2. Zhuangzi's Inner Chapter: The Theory of Things

Mr. Zi Se of Chu State lives in Nancheng Guo, and people call him Nanguo Ziqi. He was born in the Chu royal family, was a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, and liked abstract thinking.

That day, he sat on the kang, his cheeks propped up, his elbows leaning on the edge of the kang table, looking up at the sky outside the window, and sighing loudly. Looking at his languishing form, it seems that his soul has detached itself from its shell and forgotten its own existence. His student Yan Yan, also known as Ziyou, was standing in front of the kang at this time, and when he saw that he was in such a depressed state of mind, he asked, "What happened?" If the posture of the sitting exercise is like a dead tree, how can the teacher's mentality be like a cold ember? Today's work is completely different from yesterday's. ”

Ziqi said: "Smart Yan, you asked well, and you have made progress." Yesterday I forgot about the existence of external objects, and today I forget about my own existence. You already see it, right? I'm showing you. There are low-stage sittings and high-stage sitting. There is a shallow level of sitting and forgetting, and there is a deep level of sitting and forgetting. These differences, to use an analogy, are as there are three kinds of sound sounds: one is the sound of human sounds, that is, the sound produced by artificial blowers; The second is the sound of the earth, that is, the sound of everything on the earth other than artificial; The third is the sound of nature, that is, the sound produced by the laws of nature. He said that he was accustomed to hearing the sound of the earth, and he was not necessarily interested in listening to the sound of the earth. When you hear the sound of the earth, you may not think that there is a sound of heaven in it. ”

Ziyou said: "Dare to ask the teacher to guide you to understand the appearance of these three rays." ”

Ziqi said: "The space hiccup, people noticed it, and said it was wind. When the wind blows, the silence is broken by the filling of all the holes of the earth, and one by one they roar desperately. The mountains are covered by trees, and there are those big trees that are waist-bound, and the treetops are rattling. You won't listen and ignore it. There were all kinds of caves in the tree, with holes and holes, like noses, mouths, ears, eyes, cattle pens, cattle, depressions, and weirs, all of which were filled with the wind, and roared desperately to astonish people. Listen, where does the waterfall rush from the trees? Where do the arrows fly between the branches? Who hides in the canopy and scolds? Who hides behind a tree and sucks? Shudong, who's shouting? Shuxi, who is crying? Who is quietly lamenting at the root of the tree? Who is wailing in the middle of the tree? This group of invisible ghosts, as if lifting heavy objects, sings hi hi in the front and ho ho in the back. The wind is small and whispering, and the wind is loud and loud. The strong wind gradually weakened, and the weak wind gradually stopped. The caves of the big trees, those with seven holes and eight holes, were dull and dumb because of qi deficiency, and they no longer roared desperately. When the cave roared, the branches swayed and swayed, gently and violently. You're not going to turn a blind eye, are you?"

Zi You: "Got it. The human voice is a wind instrument. The earth is the hole of all things. Dare to ask what nature looks like. ”

Ziqi said: "The wind blows all things, and because there are all kinds of orifices, the sound emitted is also of various qualities. The wind can't blow when it wants to blow, it can't be strong if it wants to be strong, it can't be weak if it wants to be weak, it can't roar when it wants to roar, it can't be hoarse when it wants to be hoarse, and it can't make whatever sound it wants. It is a natural thing that the space burps and the wind blows through the holes, and no one is striving for it, and it is purely the result of the laws of nature at work. You don't really think that somebody is out there screaming. So, if you can hear the sound of the earth, if you can recognize that it is the laws of nature at work, then your spiritual ear will be able to hear the sound of nature in it, that is, the sound of the laws of nature. ”

The people of great knowledge and the people of small knowledge are like the sounds of nature, the sounds of the earth and the sounds of people, each with its own level.

Dazhi is idle, relaxed, flexible and steady, and convenient.

Xiao Zhi is capable, his eyes are straight, his device is narrow and shallow, and he calculates all day long.

Dazhi spoke, plain and bland, taking care of both ends, and not harboring prejudices.

Xiaozhi speaks, is clever and eloquent, has limited boards, and is ultimately one-sided.

Let's talk about the other performances of the little knowledgeable.

Poor little knowledge, because of his constant calculations, he could not sleep peacefully every night and had some chaotic dreams. As soon as I woke up, I turned over and got off the kang, activated my limbs, straightened my chest, and went to connect this and hit that. According to the needs of the situation, adjust the way of fighting: or go into battle shirtless, and take the opponent directly; or shrink the head to be a turtle, temporarily avoiding the enemy's front; Or go underground and conspire to win. Take a little risk, be a little afraid, and be afraid to listen to the wind. He took great risks, panicked, and prepared to arrange for the funeral.

