We must establish the following viewpoints: First, the history of the Chinese nation was jointly created by all ethnic groups within the territory of China; and second, we advocate ethnic equality and national unity. There are many forms of ethnic blending, such as intermingling, intermarriage, adopting each other's mode of production, learning advanced systems and cultures, migration, etc., and war is also one of the ways of blending, but this is when ethnic contradictions intensify.
The main ethnic groups in the Song and Song dynasties were Khitan, Dangxiang, Jurchen, Mongolian, Hui, Tubo, Southwest Yi, etc., and it was the Khitan and Jurchen who learned more from the advanced system and culture of the Han nationality, followed by Dangxiang and Mongolia, and this kind of learning reached a new height in the late Southern Song Dynasty and laid the foundation for the unification of the Yuan Dynasty.
I. Khitan
1. Politics.
1] Donghu - Kumoxi - Khitan. During the rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui and Tang dynasties were oppressed by the Turks and Goguryeo, and then attached to the Tang Dynasty and gave the surname Li.
2] Yelu Abaoji. From 872 to 926, he put down the rebellion, proclaimed himself emperor in 916, and went to Beijing (Inner Mongolia Bahrain Left Banner) to establish a hereditary system and a year name system. Conquer the northern tribes and unify Mobei.
3] Jerod light. Led the army to the south, Lishi Jingjiao was the emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty, and obtained the sixteen states of Yanyun, with an annual coin of 300,000 silks. After Shi Jingjiao's death, his son was not a minister, and in 946 he invaded Kaifeng and destroyed the Later Jin. At the beginning of the following year, he was proclaimed emperor, changed the name of the country to Liao, and tried to rule the Central Plains, officials at all levels used Khitans alone, and the army looted and burned to kill, arousing resistance, and was forced to return to the northeast, and died of illness on the way.
4] North and South Officers. The Khitan Emperor's palace account faced east, and the Khitan bureaucrats were on the left side of the emperor's palace tent, that is, to the north, and were called the northern officials, who managed the affairs of the Khitan people and ethnic minorities, and to the right of the emperor's palace tent, that is, to the south, were Han bureaucrats, called the southern officials, who managed the affairs of the Han people. There are Privy Council, Zhongshu Province and other institutions, the northern Privy Council is in charge of military and administrative affairs, and the Southern Privy Council is only in charge of Han prefectures and counties. The way to select officials in the south was the imperial examination system, and Khitan children were not allowed to participate in the imperial examination.
5] Western Liao. After the death of Liao in 1125, Yelu Dashi led the remnants of his army to move westward to Central Asia, with Kyrgyzstan as the center.
2. Economy.
1] The Khitans were engaged in animal husbandry. Settle gradually.
2] The Han people were engaged in farming. Liaohe River Basin, Haihe River Basin.
3. Liao-Song relations.
1] Battle of the Sorghum River. In 979, Song Taizong wanted to unify the sixteen states of Yanyun, but was defeated, and the Song Dynasty gave up the Northern Expedition and defended the interior and the outside.
2] The Alliance of the Abyss. In 1004, the Liao army went south, and Song Zhenzong signed an alliance under the city, with 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 horses of silk, which was about a brotherly country.
3] Taking advantage of the Song-Xia conflict, the annual coin was increased to 500,000.
4] Set up a field to carry out complementary trade.
Khitan Tomb Chamber Mural
4. Liaoxia relations.
From time to time, there are peaces.
5. Liaojin relationship.
1】压迫女真人，进贡海东青。
2] Jurchen anti-Liao.
II. Summer.
1. Politics.
1] Family origin. The Northern Dynasty Xiqiang, the Tang Dynasty Dangxiang Qiang rose, gave the surname Li, and was a feudal town in Xiazhou at the end of the Tang Dynasty. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, he was given the surname Zhao.
2] Yuan Hao. In 1038, Yuan Hao broke away from the Song Dynasty and became the emperor, and the capital was Xingqingfu, with the country name Daxia and the history of Western Xia. The surname Li Zhao was abolished and the surname of his own nationality was used instead. Marry the princess of Liao and resist the Song Dynasty according to Liao. He was stabbed to death in 1048 for tyranny.
3] system. In addition to the official titles of the Han style, the central organs also have a set of official titles of their own ethnic titles. In addition to Fan Studies, Xingguo Studies, Confucianism and Buddhism. "History of the Song Dynasty: The Biography of the Xia Kingdom" records: "Its officials are divided into civil and military classes: Rizhongshu, Shumi, Sansi, Yushitai, Kaifeng Mansion, Riyi Wei Division, Guanji Division, Rishou Nasi, Farmland Division, Qunmu Division, Feilong Academy, Rimo Survey Division, Wensi Academy, Fan Xue, and Sinology. Therefore, the history called the Western Xia "system of setting up officials, mostly the same as the Song Dynasty".
4】灭亡。 1227年亡于蒙古。
Western Xia Mural
2. Economy.
1] The party members are mainly engaged in animal husbandry.
2] Han agriculture. Hexi Corridor, Hetao Plain.
3] Xia-Song, Xia-Liao, and Xia-Jin border trade. Trade with the Western Regions and Tibet.
