According to historical records, brothels in history first appeared in the Qi Kingdom.
At that time, the function of this kind of Fengyue place was actually to attract merchants from other small countries to do business here, so as to promote the economic development of Qi country.
At that time, the most famous were the seven "state-run" brothels in Linzi, the capital of Qi State, but as everyone knows, these Fengyue places were opened by the famous politician Guan Zhong in the Spring and Autumn Period, and finally the economy of Qi State has been well developed.
So later, Guan Zhong was also known as the ancestor of Fengyue Industry.
This is not the most advanced, if you read the book "Guanzi", you will understand that Guan Zhong's thinking is not a little ahead!
The birth of the idea of "Guanzi" military science
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the collapse of the traditional ritual and music system in politics broke the hierarchical pattern with blood relations as the link, and the vassal states continued to fight for hegemony in order to win a place, and the emergence of iron cattle ploughing in the economy greatly increased the social productivity, and the social system transitioned from the slave system to the feudal system, the ideological academic shift downward, the rise of the scholar class, and the establishment and development of the Jixia School Palace gave birth to a cultural scene of a hundred schools of thought, and the military science thought of "Guanzi" was born in this political, economic, and cultural innovation.
In the Western Weekend Year, King Zhou You favored Bao Xi, and wanted to abolish Empress Shen and the prince Yijiu, and changed Bofu to the crown prince. Shenhou united with the dog Rong to attack Zong Zhou, the king of Zhou You was killed in Lishan, the Western Zhou perished, and then the princes supported the prince Yijiu as the king, called the king of Zhou Ping. Due to the dilapidated state of Hojing due to the impact of the earthquake and the threat of oppression from external sources such as dogs and me, King Ping of Zhou was forced to move the capital east to Luoyi in 770 BC under the protection of the princes of Jin Wenhou, Qin Xianggong, Zheng Wugong and other princes, thus turning a new page in the history of the Zhou Dynasty.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Tianzi's strength and prestige further declined, the traditional concept of the Mandate of Heaven was shaken, and Zhou Tianzi lost his status as the co-ruler of the world. The era of "the conquest of rites and music from the Son of Heaven" has ended, and the era of "the conquest of rites and music from the princes" has come, and various contradictions have developed rapidly and are intricately intertwined.
However, due to the invisible constraints of the ritual and music system for hundreds of years, the princes did not dare to take Zhou Tianzi and replace Zhou Tianzi with the nominal supreme ruler.
In the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Guo, who was hereditary Zhou Qing, relied on a strong economic foundation and took the lead in opening the prelude to the princes' struggle for hegemony by taking advantage of the political advantage of "coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes". Then began the situation of big countries competing for hegemony and small countries trying to survive, and at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, it was known as "all 1,800 countries are listed within 5,000 miles." By the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, "there were still 1,200 countries", but by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, "there were 70 countries in the Spring and Autumn Period", of which the largest vassal states were Qi, Chu, Qin, and Jin. Against this backdrop, various countries began to carry out political reforms, strengthened the power of the monarch, actively engaged in hegemonic activities, and the centralized state system began to take shape.
Qi is one of the most important feudal states of the Zhou Dynasty, in the early days of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu Feng Lu Shang in Qi, all Yingqiu. At this time, Laiyi and other tribes located in the east of Yingqiu did not submit to the Zhou Dynasty, and their power was very strong, and Laihou intended to occupy Yingqiu at the beginning of the founding of Lü Shang, when his power was unstable, so as to curb the expansion of the Zhou Dynasty. Lü Shang won the Battle of Yingqiu with his careful deployment.
After that, in order to stabilize the overall situation, Lü Shang established the idea of pragmatic and meritorious governance, and formulated timely measures from many aspects to comprehensively promote the development of Qi State. The "Historical Records" recorded: "Taigong went to the country, repaired the government because of its customs, simplified its etiquette, and through the industrial and commercial industry, it was beneficial to fishing and salt, and the people were mostly gathered together, and they were all big countries."
In the economic aspect, Lu Shang adopted the policy of opening up the industrial and commercial industries and developing the fishery and salt industries, and adapted measures to local conditions, established the country with industry and commerce, and developed the economy of the country. In terms of culture, according to the actual situation of Dongyi and the indigenous people, respecting the old customs of Dongyi and simplifying the cumbersome etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty not only maintains the authority of the Zhou ceremony, but also conforms to the local folk culture, and promotes the society to settle down quickly. Through the great efforts of the Taigong, the economy of Qi has been rapidly restored and developed, and it has become a great power in the East.
The progress of production tools constantly promotes the development of productive forces and social progress, and is an important symbol of human transformation of nature. The land of Qi is barren, agriculture is withered, and the land is salinized, the texture is hard, and the backward stone production tools and wooden production tools cannot meet the needs of agricultural reclamation at all, and the agricultural development of Qi is difficult. Guan Zhongwei profoundly realized the important role of advanced production tools for agricultural development and economic development, and adopted positive measures, made use of advantages, adapted measures to local conditions, and made a large number of iron farm tools, thus changing the backward situation of production tools and restoring and developing agricultural production.
