial agents. The use of special pulverizer for fixed-point centralized crushing, need to manually cooperate with the transport vehicle to achieve the residual seedlings from the shed concentration, crushing should be in accordance with the requirements of the instructions for safe operation, to avoid the residual seedlings mixed into iron, stones and other sundries, it is forbidden to eliminate faults when the machine is running.
9.2 Post-production primary processing. Watermelon samples are graded by grading equipment, which is generally graded by weight or size. It can also use conveyor belt supporting scales, plastic packaging equipment, labeling equipment, etc., to form a graded packaging line, and divide the product grades according to the market, and the graded packaging is listed.
Suitable area
The main production area of melon and vegetables in solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses in mainland China.
Precautions
1. For the mechanization of old solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses, it is necessary to consider the full use of space in agricultural machinery and agronomic cultivation facilities.
2. For the new solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses, it is necessary to consider the comprehensive layout of ancillary facilities such as regional lighting, agricultural machinery traffic, agronomic cultivation and water and electricity.
3. For mechanized cultivation, excellent varieties with medium growth, moderate leaf size, small crown width, strong disease resistance and stress resistance should be selected.
Technical support unit
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Shenyang Agricultural University
Address: No. 120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City
Postal code: 110866
Contact: Sun Zhouping
Contact number: 024-88487231
E-mail: [email protected]
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General Station of Agricultural Mechanization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
Address: Nongfeng Building, No. 96, East Third Ring South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing
Postal code: 100122
Contact: He Lihong
Contact: 010-59199186
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Beijing Agricultural Machinery Test and Appraisal Extension Station
Address: No. 60, Nanfang Zhuangjia, Fengtai District, Beijing
Postal code: 100079
Contact: Zhao Jingwen
Contact number: 010-59198678
E-mail: [email protected]
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China Agricultural University
Address: No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing
Postal code: 100079
Contact: Gao Lihong
Contact number: 13601350829
E-mail: [email protected]
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National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center
Address: No. 20, Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
Postal code: 100125
Contact: Leng Yang
Contact number: 18501259153
E-mail: [email protected]
Source: Beijing Agricultural Machinery
Editor: Nong Xiaoli