A little-known story in "Sanwan Adaptation".
This photograph was taken in February 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. Standing next to Chairman Mao in the photo is Chen Shiyu, the founding general who was the commander of the engineering corps of the Military Commission at the time.
Chen Shiyu and Mao Zedong
The relationship between Chen Shiyu and Mao Zedong can be started from the well-known "Sanwan Adaptation". After participating in the "Autumn Harvest Uprising" initiated by Mao Zedong with the Wuhan Nationalist Government Guard Corps, Chen came to a small place called Sanwan Village in Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province, under Jinggang Mountain. At that time, the remnants of the "Autumn Harvest Uprising" were less than 1,000.
At the time of the Autumn Harvest Uprising, Mao Zedong, a scholar, had never led troops or fought. In the face of the grim situation in which the rebel troops were severely damaged and there was no hope of victory in continuing to attack Changsha, his greatest achievement was to abandon the original plan formulated by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China to capture Changsha, and pull the troops to Jinggang Mountain in the middle of the Luoxiao Mountains, preserving the little spark left by the "Autumn Harvest Uprising". For this, Mao Zedong was dismissed as an alternate member of the Politburo. It is reported that since joining the CPC, Mao has been punished eight times, and this time is a heavier one.
On September 27, 1927, the rebel troops came to Jiupi Village at the foot of Jinggang Mountain. During the two days he spent here, Mao Zedong pondered the future of the team. At that time, the morale of the troops was low, and deserters abounded. Yu Shandu, commander of the 1st Division of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army, who commanded the troops, not only failed to become an assistant to Mao Zedong, a special commissioner of the Central Committee, but instead became an opponent of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong knew that in order to gain a foothold here, he had to build this army into a workers' and peasants' armed force that "listened to the party". So where do you start? At this time, Mao Zedong's thoughts were chaotic, and he was never able to figure out a clue, let alone the things that later "Sanwan Adaptation".
However, when listening to the report on the situation of the troops, a company and a person met Mao Zedong's eyes. He was astonished to find that of all the companies, there was not a single one in this company who deserted and became deserters. This company is the first company of the first regiment of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army, and this person is He Tingying, the party representative of the company. So, he immediately found He Tingying to find out, and learned that this was the role of a small number of CCP members in the company, although the CCP had not yet established a branch in the company at that time.
Jiupi Village, Yongxin Gaoxi Township
He Tingying also told Mao Zedong that the party members in the guard regiment were all officers, and there were almost no party members among the soldiers, and the CCP had only established branches in the regiment, and the party members scattered in the battalions and companies could not form the backbone to control the troops and implement the party's decisions. As a result, the military is still in charge of the officials, not the party.
He Tingying also believes that it is not terrible for the army to lose the battle and the military strength to be sharply reduced, but what is terrible is that the army has lost the party's leadership. In order to ensure the party's leadership over the ranks, it is necessary to start by improving the party organizations in the military. At present, the party organizations in the troops are too weak, and the number of party members is not large, so it is impossible to grasp the soldiers and the troops. In order to fundamentally change this situation, it is necessary to build the party organization into every company.
He Tingying's words made Mao Zedong feel empowered, and after many days of hard thinking, he finally had an idea. He immediately found He Tingying, Wan Xixian, Zhang Ziqing, Chen Hao and other cadres for repeated exchanges, and a set of measures to build the party in the army and build a different army from the old army was born in Mao Zedong's mind.....
On September 29, after the troops arrived in Sanwan Village, Mao Zedong presided over an enlarged meeting of the former enemy committee at Xiesheng and the general store, and proposed the reorganization and reorganization of the troops. During the four days from September 29 to October 3, Mao Zedong carried out a drastic reorganization of the insurrectionary forces, including:
1. Organize and reorganize. The 1st Division of the 1st Army of the former Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army was reduced to the 1st Regiment of the 1st Division.
2. The branch is built on the company. Party organizations have been established at all levels of the armed forces, with small groups in squads and branches in companies, party committees in battalions and regiments, and the highest leading organ of the whole army being the party's former enemy committees.
3. The armed forces practice a new type of democratic system. The vices of the old army were abolished, officers and soldiers were equal, and it was strictly forbidden to beat and scold soldiers.
Sanwan Fengshuping - Mao Zedong hereby announced the "Sanwan Reorganization" plan
This is what history calls the "Sanwan Adaptation". He Tingying was responsible for assisting Mao Zedong in completing the above work, and was appointed as the party representative of the third battalion of the first regiment. Soon after the "Sanwan Reorganization", on the evening of October 15, 1927, Mao Zedong personally presided over the joining ceremony of six newly developed soldier party members at the Ye Family Ancestral Hall on the north side of Shuikou Town, South 38 Li of Hunan Yan County (now Yanling County), these six new party members were Chen Shiyu, Ouyang Jian, Li Heng, Lai Yi, Yan Hui, and Liu Yan. He Tingying is Chen Shiyu's introducer to join the party.