At the same time, Guan Zhong also took advantage of the abundant iron ore resources in Qi to implement a mine franchise and vigorously develop mining resources, which promoted the development of the domestic iron smelting industry. Through the above-mentioned measures, the production tools have been improved, iron farming tools have been widely used and promoted, and the agricultural development of Qi has taken on a new look and entered a new stage of development.
With the widespread use and popularization of iron farming tools, a large amount of wasteland in Qi has been reclaimed, the construction of water conservancy facilities has been continuously improved, and intensive cultivation has been carried out in agriculture, which has continuously improved the level of productivity in Qi country. The aristocratic lords also carved out a large amount of wasteland in addition to the existing sub-feudal land as their own private land, or "private land", and they neither declared the number of acres to the state nor paid taxes, and the state ownership of the land was weakened.
The peasants and slaves who had been bound to the "public land" no longer wanted to be exploited and oppressed by the slave owners, and began to flee and migrate or attach themselves to the emerging landlord class. In his The Age of Slavery, Guo Moruo distinguishes the difference between public and private land and expounds on their influence, arguing that "public land has a certain specification, and private land can be freely manipulated according to the terrain." Public land cannot be bought or sold, but private land is really private property. Public land was subject to a certain amount of taxation to the public, but private land was completely free of tax at the beginning.
In the course of this development, the state ownership of land was weakened, and the princes and officials gradually became rich. "The decline of the well field system, the development of private ownership of land, the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor, the destruction of the traditional taxation system, and the transformation of production relations, made the Qi State enter a period of comprehensive change, the Spring and Autumn Period of the five hegemons merged, the war continued, and the frequent wars promoted the collision and integration of ideology and culture, coupled with the collapse of slavery, the culture moved down, the situation of "learning in the government" in the Western Zhou Dynasty was broken, the government and learning moved downward, the rise of private learning, the rise of the scholar class, and the continuous growth of the ranks of intellectuals, laying a group foundation for the formation of the study of the sons.
During the reign of Duke Huan of Qi, the Jixia School Palace was founded, which was the cultural embodiment of its "overlord" status. Jixia School Palace is an institution with multiple natures, first of all, the scholars of Jixia School Palace serve politics, they discuss the gains and losses of the government, plan the development blueprint, draw up the code system, and create public opinion for the rulers.
Secondly, the Jixia School Palace was also an academic research center, where the princes gave lectures and disseminated their ideas, wrote books and lectures, and recruited disciples. The Xia Zhuzi took advantage of the good social environment and open and inclusive cultural atmosphere provided by the Qi State to communicate with each other and learn from each other, which not only enriched and expanded their own theories, but also promoted the integration and common development of various theories.
In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were a large number of voices of "cursing the sky" and "scolding the sky", compared with the belief in "heaven", this period paid more attention to the "people", and the transformation from "respecting the heavens" to "respecting the people" also became one of the main lines of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
The spiritual culture of the Zhou royal family has been shaken, and the cultural system adapted to the background of the new era is gradually taking shape. To sum up, the military science of "Guanzi" is based on absorbing the military science of Taigong, constantly summing up experience and lessons in specific war practice, combining the specific national conditions of the development of military affairs in the Qi State, and integrating the essence of the military concept of Zhuzi. The military thought of "Guanzi" made an all-round exposition of war, conformed to the trend of historical development, made a significant contribution to the hegemony and social transformation of the Qi State, and also had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
Guan Zhong's work and the book "Guanzi".
Guan Zhong, about 723 B.C.-645 B.C., surnamed Ji, Guan Shi, name Yiwu, Zi Zhong, Ying Shangren, a famous politician, thinker, military strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period, and a famous virtuous minister in ancient China. He assisted Duke Qi Huan for more than 40 years, during which he carried out drastic reforms, and governed the State of Qi from a poor and weak, remote, internal trouble, and constant external troubles to a rich country and a strong army, making Duke Qi Huan the overlord of the world.
Guan Zi was born in the aristocracy, was difficult when he was young, and engaged in many lowly things in order to survive. Guan Zi has been a horse breeder, a small businessman has joined the ranks, and has also entered the army, experienced ups and downs, and his career was not smooth, and finally he had to get things done by his son. But later Gongzi was killed, Guan Zi was humiliated, and he was almost killed, and then recommended by Uncle Bao to enter Qi Huan Gong.
"Small" records: "Ministers, the king's mediocre ministers." The king has a favor for his ministers, so that the ministers do not freeze and starve, which is a gift from the king. If you must govern the country, it is not the power of the ministers, and it can only control me!" Huan Gong didn't care about the old hatred, let him be the prime minister, and treat him as the "middle father", so that Guan Zhong's talents could be truly displayed.
