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Captain is a senior officer on the leading side of the Western Han Dynasty. In the historical process of the Western Han Dynasty's development of the Western Regions, the envoy school captain and the tuntian school captain were established successively. The envoy captain evolved into the Western Regions Protector, and the Tuntian captain evolved into the Wuji captain. Since the Han and Jin dynasties, the dualistic military and political system in charge of the Western Regions was thus formed. These two major military and political constructions are related to Tuntian in the Western Regions.
1. The origin of the envoy captain
When did Tuntian in the Western Regions begin?
Book of Han, volume 96, "Legend of the Western Regions":
Since the second division general attacked Dawan, the Western Regions were frightened and sent more envoys to contribute. The Han Dynasty benefited those in the Western Regions. Therefore, from Dunhuang west to Yanze, often set up pavilions, and wheels, canals and plows have hundreds of field guards, put the envoy captain to lead the protection, in order to make foreign people.
According to this, it seems that the envoy captain began after Li Guangli Dawan returned to the army in the fourth year of Emperor Wu's early reign (101 BC).
However, the reference to "after Li Guangli Dawan returned to his teacher" is a vast concept of time, and does not refer to the first four years of Taichu, which is difficult to substantiate.
To determine the time for the initial establishment of the envoy captain in the Western Han Dynasty, the first envoy captain Lai Dan must be used as a breakthrough.
Lai Danben is the prince of the Western Regions, and he entered Qiuci, "At the beginning, Li Guangli, the general of the second division, attacked Dawan, and he also passed Humi, and Humi sent the prince Lai Dan to Qiuci. Guangli scolded Qiuzi and said: "All foreign ministers belong to the Han Dynasty, how can Qiuzi be subjected to the quality of the Emperor?" Emperor Zhao used Sang Hong Yang to negotiate in front of him, with Lai Dan, the prince of Humi, as the captain, and the general Tian Luntai.
According to this, Lai Dan entered the Han Dynasty with Li Guangli in the fourth year of the Taichu Dynasty, and during the period of Emperor Zhao, he re-examined the Tuntian Song Shu of Sanghong Yang Western Regions, and Lai Dan, who had lived in the Han Dynasty for a long time, was canonized as the first envoy and captain, and was ordered to go out of the Tunluntai, "the Luntai and the canal and the plough are connected."
"Shufu Yuangui" volume 503 "State Planning Department" Tuntian Article:
"At the beginning of Emperor Zhao's accession to the throne, he used Sang Hong Yang to discuss the front, with Lai Dan, the prince of Humi, as the captain, and the general Tianluntai, which was connected to the canal and plough. ”
Emperor Zhao succeeded in the first year of the first year of Yiwei (86 BC), and Lai Dan Tuntian Luntai should have begun in this year.
The "messenger" is the messenger and executor of the king's order, and the envoy captain is the official name composed of the civil official "messenger" and the military attache "school captain". It shows that this is a military and political establishment that integrates military and diplomatic functions, and the main purpose of the Tuntian in the Western Regions presided over by the envoy captain is to provide food and armed escort for the Han Dynasty and the Han envoys in and out of the Western Regions. Judging from this, Lai Dan should be the first Western Han envoy lieutenant whose name can be examined. Since then, a new chapter in the history of Tuntian in the Western Regions of the Han Army has been opened.
2. From the envoy captain to the capital to protect the Western Regions
The Han Dynasty at the beginning of the Luntai envoy school captain did not exist for a long time, its east is adjacent to the Western Regions power Qiuci, before Lai Dan descended to the Han Dynasty, he mortgaged the hostage of Qiuci, familiar with the national conditions of Qiuci, posed a great threat to Qiuci, the Luntai Tuntian presided over for a short time, was destroyed by the adjacent Western Regions power Qiuci, the Tuntian Han army was all killed, Lai Dan also died in the Han Dynasty, and the envoy school captain was created and abolished.
The envoy captain was established again, and it has entered the period of Emperor Zhao and Emperor Xuan.
Chang Hui is the second messenger captain whose name can be examined.
In the last years of Emperor Zhao, the Xiongnu and the Che Division jointly launched a counterattack on Wusun, the base camp of the Western Regions of the Han Dynasty, and the princess of Xie Wu and Wusun Kunmi, who insisted on being pro-Han, jointly wrote to the Han court for help, Chang Hui sent Wusun as a Han envoy for the first time, and sent a letter for help, because of the sudden death of Emperor Zhao, Emperor Xuan succeeded to the throne at the beginning, and failed to rush to help in time.