Once an attack is launched, it is like a crossbow machine has been detained, and the flying arrow cannot be returned, because success or failure is here.

If you have to hold on, it's like gambling on blood, and you can't lose your position even if you die, because victory is ahead.

Poor little knowledge, he is like a self-thief day and night, losing his youth and midsummer, thinning into yellow leaves in cold autumn and withering into bald branches in the harsh winter, and his fierce struggle on the battlefield of life is like a drowning man's indiscriminate grasping, and no one can save him. He tried to fill his greed as much as he could, and the older he grew, the more he became slanderous, his stomach burst, and his anus locked. His mind is in a near-death state, and he may not be able to regain his yang energy.

Joy, anger, sorrow, joy, worry, sorrow, nostalgia, grievance, impetuousness, indulgence, cheerfulness, disguise, these various states of life, just like the music from the empty place of Xiao Guan, and like the mushroom born in the damp place of the forest, it is a natural thing, and it also belongs to the sound of nature. The various states of the sound of nature are endless. In a person, there are all kinds of life, from one state to the next, from one state to the next, from one state to another, and from another state to another state.

The day went and the night came, and the night went and the day came. Day and night are playing out a cycle before our eyes, and everyone can see it. However, no one can figure out what state everything on the stage will evolve into tomorrow or tomorrow night. That's it, that's it, why bother thinking about it. Sooner or later, you will realize that none of these evolutions on the stage are not natural.

The existence of nature, the existence of not knowing why it exists, this is nature. Nature, the mother of all things, too. Only in the case of one of all things. Every particle in us, every idea in our hearts, is given by nature. If there were no nature, where would we be human? That's why nature made me. But without the existence of us human beings, where would nature obtain the materials for the creation of images to reveal its own existence? So, I am nature.

This shows that nature is very close to me. It's close although. I still don't know the details of how nature made me. This process is so unique, so complex, so profound, so mysterious, that I suspect that there may be a real creator who quietly exists in the universe. When we think about it, it's so strange that he made us by his old man, and we can't find any sign of him; He is an old man who believes in his word, and we can't see a flash of his shadow; He was an old man in everything, and we couldn't get a single piece of physical evidence of him at the scene.

I don't know if there is a creator in the universe. Let's take a look at the human body, this small universe, whether there is a true monarch. The human body, two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, two mouths, upper urethral orifice, one anus, a total of nine orifices, one heart, one liver, one spleen, one lung, one kidney, a total of six organs, more than 200 bones, and other organs, cooperate and coexist to realize life. Each organ, which one should I be alienated from, and which one should I be close to? Shouldn't I treat them equally? Answer me, do you prefer which one of your organs do you prefer, or do you prefer them in general? They are said to be a group of male and female servants, none of them are true kings, but who is the ruler? Does the servant rule over the servant? To say that they take turns to be true kings is more affectionate. For example, walking legs are kings, fighting and boxing are kings, settling accounts are brains, eating and stomach is kings, bladder is distended uncomfortably, and urethra can also be kings. These are all things that are done at one time and one time, and they are done in turn, how can they be regarded as true kings. Can you count the urethra as a true monarch and call it to rule the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys? The heart is a bit like a true king, but as soon as a person sleeps, he becomes a servant. I don't know if there is a true monarch in the small universe of the human body, let alone the great universe, whether there is a true ruler or not, how can I know. All I know is Nature, which really exists.

If we continue to explore this question, we may or may not find the answer. Whatever the outcome, it will not affect the conclusive fact that nature made me.

There is no self in the world. Once the yin and yang are combined, I am created into an embryo, and I can't die if I want to, I have to live and wait for the future to die. Growing up and devoting myself to society, I slashed and killed each other with foreign objects, fought a war of attrition with each other, and at the same time ran to the end of my life. Isn't that sad? I worked hard all my life, but I always didn't succeed. People are so tired and withered that they don't know what will happen to them. Isn't that bad enough? This is what people call "living in vain." In this way, my body grew old, and my heart grew old with it. Isn't that too miserable? Life and life ask, is this how confused you are? Or am I the only one who is confused, and everyone else is sober and awake? Can you tell me who is a sober person who knew he was going to be born into the world before he was created as an embryo? Before he was thrown into society, he already knew that he would hit his wall nails? Did he know about the future?

Don't be stubborn about your own prejudices. If you take preconceptions as teachers and follow them, then you don't need to consult the teacher. Why ask the teacher, you can judge right from wrong. That's what some people think, including a large number of idiots. There are also some people who are even more ridiculous, who have not even formed the most basic prejudices, and who are actually able to judge right from wrong and judge the long and the short. I admired their courage and reminded them of jokes such as "I left for Vietnam today and arrived safely yesterday." These double fools dare to think of nothingness as existence. Nothingness is regarded as existence, and the gods and Dayu can't even make it, let alone the mortal me.

