Sentence / Kodama
Every dynasty with border troubles often has internal worries at the same time, because out of the need to guard the border, a large number of resources will be concentrated in the border areas, which is very easy to cause a pattern of external emphasis and internal lightness, so that the imperial court faces the threat of feudal towns.
After the founding of the Great Qin, although Meng Tian recovered the land of Henan in the First War, the Xiongnu were more than 700 li, so that the Hu people did not dare to go south and herd horses, but the border troubles of the empire were not relieved, and the supporting projects of the Great Wall and the stationing of a large number of elite troops as a normalized defense. The 300,000-strong force led by Meng Tian was the elite of Great Qin, the Great Wall Corps.
This layout directly caused the pattern of Great Qin's emphasis on the outside and light on the inside, and it was very easy for the border army to support its own troops and threaten the imperial court. Therefore, the loyalty index of the border general has become a very important indicator, Meng Tiangen Zhengmiaohong is the most suitable for this role, and at the same time, the first emperor also sent the emperor's eldest son Fusu to the county to supervise the army to balance Meng Tian.
Even if Meng Tian was later imprisoned by Hu Hai, he was still able to influence this army, Meng Tian's original words were: "I have more than 300,000 soldiers, although I am now imprisoned, but I can still hold this army hostage and rebel, but our family has been loyal to the Qin State for three generations, and I don't want to insult the reputation of my ancestors." ”
In other words, as long as Meng Tian's loyalty index is not enough, then the Xianyang court will face the threat of the border army at any time. And the reason why Hu Hai insisted on killing Meng Tian was because Meng Tian was not only a nobleman, but also had a heavy army, and he couldn't control it.
It can be seen that since the Great Qin, successive dynasties have faced a dead end: in the case of external troubles, heavy troops must be deployed in the border areas, and the pattern of external emphasis and internal light will threaten the safety of the imperial court.
The tragedy of Li Mu at the end of the Warring States period was because he controlled the elite of the Xiongnu defense on behalf of the land, which made King Zhao feel uncomfortable, so he had a murderous intention.
After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, it also faced such a dead end, the external troubles of the Xiongnu made Liu Bang have to deploy heavy troops in the border areas, and the rebellion of Han Wangxin made Liu Bang have to arrange henchmen as the commanders of the army: Lu Xuan, the king of Yan, sat in Yan State, and Chen Xuan, the Marquis of Yangxia, supervised Zhao on behalf of the soldiers as the acting prime minister.
Lu Juan is Liu Bang's hair small, Chen Feng is Liu Bang's absolute confidant, and like the first emperor, Liu Bang also plays the emotional card, exchanging the loyalty index of the border generals for the loyalty of the border army to the imperial court. Why Liu Bang didn't dare to send Han Xin to the border was because the combat effectiveness of the border army and Han Xin's fierce personal ability would be a disaster for the imperial court, and Liu Bang couldn't sleep at all.
But feelings simply can not withstand the test of interests, soon, Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty (197 BC) in September there was a rebellion of the prime minister Chen Xuan, the war quickly spread from the state of Dai and Zhao to Korea and Qi, covering almost the entire north of the Yellow River, is the biggest test Liu Bang has faced since his accession to the throne. It was not until October of the twelfth year of Emperor Gao (195 BC) that the Han army put down the rebellion, which lasted for one year and two months.
Even Liu Bang's Fa Xiaoyan King Lu Juan raised troops to rebel when Liu Bang was dying.
From Han Wangxin to Chen Xian, and then to Yan Wang Lu Xuan, it is difficult for Liu Bang to avoid internal worries while guarding against external troubles. Therefore, Liu Bang can only let his biological son take on the heavy responsibility of guarding the border.
By the time Liu Bang died, the sensitive areas of Daiguo, Zhao, and Yan had all been replaced by Liu Bang's heirs to guard the town, and the mode of guarding the border by the vassal king was used to eliminate internal worries.
Liu Bang uses his son to lead the border army Source/Stills
Since then, most of the dynasties have copied the model of Liu Bang's vassal kings guarding the borders, but this model is still risky, because the vassal kings are also an important force that threatens the safety of the dynasty.
