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Popular knowledge of endemic diseases
01
plague
What is Plague?
Plague is a virulent infectious disease mainly transmitted by rat fleas, which is a natural epidemic disease widely prevalent among wild rodents, and its clinical manifestations are high fever, swollen and painful lymph nodes, bleeding tendency, and lung inflammation. Plague is highly contagious, and if not treated, the case fatality rate is as high as 30%~60%.
Infection
The main source of infection of infected animals is rodents, including rodents and marmots. Plague patients are predominantly pneumonic plague patients and are contagious early in the disease. Septicaemic plague and bubonic plague patients with ulcerated adenoma can also be used as sources of infection. Asymptomatic infections are not contagious.
Mode of transmission
The first cases of human plague transmitted by flea bites are mostly caused by flea bites. Enteric plague can occur through direct contact transmission of human infection through direct contact with infected animals through hunting, slaughtering, skinning and eating meat, and eating undercooked plague dead animals (such as marmots, rabbits, Tibetan sheep, etc.). Droplet transmission of pneumonic plague occurs in respiratory secretions of patients with pneumonic plague or in animals, which contain large amounts of plague bacteria, forming bacterial particles and aerosols, resulting in the spread of pneumonic plague. Laboratory infections are caused by lax protection, improper handling, and laboratory accidents.
Which animals can be infected with plague
The Himalayan marmot (commonly known as "Hara") is the most common wild animal naturally infected with plague in Qinghai Province. Tibetan sheep, foxes, badgers, ferrets, desert cats, dogs, rats and other animals can also be infected with plague.
What behaviors can lead to plague infection while playing in the wild
Beware of flea bites when sitting, lying, staying, playing, and feeding plague-affected animals around the hole of marmots. Children should be watched and not allowed to play with small animals, especially dead ones.
Plague prevention "three noes" and "three reports"
"Three Imputies"
Do not touch, peel, or cook sick (dead) marmots and other sick (dead) animals;
Do not sit and rest around marmot holes to prevent flea bites;
Do not bring disease-related animals out of the epidemic area.
"Three Newspapers"
Report the discovery of sick (dead) marmots and other sick (dead) animals;
Plague patients or suspected plague patients should be reported immediately;
Patients who are found to be dying of an unknown cause should be reported immediately.
02
brucellosis
What is brucellosis?
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Brucella. The clinical manifestations are mainly persistent fever, excessive sweating, muscle and joint aches, fatigue and other symptoms, and it is easy to become chronic. The main sources of infection are cattle, sheep and pigs. The routes of transmission include direct contact infection, gastrointestinal infection, and respiratory tract infection.
How can brucellosis be prevented?
How farmers can prevent brucellosis: Livestock should be kept in captivity. Avoid water sources. It is not allowed to be scattered, strung on the street, or mixed. Humans and animals living separately, whether adult or young, should not be kept indoors. In pastoral areas, livestock should never be placed in yurts during the lambing season, and livestock should not be placed in public places for people's production and social activities. Do not feed domestic animals in human pots or bowls, and do not play with lambs for both adults and children. Places where livestock have been raised should be disinfected. In particular, in the event of an abortion of livestock, it is necessary to avoid direct contact with abortion products and stillbirths, and it should be thoroughly disinfected immediately. Pay attention to personal hygiene. When taking care of livestock, cleaning enclosures, etc., wear gloves, masks and other protective equipment, and wash them thoroughly after labor;
How to prevent brucellosis at home: pay attention to diet and water hygiene. Don't eat unclean food, wash your hands before eating, and don't drink raw water. In particular, meat, milk and other livestock products must be fully heated before eating, and raw meat and milk should not be eaten. Kitchen knives and vegetable tables used at home should be separated from raw and cooked; Knives and cases that cut raw meat should also be disinfected with hot water to avoid contamination of other tableware;
03
Echinococosis
What is echinococcosis?
Echinocosis, also known as echinococcosis, is a disease caused by the larvae of the Echinococcus granulosus that infect humans. The disease is zoonotic. Dogs are the ultimate hosts, and sheep and cattle are intermediate hosts. Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by human infection with the larvae of the Echinococcus tapeworm. The liver is the most parasitic part of the human body, accounting for about 70% of cases, the lungs account for 20%, and other parts of the body account for 10%. In the early stage of the disease, there can be no sensation or symptoms, and if not treated in time, the best treatment opportunity will be missed, and eventually cause serious harm to the body and even threaten life.