Human speech is different from that of the wind blowing orifices, although the same principle of sounding. The speaker he has an opinion to express, and the wind is unintentional. The speaker's opinion, of course, is not necessarily conclusive and is often controversial, so the question arises: can he be said to have a word? No, because what he says is not conclusive, and if he does not say it in vain, it is equivalent to being speechless. Can you say that he is speechless? No, because he did give an opinion, and an opinion is a word, of course there is a word. Something to say? Speechless? Hardly.

The bird has hatched its egg shell and is a chick. The egg shell will hatch out and be a bird. Yan screamed inside the shell, "Mom, I'm too hot." Mom, I'm so cold. That's the sound. The middle of the egg is hot, and the side of the egg is cold, so it can be seen that the sound may not be conclusive. Although there may not be a definitive conclusion, each is called its own, but the hot and cold are called concise and clear, and there is no ambiguity at all, and those speeches that are not necessarily conclusive should be compared with the pronunciation, whether they are more concise and clear, or vague, and large and empty, not as good as the pronunciation.

To express one's own opinion is to speak.

Summing up the laws of all things is the Tao. The Word is pervasive, how can it be hidden? What is the truth and the false way, the words are open, and how can there be concealment? What is the division of who is right and who is wrong?

Where can't the Tao go to one, and if you go, it doesn't exist? Where can't you have a dialect, and if you have it, you can't?

Unfortunately, the Tao is indeed hidden, hidden by small achievements. Fortunately, the words were indeed hidden, and they were concealed by great propaganda. As a result, there was a polemic between the two schools, blaming each other, and it was not clear who was right and who was wrong. Both of them kept a close eye on each other, and the tip of the needle was on the wheat mang. What you deny, I have to affirm, this is "what it is." You're sure, I have to deny it, it's "not what it is." The tactics of the two are exactly the same. If you are interested in using this tactic against them, you can first bring them to them and say, "Mr. Confucian, I think your opinion is the truth. Mr. Mo, I think your opinion is the truth. "Then let the two falsify each other. You use the affirmation of Confucianism to refute the negation of Mohism, and at the same time, you use the affirmation of Mohism to refute the negation of Confucianism. Isn't that "what it is"? You use the negation of Confucianism to refute the affirmation of Confucianism, and at the same time, you use the negation of Mohism to refute the affirmation of Confucianism. Isn't this "what it is"? The two firmly believe that there is right and wrong in the world, of course, everything belongs to me, and everything belongs to you. After the two schools falsified each other, all the denials of Confucianism were refuted, and there was no denial, that is, nothing more than that; If all the affirmations of Confucianism are refuted, there will be no affirmation, and there will be nothingness. Finally you announce to them, "Mr. Confucian, Mr. Mo, because I support the truth of your two families, I have finally found a conclusion. That is, there is nothing in the world. Let's go home, please. ”

Anything that can be a guest is called the other, that is, the other. In the same way, anything that can be called is called this, which is this. This and the other, the host and the object, are the unity of opposites. The two sides are interdependent and indispensable. All things are in charge of the same thing, who will be the guest? Everything serves as guests, who sets up the banquet to be the master? Everyone does the other, who will do this? If there is no this, where is the other? All do this, and who will do the other? If there is no other, where is this? Therefore, he is born from this, and this exists by the other. Interdependence is what it means.

With regard to the concept of relativity such as death and life of each other, the common saying is: when a person is born, a ghost will die, and when a person dies, a ghost will be born at the same time; When you declare that you can do this, you declare that you can't do that thing, and when you declare that you can't do this, you declare that you can't do that. At the same time, there is some denial, and when there is negation, there is also some affirmation. In this way, life is death, and death is life; Yes is not possible, no can is can; Affirmation is negation, and negation is affirmation. In this way, it is almost a conceptual game, and the reason why the sage does not adopt this statement and let it be natural is also because he considers that there is nothing in the world in the first place.

When dealing with a certain issue, the other side affirms it, nods its head and says yes, and this side denies it, shaking its head and saying no. On another issue, this side denied it, frowned and said no, while the other side agreed, clapped its hands and said yes. There is a set of views of right and wrong, and there is a set of views of right and wrong. Is he really right, or is he wrong? Is this really good, or is it wrong?

To understand the above questions, you might as well imagine that there is a giant jade ring, half ring emerald green, which stands on top of it, and half ring vermilion, which stands on top of it. Both sides are talking and talking, please go and judge right and wrong. Where should you stand so that you don't take sides of them? Obviously, neither the green nor the red nor the other stand because that is their position. You have to find a neutral zone where you don't get the wrong knife or arrow, and it's good to control the battle. The ideal position should be like the pivot of the door, free to maneuver without being slapped open by the guest's quick slap or kicked shut by the host's flying legs. That ideal location is in the ring, and there is no choice. You can take no side, you can stay in the void in the center of the circle, and you can deal with an infinite number of problems by gaining a full range of visions.