In the second year of the first year (72 BC), the princess and Kunmi once again reported the urgency through Chang Hui, and Emperor Xuan sent troops to attack the Xiongnu in order to relieve the military pressure on Wusun. At the same time, he "took Hui as the captain and protected the Wusun soldiers with festivals." Kunmi from the general of the Marquis of more than 50,000 horsemen, from the west into the right valley of Liting", the battle was a great victory, and the chariot division that followed the Huns also surrendered to the Han in the same year.
What is striking is that Chang Hui's identity in this battle is very special, not only receiving the official name of "school captain", but also being a "messenger", and the king's order is to send Wusun soldiers to attack the Huns. It can be seen from this that the full name of Chang Hui's official title is the envoy captain, who directly represents the imperial court to deal with all military and political affairs in the Western Regions.
After this battle, Chang Hui entered the court to report on his work, and in the same year, he was named the Marquis of Changluo and returned to Wusun. Before leaving, "Hui Yinzuo asked Qiuzi Guo to try to kill the captain Lai Dan, but he was not ambushed, please attack him, and Emperor Xuan did not allow it." General Huo Guangfeng Hui was engaged in cheap. Hui and 500 officials all went to Wusun, and returned, sent 20,000 soldiers to the west, ordered the deputy envoy to send 20,000 people to the east of Qiuzi, and 7,000 Wusun soldiers, attacked Qiuzi from three sides, and the soldiers did not unite, and the advance sent people to blame the king for killing the Han envoy before...... Wang Zhigu Yi Hui, Hui beheaded and returned".
Not only was it humiliated by the killing of Lai Dan, the captain of Xuehan Tuntian, but also further controlled Qiuzi, an important town in the North Silk Road. At that time, Huo Guang had full authority to assist the government, and Chang Hui's trip was approved by Huo Guang, which was essentially the king's order. This is enough to confirm that Chang Huishi was the first envoy appointed by the Western Han Dynasty.
The third envoy lieutenant in the Western Han Dynasty whose name can be tested is Zheng Ji, a famous general of the first generation.
"Zheng Ji, the auditor is also a soldier, serving in the army, counting out the Western Regions, and he is a lang. Ji is a strong person and learns foreign affairs. Since Zhang Qian's passage to the Western Regions and Li Guangli's expedition, he was initially appointed as a lieutenant and Tuntian Quli. By the time of Emperor Xuan, Ji Yi served Lang Tian Qu Li, Ji Gu, because of the national soldiers to break through the car division, moved to guard Sima, and made the southwest road of Shanshan.
According to the "squire" is the official of the imperial court, often as a messenger, can also join the feather forest, engaged in military activities, Zheng Ji to the squire and the western region of Tuntian, indicating that he has the dual identity of the envoy and the captain, and the official title must be the envoy captain.
The ditch plough of its tuntian location, the ground is close to Luntai, the middle of the Qiuzi slaughter, the first three years (71 years ago) for Chang Hui to recover, Zheng Ji's main army canal plough can only be traced back to this year at the earliest.
Remember:
"In the third year of Shenjue (59 years ago), the day chased the king to the side of the single Yu, the people came to surrender, and the envoy Zheng Ji welcomed him to the west of Shanshan, and he went to the Han Dynasty, and the king was crowned as the Marquis of De. ”
This new official title is only an abbreviation, not a full name, and its full name should be "Captain of the Messenger of the Southwest Province of Hu Shanshan", and Zheng Ji was promoted to the second year of the envoy of the Southwest Province of Hu Shanshan (the third year of the Earth Festival, 67 BC), which was the time when Feng Fengshi arrived in Yixun City. In that year, the Xiongnu launched a full-scale counteroffensive, regained control of the Che Division, and fought a fierce battle with the Hantun troops led by Zheng Ji and Sima Xi in the North Silk Road.
3. How big is the position of the protector of the Western Regions?
In the fourth year of Yuankang (62 BC), the Xiongnu successively "sent more than 10,000 generals to ride on the right side of Tuntian, wanting to invade the Wusun Western Regions." At the age of two, the Xiongnu sent 6,000 horsemen to the left and right, and the left general attacked the Han Zhitian Cheshi City again, and he could not go down", indicating that the strength of the Han army and the Xiongnu in the Western Regions has undergone fundamental changes.
