Qing Xuanzong Aixin Jueluo Minning, formerly known as Mianning, was changed to Minning after ascending the throne. He was the eighth emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the sixth emperor since the capital of Beijing. He is the second son of Qingrenzong Yiyan, and his mother is the Empress Xiaoshurui of the Hitara clan. In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), he was secretly appointed as the crown prince. In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813), he was named Prince Zhi. Jiaqing ascended the throne in the twenty-fifth year (1820). He governed the country in a good way, focused on reforming the Cao Yun and salt administration, implemented sea transportation to replace river transportation, and implemented the ticket salt system, so that the two Huai salt policies could be "cleaned up". He lifted the ban on the exploitation of some mineral deposits and advocated the return of the world's natural resources to the world. He straightened out the rule of officials and resisted extravagance. In May of the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), the rebellion of Zhanger in Huijiang was quelled. Carry out the struggle against the drug opium. From the early days of his reign, he repeatedly issued edicts strictly prohibiting the import of opium to the outside world and the sale, smoking and cultivation of opium internally.
In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), he adopted the advice of the Strict Prohibition faction and made every effort to implement a nationwide ban on smoking. The following year, the "Thirty Articles of the Regulations on the Prohibition of Opium Tobacco" was approved, which became the strictest and most elaborate ban on smoking issued by the Qing Dynasty. In the twentieth year of Daoguang (1840), Britain launched the Opium War. China was defeated and the Treaty of Nanjing, the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history, was concluded. Although Min Ning is diligent in government affairs, because he is "normal and does not know how to change", he is arbitrary to the DPRK, he must bow to everything personally, and he is known for his frugality, but because of this, he has few political achievements.
On the 14th day of the first month (February 25) of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850), he died in the Shende Hall of the Old Summer Palace. The name of the Emperor is to be the Emperor of the Emperor It is passed on to the fourth son, Yixu. His posthumous works include "Yangzheng Book House Poetry Collection" and so on.
On the 10th day of the eighth month of the 47th year of Qianlong (September 16, 1782), Min Ning was born in the Forbidden City, and his original name was Mianning. When he was born, his father, Emperor Jiaqing, was still an ordinary prince. Mother Xitara is the wife of Yan Yan, Empress Xiao Shurui, and the second son (eldest son) of Emperor Jiaqing. Min Ning was diligent and studious in his childhood, and was taught by Qin Chengye and Wan Chengfeng with the editor, and studied with Wang Tingzhen, the right attendant of the Ministry of Rites, and Xu Ting, a bachelor of Hanlin Academy.
In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong (1791), ten-year-old Min Ning hunted deer with his grandfather Emperor Qianlong, and was fortunate to give him a yellow coat and a flower feather.
In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Min Ning got married and married Niu Hulu, the daughter of Buyan Da Cheng with the yellow flag, as his successor. In November of the same year, he was given the canonization by Emperor Jiaqing and was awarded the title of Fujin.
In April of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Emperor Jiaqing followed the family law of the secret crown prince, wrote the name of Min Ning in his own hand, and hid it in the box of the Zhengda Guangming plaque of the Qianqing Palace.
In the first month of the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808), the original Niu Colu died, and he remarried Tong Jiashi as the successor to Fujin.
In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing, the Tianli disciples invaded the Forbidden City, he killed two thieves with a shotgun, Emperor Jiaqing was pleased, named him Prince Heshuozhi, and the imperial gun was renamed "Wei Lie". Since then, Min Ning has been highly valued by Emperor Jiaqing and praised him for his "loyalty and filial piety".
Ascended the throne and succeeded to the throne
In July of the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), Emperor Jiaqing hunted the Rehe River in autumn, and Min Ning accompanied him. At that time, Emperor Jiaqing was ill, the former ministers Sai Chong'a, Sotnamu Duobu Zhai, the ministers of military aircraft Tuo Jin, Dai Junyuan, Lu Yinpu, Wenfu, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Xi'en, and Shitai unveiled the shackles of the Ganqing Palace, and what was made public was the edict of the fourth year of Jiaqing, which established Min Ning as the crown prince. After Jiaqing died, he escorted the coffin back to Beijing the next day. In August, Min Ning succeeded him in the Taihe Hall and became the Emperor of Daoguang.
In March of the first year of Daoguang (1821), Min Ning added Tuojin and Cao Zhenyong as the crown prince. In April, Bo Lin was promoted to a Fellow of Tiren Ge University, and Cao Zhenyong was promoted to a Fellow of Wu Yingdian University. Nguyen Phuc Thanh was crowned King of Vietnam, Song Yun was appointed Secretary of the Military Department, and Khanh Hue was appointed as the commander of Rehe.
In October of the fourth year of Daoguang (1824), Zhang Ge, the leader of the Hui bandits, invaded Urukkaren, the Qing army failed to rescue, and the guard Huashanbu was killed in battle.