There is no end to the evolution of the world, there are constantly new affirmations, there are constantly new negations, there are infinite numbers, there are infinite non-problems, and there are infinite problems of right and wrong. So I would say that the best response is to put yourself in the ring and let both sides prove each other. Falsifying each other, only one conclusion can be drawn: nothing is nothing more than nothing.

You can put up your own finger and claim that it is a finger, thus proving that someone else's finger is "not a finger." Others can also put up their "non-fingers" and claim that they are fingers, thus proving that your fingers are really "non-fingers." Can you overcome him in this way? You can take out your own chips and claim that they are chips, thus proving that other people's chips are "not chips." Others can also take out their own "non-chips" and claim that they are chips, thus proving that your chips are really "non-chips". Can you overcome him in this way? You must know that every living thing in nature can be used as a finger, and every inanimate thing can be used as a bargaining chip.

Anything, if you want to be sure, can find positive things in it; If you want to deny, you can find the negation of negation. Truth is formed by practice, and all things are determined by naming. Why is that thing like that? No, that's what it is. Why isn't this thing like that? No, it's not like that. All things have their own form of existence, and all things have their own reason for existence. There is no form in which nothing does not exist, and there is no reason why nothing does not exist. For example, the small grass with thin stems, the tall pillars, the ugly lepers, the great beauties of Shih Tzu, and those different braggart kings, treacherous and treacherous men, cunning liars, and goblin monsters, each has its own form of existence, and each has its own reason for existence. From the point of view of the Tao, these things are completely in line with objective laws; Its categories are varied, but they are all self-sufficient, and they are one; Although their conditions are uneven, they are all reasonable and in line with each other. Everything is different, and it can be seen at all; Everything is uneven, you can see it together. This is Qiwu.

Between things, if there is no such destruction, how can that be done. Look at the sandalwood tree, it was sawed, sawed, chiseled, and made into a car. The tree said, "I'm ruined." The car said, "I'm done." The tree saw that it was ruined, but it did not see the car. The car saw that it was done, but not that the tree was destroyed. From the point of view of the Tao, since success and destruction are connected, they are the same thing, but in fact, there is no success and no destruction. Only a wise man with attainment of insight can understand that right and wrong are the same thing, and instead of using the one-sided words of a tree and a car, he is entangled in the controversy between success and destruction, and his spirit is in vain.

The wise man of attainment took refuge in common sense. Common sense works, and you can use it as soon as you use it. If you get what you get through it, you can count it as enlightened. The so-called enlightenment is not to occupy the truth, but to have just touched it, and the heart has gained something. He couldn't use the Tao to get anything, he just went along the way.

All things change, naturally but there is a law, and we don't know it after all, and that is the Tao.

It is the same thing to be stupid and not understand right and wrong, and the word "one-sidedness" in vain reminds me of jokes. It is said that the old man raises macaques and serves acorns for two meals in the morning and evening. One morning, the old man announced: "From today onwards, three liters of acorns in the morning and four liters of acorns in the evening." The monkeys were furious and claimed that they were ready to go on a hunger strike. The old man said, "Okay, okay, change it to four liters in the morning and three liters in the evening." The monkeys cheered the victory and had a happy meal. There is no gain or loss in the meantime, it is the same thing. The monkeys don't understand, they are angry, happy, and wasted. Macaques also only care about breakfast and ignore dinner, and insist on a one-sided view.

However, there are many such stupid talents in the world, and the saints do not have so much energy to dispel their one-sided view of right and wrong, so they have no choice but to float in the giant ring, detach themselves from right and wrong, and equate right and wrong, so that the two sides standing on the ring can prove each other's one-sided rights and wrongs.

In ancient times, many wise men meditated on the origin of the world, each 7, and was confused. This has reached the limit of meditation, it has reached its peak, and it is impossible to go beyond it. There are also those who only think of the birth of the universe, saying that at that time all things existed and people also existed, but no cognitive activity has yet taken place, no one can distinguish between subject and object, and life is in obscurity. Others only think of people parting ways with other animals, saying that at that time they have begun to understand the world, can distinguish between subjective and objective, and can divide all things, but they have not yet thought of the question of who is good and who is bad, who is long and who is short, and who is wrong. In the end, this is not something that a wise man came up with, but the historical facts are there, human society has advanced into civilization, and the question of right and wrong has erupted, and there has been a lot of noise everywhere. When right and wrong become a serious social problem, people will refuse to follow the path, and the way will be lost. The loss of the Word, like the loss of the sun and the moon, is obscured by the shadow, and the world is darkened. Losing the Tao leads to deception and confusion. I wanted to find out what was right and wrong, but it turned out to be like this.

