It is a "Dayi merchant"
Or "Tianyi businessmen"
It has always been a topic of discussion among netizens
Let's listen to the experts
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A few days ago, this reporter interviewed Yue Zhanwei, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
"'Dayi merchants' and 'Tianyi merchants' are all found in oracle bones." Yue Zhanwei explained that the "Dayi Shang" was first seen in the oracle bone inscriptions of the fifth phase of Yinxu ("Oracle Bone Collection" 36482, 36507, 36511, 36530), and also in the inscription on the bronze He Zun cast in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
He told reporters that experts and scholars engaged in the study of oracle bones have different views on the interpretation of "Dayi merchants".
For example, scholars such as Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei, Hu Houxuan, Lin Taifu, Zheng Jiexiang, Zheng Ruokui, and Tang Jigen believe that "Dayi Shang" refers to the capital of the late Shang Dynasty, which is now Yinxu in Anyang; Scholars such as Dong Zuobin, Dao Bangnan, Zhong Baisheng, and Zhang Guangzhi believe that "Dayi Shang" is the ancient capital of the Yin people, that is, Shangqiu, Henan; Chen Mengjia suspected that Dayi Shang was in an important hunting area of the Late Shang Dynasty, which is now Qinyang, Henan; Wei Xinying believes that "Dayi Shang" refers to the song of the late Shang Dynasty, which is now Qi County, Henan. Scholars such as Yang Shengnan and Yang Kuan believe that "Dayi Shang" refers to the land of Wangji in the Shang Dynasty.
Yue Zhanwei said that in the fifth phase of the oracle bones of Yinxu, the "Tianyi Shang" ("Oracle Bone Collection" 36541, 36543, 36535, "British Collection of Oracle Bones" 2529), also in the early Western Zhou Dynasty document "Shangshu Toshi": "Wanton dare to ask for Eryu Tianyi Shang".
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In this regard, Luo Zhenyu believes that "Tianyi" is the falsification of "Dayi"; Zheng Jiexiang believes that the ancient word "Tian" and "Da" are universal, that is, "Tianyi Shang" is "Dayi Shang", both refer to the late Shang capital Anyang Yinxu; Dong Zuobin believes that "Tianyi Shang" refers to the palace set up by the Shang king anywhere, and the location is not fixed; Chen Mengjia suspected that the "Tianyi Shang" was the Shangyi of the ancient dynasty song, which is now Qi County, Henan; Island Kunnan believes that the "Tianyi Shang" should be in Shangqiu, Henan; Li Xueqin believes that "Tianyi Shang" refers to Wangji in the late Shang Dynasty, and does not specifically refer to a specific city; Wei Xinying believes that "Tianyi Shang" is the name of Wang Ji of the Shang Kingdom, and can also be used as a name for the Shang Kingdom, and "Tianyi Shang" includes the song "Dayi Shang", the capital of the late Shang Dynasty.
"I agree with Zheng Jiexiang's point of view, that is, 'Tianyi Shang' is 'Dayi Shang', specifically referring to Anyang Yinxu, the capital of the late Shang Dynasty." Yue Zhanwei explained that the name of the royal capital in the oracle bones of Yinxu is that the first period of the oracle bone has "Ziyi" and "Wangyi", the second period of the oracle bone has "Yi", the third and fourth phases of the oracle bone have "Dayi", and the name of "Dayi Shang" only appeared in the fifth period of the oracle bone, which shows that "Dayi Shang" is a kind of honorific title that has gradually developed and fixed.
"The continuous change of the title of the royal capital in the oracle bones of Yinxu should be related to the continuous expansion of the scale of Yinxu Duyi from the first to the fourth phase of Yinxu culture." Yue Zhanwei said that since Pangeng moved the capital, the scale of Yinxu capital has been developing and growing, and by the time of Emperor Yi and Emperor Xin, the scale of its capital has reached an unprecedented peak, so the people of the Shang Dynasty proudly called their capital "Dayi Shang" or "Tianyi Shang" at that time.
Yue Zhanwei introduced that after the operation of Shang King Wuding, there was a prosperous scene in Yinxu Duyi; Until the Shang Dynasty's Emperor Yi and Emperor Xin's period, Yinxu Duyi had always been the political, economic, cultural, and technological center of the Shang Dynasty, and none of the princes of the Shang Dynasty's territory and outside the territory could compete with it, so there was no need to build a huge and time-consuming city wall to protect themselves.
"The comprehensive strength of the Yinxu Shang Dynasty is an important reason why the Yinxu capital does not have a city wall, and it should also be the true embodiment of the 'Dayi Shang' in the late Yinxu period." He said.
(Henan Daily client reporter Yang Zhitian)
Further reading:
In the oracle bone inscriptions, there are often records such as "Dayi merchants" and "Tianyi merchants". "Dayi Shang" generally refers to the capital of the Shang Dynasty. Archaeological discoveries suggest that the Shang Dynasty was a low-density city where people lived in ethnic groups, and that the area of the "Dayi Shang" may have exceeded the current Yinxu by 36 square kilometers.
In recent years, there have been new important archaeological discoveries in addition to the traditional Huanbei Mall and Yinxu areas, especially the discovery of the Taojiaying ring moat settlement at the same time as Huanbei Mall and the super-large copper casting workshop site in Xindian at about the same time as Yinxu, which have attracted widespread attention. The sites of Taojiaying, Xindian, Shaojiapeng and other sites are like "satellite cities" of different levels of Yinxu, and their discovery has greatly broken through the traditional cognition of Yinxu, and also presented a three-level or even more settlement structure form, and the mystery of "Dayi Shang" has been further revealed.
(Source: Comprehensive Henan Daily, People's Daily client, etc.)