Shuikou Town Ye Clan Ancestral Hall
The venue for the ceremony of joining the party for 6 new party members
Note: Of the 6 soldier party members, 3 died and 1 died of illness. The two surviving were the founding general Chen Shiyu and the founding lieutenant general Lai Yi.
On November 25, 1928, Mao Zedong wrote in his report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: "The Red Army fought so hard and did not break up, and 'the branch was built on the company' was an important reason. The report was later included in the first volume of Mao Xuan, entitled "The Struggle in Jinggangshan." The system of "building branches on companies" has been used in the Chinese People's Liberation Army to this day.
Throughout the whole process of "Sanwan Adaptation", He Tingying's contribution is indispensable. Without He Tingying, it may take time for Mao Zedong's idea of "the branch is built on the connection" to take shape. Without He Tingying, Mao Zedong's determination to implement the "Sanwan Reorganization" may not have been made up immediately. Without He Tingying, the plan for formulating the "Sanwan Adaptation" at that time might be different from what we see today. What is amazing is that when the name He Tingying seems to have never been mentioned in the major historical fact of "Sanwan Adaptation", almost no one knows He Tingying in the dust clouds of history......
In the ranks of the Autumn Harvest Uprising, He Tingying was one of the few northerners. In May 1905, he was born in Hejiawan, Hanshan Town, Zheng County, Southwest Shaanxi Province (now Nanzheng District, Hanzhong City). His father, He Genshan, was a high-level intellectual class at the local level in the late Qing Dynasty, and his family was particularly well-off, and He Tingying received a good education from an early age. After graduating from high school in 1924, He Tingying was admitted to the Department of Mathematics of Datong University in Shanghai, where he was influenced by revolutionary ideas. In May 1925, when the May Day Massacre occurred, he was determined to plunge into the torrent of revolution and participated in the May Day Movement. He wrote in a poem to his friend Xie Zuoming: "There is no cure for saving the country in the logarithmic table, and the slide rule cannot drive out the rampant tigers and wolves." ”
In June of the same year, He Tingying joined the Chinese Communist Youth League and later became a member of the Communist Party of China. In the summer of 1926, he was sent by the party organization to serve as a regimental instructor in the Northern Expeditionary Army and participated in the Northern Expedition. In 1927, after Wang Jingwei betrayed the revolution on July 15, the party organization sent him to Wuhan as a cadre of the Guard Corps of the National Government for re-election as a party representative. He first met Mao Zedong in Wenjia City, Liuyang, Hunan. He witnessed the heated debate between Mao Zedong and Yu Shandu, and firmly supported Mao's decision to "march to the middle of the Luoxiao Mountains."
In the famous battle to defend the Huangyangjie, He Tingying, then the party representative of the 31st Regiment, and Zhu Yunqing, the commander of the regiment, commanded less than a battalion of troops to resist in spite of danger, and were stunned to defeat the attacks of the four regiments of the Hunan and Jiangxi Kuomintang Army, won the victory in the defense of the Huangyangjie, and preserved the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area.
On January 14, 1929, He Tingying, then the party representative of the 28th Regiment of the Red Fourth Army, left Jinggangshan with Mao Zedong, Zhu De, and Chen Yi to lead the main force of the Red Fourth Army and moved to southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to open up a new base area. On January 24, he was seriously wounded in the battle of Dayu, and was attacked by the enemy again while passing through Jitan Village on his way to the transfer, and unfortunately died at the age of 24. This is the only photo of He Tingying that can be found so far, and it is reported that this is still left when he was studying in Shanghai.
He Tingying
In 2006, Chen Zhongzhong, a famous writer from Shaanxi and the author of the masterpiece "White Deer Plain", left such a text after visiting Jinggang Mountain: "What I didn't expect was that He Tingying, one of the two top commanders of the Huangyangjie Guard War, was my Shaanxi Township Party. I have long been familiar with the names of martyrs such as Liu Zhidan, who was 'popular' in Guanzhong, Shaanxi and northern Shaanxi, but I have hardly heard of He Tingying. In the initial period from the Autumn Harvest Uprising to the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area, He Tingying fought with Mao Zedong and became the head of the division. ”
*The picture is from the Internet, if there is an infringement dispute, it will be deleted