In July of the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), Zhang Ge led Andijan and Brut Hui to break into the Qing army outpost, and the Kashgar Hui also responded in droves. Min Ning ordered Yang Yuchun to crusade against Zhang Ge as the minister of the Qin Mission. So, Zhang Ge captured Khotan. Min Ning appointed Changling as General Yangwei, and let Wu Long'a serve as the minister of the Qin Mission, and handle military affairs with Yang Yuchun. In August, the Hui bandit leader Babu Ding captured Yingjishahr, Zhang Ge broke through the city of Kashgar, and then captured Yarkand.
In the first month of the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), the Khotanese Hui surrendered and were immediately recaptured by Zhang Ge. Min Ning appointed Huixian as the minister in Tibet. In April, Changling and others captured Kashgar, but Zhang Ge failed to escape.
In May of the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), he captured the bandit leader Zhang Geer and held a prisoner sacrifice ceremony. Min Ning personally went to the noon gate to accept it. Zhang Ge was personally convicted of the crime and sentenced to death.
In September of the tenth year of Daoguang (1830), the Hui bandit Andijan and others captured Kashgar again and besieged the city. Min Ning sent Yulin to lead the army to Xinjiang to encircle and suppress. In December, the Kashgar and Ingishar Hui bandits had been pacified by the Qing army.
In the middle of his reign
In the 11th year of Daoguang (1831), the Li people rebelled along the coast of Guangdong, and Min Ning assigned Li Hongbin to lead troops to conscript, and at the same time ordered them to be strictly censored on the grounds that British merchants had violated the ban. In June of the same year, the purchase, sale and consumption of opium were punished.
In August of the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), Tao Shu said that British merchant ships had once again intruded into the territorial waters of the mainland, and sometimes ignored the law, and should be severely punished. Helplessly, Min Ning thought that it was inciting the incident and did not accept it. In September, British ships again intruded into the territorial waters of the mainland, and Min Ning instructed the coastal provinces to reorganize their naval divisions.
Tung-hsien
In the first month of the thirteenth year of Daoguang (1833), Chen Ban, the leader of the Chiayi bandits in Taiwan, was killed, and in February, the ethnic minorities in Yueshan and other places in Sichuan rebelled, and Min Ning ordered Na Yanbao and Gui Han to send troops to quell the rebellion.
In June of the 14th year of Daoguang (1834), the first British commercial superintendent in China, Lu Laobei, arrived in Guangzhou, but was refused to negotiate trade affairs with the governor of Guangzhou, so he led warships to bombard Humen.
In April of the 15th year of Daoguang (1835), Lu Kun and Guan Tianpei requested the reinforcement of the Guangzhou Fort, and Guangdong formulated the "Regulations on the Prevention of Foreign Trade".
In April of the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), Huang Juezi wrote an article saying that opium was seriously harmful and suggested that it should be strictly prohibited. In December, Min Ning ordered Lin Zexu to be the minister of the Qin mission and went to Guangdong to ban smoking.
Opium beacons
In April of the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), Min Ning appointed Lin Zexu as the governor of Liangguang, announced that he would inform Qiangying and the merchants of the Pearl River and foreign circles in the name of banning the sale of opium, and launched a vigorous campaign to sell tobacco in Humen. In May, British sailors killed villager Lin Weixi, and the British consul Yilu refused to hand over the murderer, which was a violation of China's legal sovereignty known as the "Lin Weixi Incident", which attracted particular attention. By September, the British side had frequently provoked outside Humen, but Admiral Guan Tianpei led his troops to stand by and resist stubbornly. In December, the imperial court ended trade with the British, and Lin Zexu assumed the position of new governor of Liangguang.
In the first month of the twentieth year of Daoguang (1840), the queen Niu Hulu passed away, and was given the name "Xiaoquan", and her son Yixu was raised by Concubine Jing. In May, the British fleet gathered at the mouth of the Pearl River, and the First Opium War officially began. In June, the British invaded Dinghai in the north, committing brutal acts and subsequently occupied the area. In July, the British army penetrated deep into Zhili, and the governor of Zhili, Qi Shan, and Yilu negotiated peace at Dagukou, and Qi Shan gave in to the British. In the face of the arrogance of the British army, Min Ning handed over Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen to the military aircraft for punishment. In September, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were removed from their posts as governors of Liangguang due to Qi Shan's unauthorized authorization, and Qi Shan succeeded them. In December, Qi Shan signed the "Nose Piercing Grass Treaty" with Yilu without authorization, privately promising to cede Hong Kong, open Guangzhou, and compensate for cigarette prices.