Needless to say, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties can simply publish a book on the impact of vassal kings on imperial power. Taking Liu Song as an example, although Liu Yu deliberately explained before his death that the important land of Jingzhou in the upper reaches must be controlled by the vassal king of the Liu family, since Liu Yu's death, Jingzhou has repeatedly attacked Yangzhou downstream with geographical and military advantages, and it has often happened that vassal kings have won imperial power.
It can be seen that the vassal king will have a greater chance of rebelling in the face of absolute strength, because this group also has a blood advantage.
The situation in the Northern Dynasty was similar, suffering from both internal and external troubles. Even after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, this historical inertia still dominated the situation in the world.
On February 14, 581 AD, Yang Jian built Sui, because he was taken from the hands of orphans and widows, Yang Jian was seriously lacking in confidence, so he played the card of the vassal king guarding the border: Yang Guang, the king of Jin, was the governor of the state and sat in Taiyuan; With Yang Xiu, the king of Shu, as the governor of Yizhou, he sat in Chengdu; Yang Jun, the king of Qin, sat in Henan and led the Kwantung soldiers.
In the early years of the Sui Dynasty, sensitive areas such as Bingzhou, Yizhou, and Yangzhou were all controlled by vassal kings, just to avoid the border generals from supporting troops and threatening the imperial court.
But the card of the vassal king is also unreliable, and in the face of the temptation of imperial power, they often take risks. After Yang Guang was made the crown prince, Yang Xiu, the king of Shu as the governor of Yizhou, also began to make extensive friends with courtiers to prepare for the rebellion. It's just that before Yang Xiu could attack, he was summoned by Emperor Wen to Beijing and deposed as a concubine and placed under house arrest.
But Yang Liang, the king of Han who sat in the state, was still eyeing him. Yang Liang was in charge of the military affairs of the fifty-two states, and the sphere of influence was from the east of the Kunshan Mountain, as for the Canghai, south to the north of the Yellow River to the north, and it was where the elite soldiers of the world were located. Sitting on the border, with such a strong strength, Yang Liang will easily have the ambition to win the imperial power, when Emperor Wen is there, he will do his duty as a vassal king, once Emperor Wen dies, Yang Liang will rebel.
After the deposed king of Shu, Yang Xiu, began to make various preparations for the rebellion in the name of guarding against the Turks: recruited outlaws of 10,000 people to think about it; A large number of military equipment were manufactured and hidden in the state; Represented by the southerners Wang Fei and Xiao Maha, a core team was formed...
After Emperor Wen died and Yang Guang ascended the throne, Yang Liang rebelled decisively and did not hesitate at all. At that time, 19 of the 52 states responded to Yang Liang.
Because Yang Liang's vision was too short-sighted, and his name was not right, and he was not Yang Guang's opponent in terms of ability, he was quickly dealt with by Yang Su.
Yang Liang was in control of the border army in Bingzhou at that time Source/stills
It can be seen that the security of the feudal king's border guarding has a shelf life, and it can only barely maintain operation when the male lord is in charge. Even when Yang Guang was first in Yangzhou, he also had a plan to use Yangzhou as his base camp to confront Yang Yong across the river.
It can be seen that the vassal king is a good medicine to deal with external troubles, but at the same time, it can also cause serious internal troubles.
Later, although the Tang Dynasty compressed the power of the clan to a safe range, it invisibly cultivated the group of Jiedu envoys, and it was difficult for Jiedu to have no ideas about the gradually weakening imperial court when they had border power, financial power, military power, and supervision power at the same time. The Anshi Rebellion has almost become a historical inevitability.
There is no way, the border troubles have not stopped since the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, and the Turkic, Khitan, Xi and other nomadic peoples have taken turns to challenge the authority of the Tang Dynasty. In this case, resources will inevitably be concentrated in the border areas, and the border generals, whether they are clans or foreign surnames, will inevitably covet the imperial power. Even if the border army has no ideas, the prime minister of the imperial court will think of ways to beat the border generals.