The course of echinococcosis is long, and patients with advanced hepatic echinococcosis are extremely emaciated or distended like a drum; Local compression and irritation, systemic toxicity, allergies, local masses, etc. may also occur
When the intermediate host cattle, sheep, pikas, voles and other animals are eating grass and drinking water, they can also get echinococcosis if they eat eggs. When people slaughter cattle and sheep, if the diseased internal organs are fed to dogs, then the larvae in the diseased internal organs can develop into adult worms in the dog's intestines. In addition, dogs can also be infected by eating small mammals such as pikas and voles with echinococcosis, which can then spread hydatid disease.
On July 28, 2023, the third meeting of the Standing Committee of the 14th Qinghai Provincial People's Congress passed the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Echinococcosis in Qinghai Province to better prevent and control the occurrence and spread of hydatid disease, protect human health and public health safety, promote the construction of a healthy Qinghai, and provide a guarantee for the people of Qinghai in the prevention of hydatid disease.
How can echinococcosis be prevented?
(1) Strengthen food hygiene and personal hygiene: do not play with dogs, wash hands frequently, do not eat raw food and raw meat, and do not drink raw water.
(2) After touching dogs, wolves and foxes, be sure to wash your hands with soap and clean water before eating and after using the toilet.
(3) The liver, lungs and other internal organs of sick cattle and sheep must be treated by centralized incineration, digging pits and deep burial, etc., and should not be fed to dogs.
(4) Deworm the dog regularly every month, and bury or incinerate the feces of the dog within 5 days after deworming to prevent environmental pollution.
04
Iodine deficiency disorders
What is an iodine deficiency disorder?
Iodine deficiency disorders are damage to the human body caused by iodine deficiency in the natural environment, which can manifest as a variety of disease formations. Endemic goiter, endemic cretinism, infertility affecting fertility, premature babies, stillbirths, congenital malformations, etc., are collectively referred to as "iodine deficiency diseases", which can also lead to intellectual and physical development disorders in children, resulting in intellectual impairment of the population in iodine-deficient areas.
How can iodine deficiency disorders be prevented?
Iodine, as a common nutrient, is both familiar and unfamiliar to most of us. We consume iodized salt every day, but people pay far less attention to iodine than nutrients such as calcium, vitamins and protein. Iodine deficiency may cause adverse outcomes such as endemic goiter, cretinism and acrettinism, simple deafness, fetal miscarriage, preterm birth, stillbirth, and congenital malformations. Therefore, the problem of iodine deficiency should be paid attention to, and we should take a reasonable intake of iodine in our daily life.
Consumption of iodized salt is the most convenient, economical, safest and effective way to prevent and treat iodine deficiency diseases. Adjust the iodized concentration of salt in a timely manner, so as to scientifically supplement iodine, the concentration of iodine in iodized salt is 20~50 mg/kg, and the consumption of an appropriate amount of iodized salt every day can supplement the iodine that the human body needs every day. In addition, we can also eat more iodine-rich seafood in our daily life, such as kelp, marine fish and shellfish, and other seafood with high iodine content, as an auxiliary measure to achieve the effect of iodine supplementation.
05
Endemic fluoride and arsenic poisoning
What is endemic fluoride and arsenic poisoning?
Endemic fluorosis is a biogeochemical disease that occurs in a specific geographical setting. It is a systemic chronic accumulation poisoning caused by excessive fluoride ingestion through drinking water, air or food and other media in a natural environment, living in a high-fluoride environment for a long time.
How to prevent endemic fluoride and arsenic poisoning?
Control the fluoride source and reduce the amount of fluoride uptake. In addition, reducing the absorption of fluoride, promoting the excretion of fluoride, and enhancing the body's ability to resist diseases can all play a role in the prevention and control of endemic fluorosis. Regular consumption of foods containing calcium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and the trace element selenium can increase the body's resistance and resist the harm of fluoride to the body.
Source: Chengbei District Health Bureau