In the first month of the twenty-first year of Daoguang (1841), the British army broke through the Humen Shajiao and Dajiao forts, and Min Ning was forced to issue an edict to declare war, and sent Yishan as the general of Jing Rebellion to go to Guangdong to command the battle. In February, the British army invaded Humen, Guangdong, as if no one was in a no-man's land, triggering the Battle of Humen, Guan Tianpei held his position, fought bloody battles to the end, and finally died heroically. His reputation was severely damaged by his compromise in negotiations with the British, and he was deposed and his home ransacked. In May, the Canton Peace Treaty sparked popular outrage, and the people of Sanyuanli in Guangzhou stood up against British imperialism.
In May of the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), the British army captured the Wusong Fort at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and Chen Huacheng, the governor of Jiangnan, fought bloodily and bravely resisted the enemy, and Shanghai was lost. In July, British warships invaded the Nanking River, and the minister of the Imperial Mission, Qi Ying, was forced to negotiate with the British Minister Plenipotentiary to China, Pu Dingcha, on the British ships on the Nanking River, and agreed to all the terms proposed by the British. Minning ratified the Sino-British "Jiangning Treaty", and none of the land cedes, indemnity, and the opening of the five ports of trade were left behind. In October, Min Ning inspected the Eight Banners of the Old Summer Palace.
Late Dynasty Politics
In March of the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), the Queen of England issued the "Letters of the British Crown" and appointed Pu Dingcha as the first Governor of Hong Kong and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in Hong Kong. In August of the same year, Qiying signed a contract with Pudingcha in Humen, officially establishing the opening of the five ports to trade. In September, Shanghai opened its port.
Puding Cha
In May of the following year, Qiying and Gu Sheng, the representative of the United States, signed the unequal Treaty of Wangxia between China and the United States at Mongxia. In September, the British signed the unequal Sino-French Whampoa Treaty with the French representatives.
In June of the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), Qi Ying sent a note to the Belgian envoy Lanna, agreeing to carry out trade according to the five-port trade charter. In the same month, Shanghai Daotai Gong Mu Jiu also announced the British management mechanism in the concessions. In December, the citizens of Guangzhou protested against the British entering the city, and thousands of people broke into the government office.
In November of the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), Rong Hong went to the United States to study, creating a precedent for studying abroad in modern times. At the same time, the fifth son of the emperor, Yi Cheng, was named Prince Ke Miankai.
In February of the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), Qiying signed trade charters with Sweden and Norway. At the same time, the fourth son of the emperor was appointed to inquire about the marriage, and the woman was the daughter of the Taifu Temple, the daughter of Futai. In October, the imperial court ordered all localities to compile and inspect the armor.
In the first month of the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), the imperial court reaffirmed that foreign missionaries were prohibited from preaching in China without authorization. In February, Sakda was officially canonized as the Fujin of Yisu. In March, the Qingpu teaching case occurred. In May, the imperial court refused to allow Russia to conduct commercial trade in Xinjiang. In December, the British consul in Shanghai, Alli, wrote to the Governor of Hong Kong, John Wen, suggesting another war against China to gain more benefits.
Yamal
In February of the 29th year of Daoguang (1849), the governor of Macao, Portugal, Yamal, declared Macao a free port, suspended customs duties, and closed the yamen of the Guangdong Customs. In December, the Empress Dowager died suddenly and moved to the Hanhui Hall of Qichun Garden.
Died
In the first month of the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850), the fourth son of the emperor was declared the crown prince, and the sixth son of the emperor was named Prince Gong. Min Ning was terminally ill, and summoned the Zongren Mansion Zong Ling Zaiquan, the former ministers Zaiyuan, Duanhua, and Seng Greenqin, the military ministers Mu Zhang'a, Saishan'a, and the Minister of Internal Affairs Wen Qing, etc., to open the secret box and announce the matter.
On the 14th day of the first month of the 30th year of Daoguang (February 25, 1850), Min Ning died in the Shendetang Immortal of the Old Summer Palace, and the crown prince Yi Su was the emperor, and the next year was set as the first year of Xianfeng. Posthumously crowned Chang Fujin as the queen, and said "filial piety". The seventh brother of the emperor, Yixun, is the king of the alcohol county. In February, he sent the left capital Yu Shi Baiye and the Minister of the Interior Ji Pu to build a mausoleum for Empress Xiao and Rui. In April, Fengxuanzong was called "Cheng", the temple number was Xuanzong, and Muling was its mausoleum. Russia is allowed to trade in Xinjiang. In July, Tsarist Russia occupied Miaojie at the mouth of Heilongjiang, China, and renamed it Nikolaevsk. In August, the Daxing Emperor Zigong Palace was moved to the Muling Longen Palace. In October, Empress Azusa Palace of Bongan Hyode was in Tiancun. The imperial court issued a proclamation, hoping that the officials of the two provinces would encourage the people to carry out group exercises. In November, the nine articles of the regulations of the Military Aircraft Department proposed by Qi Liaozao and others were formally approved. In December, Hong Xiuquan launched an uprising in Jintian, Guangxi.