The Nobel Prize, known as the world's most valuable award, deserves its position in international awards in terms of contribution and value of the prize itself.
The Nobel Prizes include the Physics, Chemistry, Peace, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Economics prizes, which recognize those who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology, or medicine, literature, and economics.
The Nobel Prize is awarded annually in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway, in ceremonies held by the King himself.
The Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a certificate and a prize money, which has been increased to 10 million Swedish kronor, or about 1.1 million US dollars (about 8 million yuan).
As of 2023, a total of 965 individuals and 27 groups have been awarded, of which 4 individuals and 1 group have won two awards and 1 group has won three awards. Five individuals have won the award twice.
1. Marie Curie
Marie Curie, born in Warsaw from 1867 to 1934, known as "Marie Curie", full name Maria Słodowska Curie, is a famous French Polish scientist, physicist and chemist.
In 1903, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie and Henri Bekele were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their outstanding work on radioactive phenomena.
In 1911, Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of the radioactive elements radium (Ra) and polonium (Po), the isolation of radium, and the study of the chemical nature of these iconic elements and their compounds.
Thus, she became the first person in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
2. Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling, born in Portland, Oregon, USA from 1901 to 1994, was a chemist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1954, Linus Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His contribution lies in elucidating the nature of chemical bonds and applying them to explain the structure of complex substances.
In 1962, Linus Pauling was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. His deeds are against nuclear weapons testing, nuclear weapons proliferation, and the use of nuclear weapons.
He is the only person to have won the Nobel Prize twice alone so far.
3. John Bardeen
John Bardeen (1908-1991), born in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, was a physicist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a foreign member of the Royal Society.
In 1956, John Bardeen, Walter Bratton and William Schaucley were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their contributions lie in the study of semiconductors and the study of transistor effects.
In 1972, John Bardeen, Lennon Cooper, John Brown, John Bardeen, R. Schriever was co-awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics. They were awarded for their joint proposal in 1957 for the theory of low-temperature superconductivity, commonly known as the BCS theory.
He is the first person to win the Nobel Prize twice in the same field, and the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice so far.
4. Frederick Sanger
Frederick Sanger, born in Gloucestershire, England from 1918 to 2013, is a biochemist and head of the Protein Chemistry Laboratory of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology.
In 1958, Frederick Sanger invented the enzymatic method to determine the sequence of human insulin and determine the molecular structure of insulin, creating the field of protein sequencing, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1980, Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Their contribution lies in the determination of DNA sequences using different methods.
He was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice.
5. Carl Barry Sharpless
Carl Barry Sharpless, born in 1941 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, is a chemist, a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a W.M. Keck Chair Professor at the Scripps Research Institute, and a distinguished professor at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In 2001, Sharpless, William Knowles, and Ryoji Noyori shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their pioneering contributions in the field of asymmetric catalytic oxidation.
In 2022, Sharpless was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering methods that can bring together molecular building blocks that can effectively create new compound reactions.
He is the only one of the world's five Nobel laureates who is still alive.