He is known for his "solidity and etiquette, food and clothing and honor and disgrace, and service to six relatives." The four-dimensional Zhang Zejun ordered the implementation of the ideology of "Qi, assisted the princes of Qi Huan and Jiuhe, and formulated a series of political, economic, and military measures that had a great impact. Specifically, the main contents of the reform of the management and arbitration are as follows:
First, "three countries and one country". "Xiao Kuang" proposed: "In the past, the holy king ruled his people, and the three countries were contemptible, the residence of the people, and the affairs of the people, thinking that the people's discipline was the people's discipline, and the people were carefully used, so that the people's feelings could be obtained, and the people could be controlled." Specifically, the "three countries" is to set the national capital area into 21 townships, of which the townships of industry and commerce are six, the townships of scholars and farmers are fifteen, the Duke of Qi Huan commands eleven townships, Gaozi commands five townships, Guozi commands five townships, and below the township is Lian, Li, and Rail, each with a governor for management. "Wu Qida" refers to the determination of five families as one track, and the track chief; The six tracks are a yi, and the yi division is set up; Ten yi is a pawn, and a pawn is set up; Ten pawns are a township, and there are good people; Sanxiang is a genus, which has a doctor, and the suburban areas outside the national capital are divided into five genera and managed by five doctors.
Second, the "four people's business". "Xiao Kuang" pointed out: "Those who are farmers, industrialists, and industrialists, and the people of the country, should not let their words and affairs be chaotic." The soldiers are arranged to live in a quiet place, the peasants live in the fields, the craftsmen live close to the government, and the merchants live close to the market, so that they can develop habits from an early age, their minds are stable, and they will not see different thoughts, which is convenient for the state to manage.
Third, "the sign of decay and decay in phase to earth". Taxes are levied according to the quality of the land, and the "Xiao Kuang" proposed: "If the land is declining and the levy is levied, the people will not move." Taxes are levied according to the quality of the land, and different tax policies are implemented, so that the people's enthusiasm for production can be mobilized, and the people will not migrate out. At the same time, the abolition of forced land rent, the collection of rent in kind, the revitalization of Qi agriculture, but also in line with the historical trend.
Fourth, send military orders for internal affairs. Combine the military organization with the administrative organization, implement the system of integrating the military and the government, and store the military orders in the government decrees when governing the internal affairs, and divide the Qi country into three to build the three armies, and at the same time use field hunting for military training, and reward and punish through the results of field hunting, so that the ancient surname will be military, and at the same time, in the spring and autumn, it is necessary to use hunting to rectify the training team, so that the military strength of Qi will be greatly enhanced.
Fifth, select and appoint talents. The "System of Points" proposed: "The reason why all soldiers fight first. Saints and Magi, not for the love of honor. Taoism knows ability, not for the love of official positions. Skillful and courageous, not for love. Bright ears and eyes, not for the love of money. 2 Do not be stingy with the titles of saints and wise men, do not be stingy with official positions for those who have Taoist skills and talents, do not be stingy with heavy fortunes for those who have martial arts and courage, and do not be stingy with money and goods for those who are deaf and clear-sighted. Guanzi also carried out a nationwide campaign to select talents and promote ability, institutionalized the work of selecting talents and talents, and at the same time encouraged the introduction of talents from other vassal states, and rewarded according to the recommended objects.
All these have broken the Shiqing Shilu system in which the aristocracy monopolized the officials, and are conducive to the selection of talents. Sixth, pro-neighboring countries, there is no way to cut down. Guan Zi believes that while handling internal affairs well, it is also necessary to properly handle relations with neighboring countries, so as to examine and approve the boundaries of the mainland, return the land obtained from neighboring countries, recognize the legitimacy of neighboring countries' borders, not take advantage of neighboring countries, and also give gifts to neighboring countries and send envoys to visit them more often, so that neighboring countries will be close to us. At the same time, the state of Qi also used the name of Zhou Tianzi to crusade against the undaoist princes, conquer the east and the west, and fight in the south and the north, establishing its hegemony.
Guan Zhong Xiangqi established the status of Qi among the nations, made Qi a great power in the east, and laid the foundation for the hegemony of Duke Huan of Qi and the princes of Jiuhe. For a long time, there have been great differences in the academic circles on the authorship of the book "Guanzi", and they have expressed their opinions on the relationship between Guan Zhong and "Guanzi": Guo Moruo commented that the book "Guanzi" is a kind of miscellaneous, and believes: "It is most likely a collection of fragmentary works from the Warring States period and later, some of which are the old archives of the Qi State, and some of them were donated from Qi when the Han Dynasty opened the order to dedicate books."
Liang Qichao believes that "Guanzi" was forged by someone in the name of Guan Zhong, not by Guan Zhong. In "The Biography of Guanzi", he said: "After the book "Guanzi", Confucianism is mostly said to be relied on during the Warring States Period, not by Guanzi himself."
To sum up, scholars over the past generations have different opinions on the relationship between Guan Zhong and Guanzi. The author believes that the book "Guanzi" was not written by one person and was not completed at one time, and the book provides a large number of political affairs dominated by the Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period. Economic, cultural, and military ideological and historical materials are important documents for the study of Guanzi thought.