The division of the chariot division was favorable to the Han and not to the Xiongnu, and the power of the Han Dynasty was able to advance from the south to the north. In the second year of Shenjue (60 years ago), he was escorted to Chang'an by Zheng Ji and returned to Dehou, and in the same year, Zheng Ji led the Western Regions to protect him. In the third year of the god lord, Zheng Ji returned to the Western Regions and officially assumed the position of the protector of the Western Regions.
The nature of the capital protection of the Han and Tang dynasties is very different, the Tang Dynasty Anxi and Beiting are both official names with legal ranks, and the "Tang Liudian" volume 30 clearly records: "Dadu Hufu: Dadu protects one person, from the second grade." Shangdu Hufu: All protect one person, and are three products. ”
Throughout the Han Dynasty historical bureaucracy, the officers on the main side of the army are generally called captains, and the name of "Duhu" is never seen, which shows that "Duhu" is not an official name in the Western Han Dynasty, but a definite article added before the official name.
On the 19th volume of the Book of Han, the seventh of the "Table of Hundred Officials and Ministers":
"The Western Regions are protected, and the officials are added, and the Emperor Xuandi Festival is placed at the beginning of the second year, and the 36 countries of the Western Regions are protected by the Captain and the Doctor, and there are deputy captains, with a rank ratio of 2,000 stones, one person, two Sima, Hou, and two people each. ”
It shows that in fact, as early as the second year of the Dijie, when Zheng Jijia "protected the envoy to the west of Shanshan", the actual benefits enjoyed were equivalent to the protection of the Western Regions, and the difference was only in that the former's authority was to "protect the west of Shanshan" as the "envoy of the southern province", and the meaning of "capital protection" has been developed from "protecting the southern road alone" to "protecting the northern road", and the nature belongs to the additional officials.
It can be seen that the "Protector of the Western Regions" is actually the expansion and further formalization of the authority of "Protecting the Governor of the Southwest Province", and the full name of the official name is actually the abbreviation of "Protecting the Envoy of the Western Regions", and the word "Protector" is just the precedent article of this official name.
It can be seen that the Protector of the Western Regions is still the historical continuation of the envoy school, and the Metropolitan Protector of the Western Regions is actually the envoy captain's mansion in charge of the entire territory of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty.
4. The origin of Captain Tuntian
The name of Tuntian Lieutenant is found in the Book of Han, volume 96, "The Legend of the Western Regions", which says:
By the time of Emperor Xuan... The Xiongnu were weak and could not approach the Western Regions. So he migrated to Tuntian, Tian Yu Beixu, and was the land of Shache, and the captain of Tuntian was originally protected.
The nature of the Tuntian Captain is different from that of the Envoy Lieutenant. The captain of the envoy is in charge of the Han army's tuntian and supplies military food.
The words "Originally under the Metropolitan Protection" clearly indicate that the Tuntian Captain was not originally subordinate to the envoy Captain of the Special Plus "Metropolitan Protector", but only later changed to its jurisdiction. The Tuntian Captain is a combination of the words "Tuntian" and "Captain", and it was by no means placed after Zheng Ji served as the protector of the Western Regions in the second year of Shenjue, and also protected the north and south provinces.
Prior to this, those who presided over the North Road were all envoys and captains, and the South Road had no Tuntian because Loulan obstructed the Silk Road. The earliest location of Tuntian opened up for the Han army was Yixun City, which was after Loulan surrendered to the Han Dynasty and changed its name to Shanshan. Captain Tuntian originated here. In other words, this major event was the creation of Loulan's renaming of Shanshan and Captain Yixun.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Loulan was basically still a two-faced regime, sending protons to the Han and Xiongnu respectively, reflecting that the political influence of the Xiongnu was still very strong.
After the end of the march of the Second Division, the king of Loulan, who was once captured, returned to the country, and the king of Loulan died in the first year of Zhenghe (92 years ago), and the people originally planned to welcome the prince of the Han Dynasty, but this person broke the law in the Han Dynasty and was sentenced to palace punishment, and it was difficult to be canonized. The news first spread to the Xiongnu, preemptively escorted into the Xiongnu proton taste to return to the country, set up as the king of Loulan, and the former queen's wife are the main pro-Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty summoned him to the court, under the pretext of not working, he went all out to rely on the Xiongnu, intercepted and killed the Han envoy many times, and his younger brother Tu Qi was the leader of the Loulan pro-Huns, and fled to the Han.