Is there really a success and a loss? Is there really no success and loss? There is success and loss, and that is the result of Mr. Zhaowen playing the piano. Waving the five strings in the hand completes the music, and the loss is the music. The lack of success and loss was the result of Mr. Zhaowen's failure to play the piano, needless to say.

The musician Zhaowen Yinqin, the blind teacher's cane, and the wise man Huishi's eloquence can be called the three uniques, which have been famous for a long time, and have been recorded in books in recent years. Not only do they refuse to cater to fashion, but they go to correct their friends and transform their audiences, and in short, they are keen on the hypocrisy of others. It was impossible for those people to realize that they were false, and the three of them insisted on proving it. The result? It reminds me of Gongsun Long, a super debater. His old man is famous all over the world, because of the invention of a formula: 1 piece of quartz stone = 1 piece of hard + 1 piece of white + 1 piece of ancient. He was fond of oratory, a formula that he used to prove the falsity of others. The results are unclear, and the head is dizzy. The old gentleman himself did not wake up until his death, and he was convinced that he had made a great invention in logic. Looking back, Mr. Zhaowen played the strings for a lifetime, and the piano skills were passed on to his son. Like Lao Tzu, the son is reckless and talented, and always wants to prove the falsity of other people's piano skills. As a result, he played in vain for the rest of his life, and few disciples learned Zhao's piano skills. This can be regarded as an achievement, and I dare to say that Zhuang Zhou has achieved it. However, such superb piano skills are not considered to be achievements, and the world and I cannot imagine any achievements. Therefore, some gentlemen who have prejudices of right and wrong, who open their mouths and open the faucets of wine vessels, talk endlessly, and prove the hypocrisy of others, when the saints notice it, they have to get rid of it, such as the Zhao father and son, and quietly get rid of them in the long years. Therefore, the wise man who has attained wisdom does not correct anyone, does not reform anyone, closes his mouth and does not open the faucet of the wine vessel, but wholeheartedly converts to the minimum common sense, and proves the falsification of the falsification enthusiasts with inaction.

8. Unclear right and wrong

Now I am also talking a lot, and no matter what my arguments are, whether they are good or not all the way with other people's arguments, I will find myself in an awkward position. This is because, regardless of whether the argument is a good thing or not, just in terms of making a big statement, I am no different from others, and there is no difference that is all the way to the goods. I know that I will be embarrassed when I talk about it, but I don't know the reason, and I have to make noise here. It's a pity, it's a last resort.

Take the universe, for example, the universe was born a long time ago. Earlier, Shangshui was born. Earlier, Shangshui had not yet been born. You should be aware that time is infinite when you go forward. And all things, in the first place, existed. Before existence, it was nothingness. Before nothingness, there is no nothingness. Before there is nothingness, it is not yet nothingness. You see, it's infinite too. Suddenly there is a leap from nothingness to nothingness, and who knows if there is really nothingness or if there is nothingness at all. Now that I've made a statement, my argument already exists, and the question arises: Can I say that this really exists? No, because my point of decline is not necessarily a definitive conclusion, neither is it a conclusive conclusion. It is equivalent to having no argument, that is, not existing; Can it be said that this is really non-existence? No, because I did put forward the argument, and the argument was that it existed, that is, that there really existed. Is there a presence? Nothing? Hardly. So let's get to the point. In autumn, the beasts change their hair, and the end of the hair is milli, and the tip of the millimeter is the so-called autumn millimeter, which is extremely small. But it can also be said that it is extremely large, if you compare it with the elementary particles of matter. Mount Tai of Qi is extremely big. But it can also be said that it is extremely small, if you compare it with the universe. The death of a young baby in a disembodied infant is the so-called martyrdom, which is too short-lived. But it can also be said that it is too long-lived, if compared to bacteria. Peng Zu learned immortals, lived thousands of years, too long. But it can also be said that it is too short-lived, if compared with the phases of the sun and the moon. It can be seen that the size of the life expectancy is just in terms of the form of the existence of all things, which is fundamentally relative. Nature created all things and created me, and all things and I are nature, so nature and I exist together, and although the forms of existence of all things are different, the reason for existence is the same, and they all originate from the laws of nature, so all things are the same as me, the same root, and the same way, and become one. Now that it is unified, what is the non-long and the short? Since we have talked about unification, can we still say that I have not made a discussion? All things are one with me, and I hold this view. Please note that here there is one from nothing. I've linguized this point of view, turned it into an argument, and here one becomes two. If I tell you about this argument again, that is, add a you, and here two will become three, and then you will tell it to others, and three will become four, and some people will approve of it, and four will become five. Someone objected, and five became six. Someone recorded and compiled it into a book, and six became seven. If we continue to change like this, from nothing to something, from one to seven, from seven to everything, and from all things to infinity, the astronomers who push the calendar will have a headache, not to mention ordinary people like you and me. You see, as soon as I told you, nothing became three. If it continues to change, it will be seven, ten thousand, and infinity. What's more, everything is already everything, and if you go and discuss the length and circumstance of right and wrong one by one, you really don't know where it will be. Don't talk about it anymore, you should still look at right and wrong, look at the long and short together, and behave well along the way.