This is a dead knot, and it is difficult for the imperial court to take into account both the border areas and ensure that the force in the core areas of the capital division is always stronger than that of the border areas. As long as a dynasty faces the threat of external threats, it will be difficult to get out of this besieged city.
During the Five Dynasties, the reason why Hedong's armed forces always attacked the Bianliang imperial power was because Hedong was the frontier position of defending the Khitan and had the advantage of force. Li Cunqiao, Shi Jingjiao, and Liu Zhiyuan, the three founding emperors, all entered the Central Plains from the border land of Hedong to establish a dynasty. Including Guo Wei, who established the Later Zhou, he also went south from Hebei to destroy the Later Han, and also used the strong border army as a backup.
To tell the truth, if the Northern Song Dynasty had not signed the Lanyuan Alliance with the Khitan in the Zhenzong Dynasty, it would have withstood the test of this difficult problem, which is equivalent to the Zhao and Song Dynasty officials stabilizing the situation in the border areas in the form of New Year's coins, so as to avoid the fact that the border areas would be armed and threaten the center.
Because the Yuan Dynasty opened up its territory to the limit, there was no border trouble, but because it divided a large number of kings, it also happened that the kings called the imperial power of the capital.
In essence, the internal worries of the Yuan Dynasty were more caused by cultural problems: the grassland culture had the advantage of force, so it repeatedly attacked the capital that represented the culture of the Central Plains.
When history switched to the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang also faced this historical problem - how to solve the remnants of the Northern Yuan Dynasty without making the border army bigger.
Zhu Yuanzhang's plan was to divide the vassal kings along the Great Wall, and let Zhu Di, the king of Yan, Zhu Quan, the king of Ning, and others take on the heavy responsibility of guarding the border. In order to balance the vassal kings in the northeast, Zhu Yuanzhang continued to arrange the nobles to the northwest, and after the end, he was ready to move the capital to Xi'an, and used the combination of imperial power and nobles to monitor the vassal kings in the northeast nearby.
The Ming Dynasty used the vassal king to lead the soldiers and horses along the border Source/stills
It's just that with the sudden death of the crown prince Zhu Biao, Zhu Yuanzhang's arrangement failed to land in the end. Because Zhu Yunwen was in a hurry to cut the feudal domain as soon as he came up, the result was that Zhu Di, the king of Yan, went straight to the southeast with an elite border army and successfully won the imperial power as the vassal king.
In essence, Zhu Di just reenacted the subversion of imperial power by the border army represented by the feudal towns in history.
After that, Zhu Di directly commanded the elite border army with imperial power by moving the capital to Beiping, which not only solved the problem of guarding the border, but also prevented the possibility of the border army getting out of control. It can be regarded as a perfect solution to this historical problem.
But this model is extremely dependent on the male master, if the level of the great tomorrow is not online, there will be an embarrassing situation of sheep commanding wolves, and it is not safe, as evidenced by the Tumubao incident.
Even though the Ming Dynasty was the model of the Son of Heaven guarding the country, Chongzhen later still frequently updated the rhythm of the border generals, and even unjustly killed Yuan Chonghuan, resulting in the continuous expansion of the sphere of influence of the Jianzhou Jurchens.
It can be seen that even if the emperor monitors the soldiers and horses along the border nearby, the emperor's personal quality is still an important "parameter", and improper operation will also cause problems.
The Qing Dynasty, like the Yuan Dynasty, had expanded its territory to infinity, so there was no problem of guarding the border, and since the Qing Dynasty limited the power of the prince to a minimum, there would be no such thing as a vassal king attacking the imperial power.
However, the Qing Dynasty was later challenged by the maritime forces, so the resources had to be tilted to the southeast coast, and the main forces that finally destroyed the Qing Dynasty came from the coast.
Still couldn't get out of this besieged city.
It can be seen that the change of dynasties in history can be studied along the line of the border army, and if the group of border troops is thoroughly studied, the big proposition of the rise and fall of the dynasty is naturally not a problem.
From point to surface, it is always a major idea to solve problems.
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