In the fourth year of Emperor Zhao Yuanfeng (77 years ago), the general Huo Guang was in charge, and the strong man Fu Jiezi was appointed as the supervisor of Pingle, and he recommended himself as an envoy, waiting for the opportunity to assassinate the king of Loulan, and obtained Huo Guang's permission, successfully completed the predetermined political goal, and assassinated the king of Loulan who was ordained by the Xiongnu. Feng Jiezi is the Marquis of Yiyang. Nai Liwei Tu Qi was the king, renamed his country Shanshan, carved the seal, and gave the palace maid as his wife...... Ancestors sent it".
The change of Loulan's name to Shanshan was a milestone in the victory of the Han and Xiongnu in the struggle for the South Silk Road. In that year, Tu Qi returned to China under the escort of the Han army. Loulan has belonged to the Xiongnu for a long time, there are strong pro-Xiongnu forces in the country, Tu Qi became the king of Loulan, all with the support of the Han Dynasty, worried that once the Han army withdrew, it would be difficult to maintain its own rule, and the Han court said "In the Han Dynasty for a long time, now returning, single and weak, and the former king has a son, I am afraid of being killed." There is a city of Yixun in the country, and its land is fertile, and I hope that the Han will send a general to accumulate the valley in the tuntian, so that the ministers can rely on its majesty."
Under the auspices of Huo Guang, the Han Dynasty quickly approved this request, so the Han sent Sima and 40 officials, Tian Yixun to fill in the appeasement, and then changed the captain. The official of the Yi Xun Dynasty began here.
The Han army in Tuntian in Yixun and Loulan changed its name to Shanshan in the same year, which is the historical product of the Zhao Emperor Yuanfeng in the fourth year of Tu Qi was canonized as the king of Shanshan.
The commander of the Han army, who originally presided over Yixun Tuntian, was originally Yixun Sima, and was later promoted to captain.
In the second year of the Earth Festival, the Western Han Dynasty will worship the Song Dynasty as the first governor of Yixun City. Before the surrender of the king to the Han Dynasty in the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), the Western Han Dynasty essentially implemented a dualistic management system in Tuntian in the Western Regions. The envoy captain set up in the north province was directly subordinate to the central court, while the tuntian school captain set up in the south province belonged to Dunhuang County.
Another major event that occurred in the second year of the Dijie was that Zheng Ji, the envoy captain of the original Tuntian Canal Plough area, and his deputy general Sima Xi also suddenly led their troops eastward to attack the Che Division.
5. Beixu Tuntian
It was under this profound historical background that Dunhuang County, with its superior geographical conditions, sent troops into Bixu and set up a Tuntian lieutenant to preside over Bixu Tuntian.
Where is the Beixu Tuntian located?
Cen Zhongmian believes that its place is in the ancient city of Beiting at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, and Beixu Jian is also the Turkic transliteration of the Turkic language Beshbali.
The record of the Han army's Tuntian Bixu in the historical books has been further confirmed in the Han Jian unearthed in Hangquan.
Jane 1 reads:
□ guards the mansion, and the Marquis of Anyuan sent Bixu to ...... Sixty-four people, two horses, two horses, and private horses. □ name (nationality) livestock property.
...... □□ Xinyou is covered at sunrise. ...... □ line.
It was confirmed that the Tuntian soldiers of Bixu were indeed from the subordinates of Zheng Ji, the Marquis of Anyuan, and it can be seen that after the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), the captain of Tuntian had been officially included in the protection of the Western Regions.
Jan. 2 reads:
My son has no such thing, and the sin is like this, but thinks that he is full of knowledge, who is the kind?
The slip confirmed that the highest prefect in charge of the Bixu Tuntian was a high-ranking lieutenant. According to the system, the school captain Cheng and the school captain history, and under them, they also led the Sima and other subordinate officials. As the residence of the governor of Tun District, the castle must be built with it, and the city of Bixu should be the first Han army castle to appear in Shanshan today.
It can be seen that the center of the Han army's tuntian during the period of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty was not the Gaochang wall of Turpan, but the city of Bixu in Shanshan today. Since then, with Zheng Ji's promotion to the captain of the envoy of the Western Regions, and the protection of both the north and the south, the captain of Tuntian has also been changed to his jurisdiction, and the dual system of Tuntian management in the Western Regions has been dissolved, and the unified management system of "Tuntian Captain has been under the protection of the capital" has been formally formed.