The Tao sums up the law of all things, and there is never a division.

Expressing one's own opinions, there is never a conclusion.

Since many speakers have a tendency to talk, they naturally summarize a set of speaking skills. Please allow me to bring it out.

First, there are those on the left and east, that is, masculine and spicy, and those on the right and west, that is, feminine and graceful. This is in terms of the style of the statement.

Second, there are those who talk about reasoning and retreat, and there are those who talk about facts. This is in terms of the content of the statement.

Third, there is longitudinal analysis and horizontal comparison. This is in terms of the format of the statement.

Fourth, there are those who compete side by side, and there are those who quarrel with each other. This is in terms of the manner in which the statement is made.

The above four products and eight kinds make up a set of concise speaking skills.

Left east, right west, front south and back north, up and down, heaven and earth, called Liuhe, like a six-sided cube box, all things and people in the box are under the care of the saints. In addition to the Liuhe, there is another existence, and the saint has a reserved attitude and does not theorize. Within the six combinations, sentient beings exist, the sages have an inducing attitude and do not criticize, the successive kings have ruled the world, and the successes and failures are written into the history books, and the sages have a critical attitude and do not compare B.

Longitudinal analysis, from the surface to the inside, the vision is profound, but there are some problems, such as the Liuhe, the actual situation is unclear, and the sage is not easy to analyze. Horizontal comparison from this to the other, a broad vision. However, there are some problems, such as the gains and losses of the past dynasties, and the specific circumstances are different, and it is difficult for the saints to compare. Why is it said that saints are not good at analysis and comparison? It is important to know that a saint is different from an ordinary wise man. The saint is sensible and enlightened, and has a large heart, and can tolerate questions such as right and wrong, and is not in a hurry to get to the bottom of it. Moreover, some problems, as mentioned earlier, are indeed difficult to analyze and compare, and ordinary wise men start to talk endlessly, abuse the rules, and just show them to the other side. So I would also like to say that there are some occasions when analyzing and comparing these two types of rules cannot be used.

The avenue does not shine.

(Isn't the trail bright?)

Speak out and don't follow the rules.

(Isn't Xiao Yan familiar with eloquence?)

Daren appears to be unkind and unkind.

(Isn't Xiaoren doing charity?)

Honest and clean are not humble.

(Isn't Xiaolian Xiaojie clear and tall?)

Dayong is not strong or ruthless.

(Isn't Xiao Yong desperate at every turn?)

If the Tao is ostentatious, it will not be the Tao. If words are the truth, they will be divorced from reality and become empty words that do not solve problems. If benevolence is indiscriminately benevolent, it will be difficult to show love, and the original intention of benevolence will be lost. If honesty is done too much, it will become a false and serious thing to deceive the world and steal one's reputation. If you are brave and ruthless, you will make things worse, and it will be difficult for you to succeed. All five of the above people make the same mistake, just like a dumb carpenter who makes a round table, instead of taking the pattern of the round table, he takes the pattern of the square table instead, and the result is a deformed table that is not round and square.

People have different talents, and their intelligence is strong or weak, and their cognitive circles are also big and small. A person, no matter how strong or mentally retarded, as long as he works hard and reaches the edge of his own circle of knowledge, he is a great person. When he goes to the edge and stops, he knows that his intelligence has been exhausted, and if he does not act more and more presumptuously, he will be a very smart person. Who can go to the next level, who speaks without seeing the rules, who enlightens and does not preach? Is there such a supreme being? If so, it should be called Tianfu, which is nature's secret storehouse. It is him, this secret warehouse, as vast as the abyss, no matter what you input, you are always dissatisfied, no matter how you output, it is always empty, and I don't know why this is the case. This state of cultivation is called Baoguang, that is, the light is hidden in the darkness. The avenue didn't shine brightly.

In ancient times, Emperor Yao was in power, governing his husband, and Shun was the prime minister. Yao asked Shun: "I sit in the morning court, facing due south, and I feel good. However, when I thought of crusading against Zongguo, Guanguo, and Xu Ao, my heart felt uncomfortable. Why?"

Shun said: "Those three monarchs of the small kingdom are like hares or something, hiding among the fluffy grass and mugwort, which is pitiful." You feel uncomfortable, why? I remembered that once upon a time, the heavens were in chaos, and the ten suns came out at once, and everything was so bitterly sunburned that the crops were scorched, and the plants and trees were roasted to death. Now that you old man read that when you go to war, you have to fight in your heart, and the eight dialectics are used to arm your mind, and it is better than ten suns baking in your heart. Finally, there is another sentence that Shun is not easy to say, that is: "Your heart is hot, and of course you are uncomfortable." ”

During the reign of Emperor Yao, the Magi asked his teacher Wang Ni: "Sir, should you know the common standards of right and wrong in all things?"

Wang Ni said: "How do I know. ”

"Sir should always know his ignorance, right?"

Wang Ni said: "How do I know. ”

He asked, "Sir is ignorant, is it true that all things are ignorant as well?"

Wang Ni said: "How do I know. Still, give it a try, I'll answer. I shook my head for a reason. I said I know, do I really know? Does anyone know, I say I don't know, do you really don't know, and who knows? Let me ask you three questions first. If you sleep damp for a long time, you will suffer from back pain, or even half of your body will be paralyzed. Sleeping tall on a tree, people are afraid of falling, and they are so frightened that their eyes and legs tremble, but apes are not. Of the three animals here, whose sleeping style has the same standard? People eat livestock. Elk graze. Centipedes love to eat snakes. Owls and crows are fond of mice. Of the four animals here, whose dietary tastes can be the common standard? The ape deceived the female monkey into his wife. Mi looking for a doe to mate. Loaches chase fish for courtship. Mao Yan and Xi Shi, two great beauties, who sees who loves it, the fish hides when they see the sinking water, the black flies and runs away, and the elk runs away when he sees a smoke. Of the four animals here, whose beauty interests can be used as common standards? These three questions, please answer me. Now on to the common denominator. From a social point of view, benevolence and righteousness are the common standard of right and wrong. From an individual's point of view, each person has different views on what benevolence is, what is unkindness, what righteousness is, and what is unrighteousness. This leads everyone back to right and wrong. Benevolence and unkindness, righteousness and unrighteousness, messily confusing, annoying to death. I can't make a horizontal comparison between righteousness and unrighteousness. ”

He asked: "Benevolence and righteousness are beneficial, but unkindness and injustice are harmful." If a gentleman can't distinguish between good and bad, can't even a man distinguish between good and bad?"

Wang Ni said: "It's amazing. The temperature rose to the point that the forest burned to ashes, and he was not hot. When the temperature drops to the rivers and freezes into glaciers, he is not cold; The thunder blew up the landslide, the storm swept the sea, and he didn't blink his eyelashes. That's it, riding the clouds and the wind, landing on the sun and the moon, he cruises outside the human world. The question of life and death is only available to human beings, and it is not a problem for him. As for the question of the interests of mankind, I am afraid he has never thought about it. ”

The wise man Qu Quezi, a student of Confucius, had questions after a day of class and came to consult Chang Wuzi. Changwuzi was a hermit, and people did not know his name, because he lived under a tall tree, and people called him Changwuzi.

Qu Quezi said: "I heard my teacher Confucius say that some people openly expressed their opinions that sages should stay away from society and transcend the red dust. In order to do this, we must first do the six no's. Which six is not? 1. It's okay to find trouble. Second, do not enterprising welfare. 3. Do not shy away from evil. Fourth, I don't like to explore. Five books make sense. Sixth, do not declare. If you don't say anything, it's like you've said something, and if you say something, it's like you're saying something. This is an opinion that my teacher criticized, and as nonsense, I think it is in line with the wonderful way and is concrete and feasible. What do you think, sir?"

The following five verses are all the answers of the long sycamore.

He said: "Those words, the Yellow Emperor, a sage from afar, will be ignorant when he hears them, but how can Kong Qiu understand." But you are also too anxious, and when you see an egg, you ask to hear it, and when you see a slingshot, you ask for owl soup. I'm talking nonsense, so listen to it. Why go to the sun and the moon and manipulate the universe? If you can't do it, don't talk about it. You must conform yourself to reality, no matter whether the society is dirty and chaotic, you must be a human being, even if you are a slave. Fighting over right and wrong, comparing length and shortness, everyone rushed around. The saint is muddy and simple, and he is dedicated to eternity. Respond to all changes with the same, simple thinking, and perfect attitude. In his eyes, everything is natural, each has its own positive side, and it contains each other. ”