6. From Captain Tuntian to Captain Wuji
Captain Wuji is another high-level military and political establishment established by the Han Dynasty in the Western Regions after the capital of the Western Regions, and its full name is actually Captain Wuji Tuntian.
Although in form, after the establishment of the Wuji Captain, the Tuntian Captain was abolished, but in essence, it is the historical inheritance of the Wuji Captain. The difference is that the initial Tuntian Captain was subordinate to Dunhuang County, while Wuji Lieutenant was directly subordinate to the imperial court. The main tun area of Tuntian Captain was Xujian in present-day Shanshan County, while the tun area of Wuji Lieutenant had moved west to Gaochangbi. Therefore, the establishment of the Wuji Lieutenant marked the abolition of Beixu Tuntian.
Regarding the founding time of Wuji Lieutenant, according to the "Hanshu Hundred Officials and Ministers' Table", it has been clearly recorded:
"Wuji Lieutenant, in the first year of Emperor Yuan (48 years ago), there was one Cheng and Sima each, five waiters, and the rank ratio was six hundred stones."
As for the meaning of the name of Wuji Lieutenant, it is obvious that it has a close internal connection with the Five Elements Doctrine that prevailed among the Han people in ancient times, and should be interpreted in the Han Guanyi as follows:
"Wuji center, the town covers all directions, and the canal is sown, thinking that it is tired of winning, so it is called Wujiyan. ”
During the Western Han Dynasty, the doctrine of the five elements prevailed, and for the emperors of the past dynasties, according to the traditional theory, the five elements have their own belonging, the east A Yi wood, the south of the fire of Bingding, the west of Gengxin Jin, the north of the non water, the central Wuji soil, the soil for the agricultural crops and millet out, the central and the Han people claim to be the direction of China secretly, and the soil can overcome the water, and the Xiongnu is located in the north, belongs to the non Huang water, and has the effect of overpowering, so the name was changed.
During the period of Emperor Yuan (48 BC-33 BC), due to the decline and differentiation of the Xiongnu, the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and the Northern Xiongnu moved westward, the political authority of the Han Dynasty in the Western Regions was further consolidated, and the dual political system of the Western Regions Protector and Wuji Commander was further strengthened.
Among them, the capital of the Western Regions evolved from the envoy school captain, and the tuntian directly operated gradually decreased, while the scope of the tuntian operated by the Wuji school captain evolved from the tuntian school captain expanded day by day, among which the Cheshi Tuntian was the focus of its operation, and Gaochang was one of the walls of the Western Han Dynasty Tuntian.
After the establishment of the Western Regions Protectorate, it was changed to the capital protection, and the center of the Han Army's Tuntian was no longer located in the Gaochang Wall in the territory of today's Turpan, but became the Beixu Commander (Bixu Commander) in the territory of Shanshan County today, until the first year of the Yuan Emperor, after the Wuji Captain replaced the Tuntian Captain, the center of the Han Army's Tuntian gradually moved westward, and the word "Cheshi" was often added in front of the Hanging Spring Han Jianzhong and Wuji Captain, which is enough to confirm that the Tuntian range of the Wuji Captain is mainly in the hometown of the Cheshi. Since then, Gaochangbi has stood out from the walls of Cheshi Tuntian and has become the seat of the captain of Wuji.
The research results of Turpanology in the 20th century prove that in addition to Gaochangbi, the name "Jiaohebi" also appeared, and the time was about the period of Emperor Cheng of the Western Han Dynasty (32-7 BC). Later, there were records such as "Jiaohe Qucang Shou Chengheng and moved to Lu Zicang", "Heping four years in November Gengxu Shuo Xinyou, don't stay in Lu Zicang, Cheshi Wuxiao" and other records, indicating that the Han army Tuntian has penetrated deep into the vicinity of Jiaohe City, the former king of Cheshi, and there is also "Jiaohe Qu" under the Jiaohe wall, Qu has "Cang", and Cang has "Shoucheng".
Dunhuang Han Jian also common "Julu Zicang" records, should be the "Hanshu Wusun Biography" in the Qiang general Xin Wuxian, the general of 15,000 soldiers to Dunhuang, sent the canal to turn the valley of the "Julu Cang", in Yumen, Loulan, is an important grain and grass supply station at the beginning of the Silk Road. It shows that the river wall is also the same as the Gaochang wall, and has become one of the walls of the Cheshi Tuntian.
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