And he said, "All men are going to die." How can I assert that nostalgia for life is not a misthought? How can I assert that the fear of death is not like a child who leaves home for years and forgets to return home? Once upon a time, there was an Ai family village in Lirong country, and the daughter of the owner of the village was born beautifully. The country was broken and Zhuang died, she was escorted to the Jin Kingdom, and became a female prisoner, crying bitterly every day, tears wet her skirt. Later, he was taken by the old king and married as a little wife, which was for Ligi. Liji accompanied Lao Wang, slept on a soft bed with carved railings on three sides, ate the tender meat of six animals and nine pastures, and recalled the stupid crying at the beginning, she regretted it. How can I assert that those who die do not regret their prayers for life?" He added, "Life is impermanent. One night, I dreamed of drinking and was so happy, but I woke up in the morning and cried bitterly. Another night, I dreamed of sad things, and wept bitterly, but I woke up in the morning and went out hunting, and I was very happy. When you dream, you don't know you're dreaming. I had another dream in the dream, and I studied whether the dream in that dream was fierce or auspicious. Later, I woke up from a dream and realized that it was a dream. Later, when I was completely sober, I realized that all the experiences I had had been a big dream. When a stupid man wakes up, he thinks he is really awake, he is triumphant, he talks long and short, and he talks about the king's dignity and humility, and he is really incorrigibly stubborn. Your teacher, Kongqiu, and yourself, are all dreaming, and you don't know it. I said you were dreaming, but I was also dreaming. The so-called paradox, that is, the paradox, this is it. I can't explain this paradox. In the distant future, there will be a great wisdom who can tell the whole story. ”

He added: "There is no point in debating. Suppose I have a debate with you, and you defeat me, and I lose to you, are you really right? Am I really wrong? I defeated you, you lost to me, am I really right? Are you really wrong? Of the two of us, is one right and the other wrong? Maybe we're both right? Maybe we're both wrong? The two of us were shrouded in a black fog of prejudice, and we couldn't see each other clearly, and we didn't understand each other, so we debated. The third person looked at us, but saw two clouds of black mist. What kind of people do we invite to judge right and wrong? Would you like to ask someone like you to judge? Since it's the same as you, how can you judge? Would you like someone to referee? Since it's the same as me, how can you judge? Would you like someone to judge someone with a different point of view than you do? Since you are different from me, how can you judge? Would you like someone to judge who has the same point of view as me and you? Since I'm the same as you, how can I judge? In this way, neither of us, nor the third person, is still shrouded in a black fog of prejudice, and neither of us can see clearly, neither of us can understand the other. The fourth looked at us, but saw three clouds of black mist. Would you like to invite him too?"

He concluded: "There is a lot of noise, there is opposition to each other, and the two sides only talk but do not listen, which means that there is no confrontation, and what is there to argue." Let's reconcile right and wrong in the way of unity of opposites, and tolerate right and wrong from the viewpoint of change and development. Don't quarrel in vain, cherish the years. How do you say that we should reconcile right and wrong in a way that is the unity of opposites? Right and wrong, right or wrong are not absolute. There is right and wrong, and there is no right and there is no right. There is a right in the right, and there is a right in the wrong. Yours is, if it is true, then it is clearly different from mine, what are you debating? I'm right, if I'm right, then it's clearly different from your fault, what else can I argue. Forget about the days and look at life and death. Forget benevolence and righteousness, and look at right and wrong. Please swim in eternity, please take refuge in eternity. ”

Go outside in the sun and see yourself in the shade. He is your personal servant, your umbra. There is a narrow strip around the circumference of the umbra, if it is dark and bright, half yin and half yang, it is a penumbra, and it is called a penumbra. The penumbra is also the servant of the umbra. When you move, the umbra moves with you, and the penumbra moves with the umbra. One is subject to one.

Penumbra said, "My master Umbra, you will walk and stop for a while, sit and stand for a while." You're too close to your master, aren't you?"

Umbra said, "Penumbra, don't be impatient. Can you and I be independent, can we do whatever we want? You and my master can be independent, can he do whatever he wants? Are you willing to be the skin of a snake and the shell of a cicada, clinging to him? Why is this happening, I don't know. Why not, I don't know. ”

The master of the umbra is your body. The master of the body is your mind. The mind is not independent, it also has a master, and that is the call of the outside world. Every external calling is subject to another unknowable factor. One is subject to the other, and it can be deduced to infinity. You will never know the end of this chain, and how can you know the umbra and penumbra.

In Xia Zhuang Zhou, I dreamed last night that I changed into a phoenix butterfly, a black shirt and a flower skirt, fluttering and playing, What a beautiful phoenix butterfly. I felt so comfortable that I had forgotten the painful Zhuang Zhou in the world. When I suddenly woke up, I remembered that my surname was Zhou, and I was a small official in Rongguo's Qiyuan, and I was surprised and confused. Is it really Zhuang Zhou's dream that he changed into a phoenix? Or did the phoenix butterfly change Zhuang Zhou in her dream? Zhuang Zhou, phoenix butterfly, who is me? This problem has caused right and wrong again, Zhuang Zhou and Phoenix Butterfly Maybe it's me? This kind of change of form is called materialization.