3. Xia and Song relations.
1] One Li Jishou dedicated his land to Shun, and one Li Jiqian retreated to Mobei to try to make a comeback.
2] Liaison with Mongolia and Khitan to deal with the Song Dynasty. Launched wars against the Song many times.
3] Qingli Peace Conference. In 1044, Yuan Hao was a vassal to the Song Dynasty and set up a field for trade.
4] At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, they united against the Jurchens.
4. Xia-Liao relationship.
1] Marriage. Lianliao Song. Surrender to Liao.
2] There are times when there are peaces.
5. Shakin relationship.
1] Aid to Liao. After the defeat, he was called a minister. Song Jin has the intention of Lianxia.
2] After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Western Xia became a vassal to the Jin Dynasty and remained de facto independent.
6. Relationship with Tibet.
1] Due to the oppression of Tibet, he moved to Ganzhou.
2] Attack the Hehuang area.
7. Relations with the Uighurs.
1] Ganzhou, Xizhou (Turpan), Qarakhanid Uighurs.
2] Yuan Hao captured Ganzhou and Liangzhou, and destroyed the Ganzhou Uighurs.
8. Relations with Mongolia.
1] Jointly deal with the oppression and exploitation of Liao and Jin.
2] After Temujin unified Mongolia, he attacked Western Xia six times and was destroyed in 1227.
3. Gold.
1. Politics.
1] Family origin. The first Qin was cautious, the Tang Dynasty was a black water man, and the five generations of Jurchens.
2] Finish Yan A bone fight. Raise troops to resist the oppression of the Khitans. In 1115, he was called the emperor, established the Jin Dynasty, and set the capital Ningfu, and Huiningfu was also called Shangjing. In 1125, he destroyed Liao and died on the way back.
3] Move the capital. In 1127, the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. In 1153, Jin moved its capital to Yanjing and renamed it Zhongdu. From 1161 to 1189, Jin Sejong reigned, with political stability and economic prosperity, and was known as the "rule of Dading" in history, and Sejong was praised by the people as "Xiao Yao Shun".
4] Perdition. After Sejong's death, the Jin dynasty was harassed by the nomads of the north, and the rule of Mong An Mok became increasingly corrupt and declined. He died in Mongolia in 1234.
5] Implement the Meng'an Mouke system. All Jurchen households are numbered as one mouke for every three hundred households, and ten moks are compiled as one Meng'an. They built villages between villages, cultivated in peacetime, and selected Ding Zhuang to go to war in wartime.
6] Learning from the system of the Liao Dynasty, there were also Privy Councils, Xuanhui Yuan, etc., and set up forbidden armies. In addition to the Jurchen army, there were also Han troops and so on. In the Liao River Valley, the Liao Dynasty's partition of the Han Dynasty was abolished. Jin Xizong changed to the Han system, strengthened the monarchy, set up Shangshu Province, appointed Han people, established the system of slaughter and auxiliaries, and implemented a three-level system of roads (prefectures), prefectures, and counties in the localities. Implement the imperial examination system.
2. Economy.
1] Half farming, half herding and half hunting. Heilongjiang River Basin.
2] The Han people moved north. Agriculture in the Liaohe River basin is well developed.
3] The Jurchens moved south, and the Meng'an Mouke households plundered the land of the Han people, and completely farmed. Haihe River Basin.
4] Jin-Song border trade. The main commodities are tea, horses, salt, etc.
Mural of the Tomb of the Woman
3. Jin-Song relationship.
1] In 1120, the Song-Jin maritime alliance jointly attacked Liao, and the Song gave the Liao the year-old coins to Jin.
2] The attack on Liao showed that the Song army had poor combat effectiveness, and the Jurchens were opened to destroy the Northern Song Dynasty.
3] After the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed in 1127, he repeatedly went south and went deep into the south of the Yangtze River.
4] In 1141, Shaoxing made peace, and the Song Dynasty called the minister, taking the Huai River to Dasanguan as the boundary, ceding Tang, Deng and other states, with 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 horses of silk.
5] After Yan Liang usurped power, he moved the capital to Yanjing, built Kaifeng, moved further south, and then attacked the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1161, in the battle of quarrying, he retreated to the north due to unrest in the rear.
6] Jin Shizong stopped invading the Song Dynasty after succeeding to the throne, and in 1164 Longxing made peace, and the Song Dynasty called his nephew, and the annual coins were reduced to 200,000 each.
4. Jinxia relationship.
5. Kim's relationship with Mongolia.
1] The Liao Dynasty banned the export of iron to Mongolia, and the Jin Dynasty opened the ban, and the Mongolian iron weapons increased, and the combat effectiveness was strong, and they repeatedly went south to the border of the Jin Dynasty.
2] The Mongol army captured a large area of land north of the Yellow River, and the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Bianjing.
3] A large number of anti-Mongol rebels rose up in the north.
4. Mongolia
1. Politics.
1] Family origin. The eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau, the Warring States of Donghu, the Tang Dynasty Mengwu Murwei, the Liaojin Tatar, rose in the middle of the 12th century.
2] The reign of Kim. The Liao Dynasty died and a large number of Khitans flowed in, bringing advanced productivity and culture. Jin replaced Liao and abolished the embargo on iron. Oppression and exploitation.
3] The establishment of Mongolia. 1206, Temujin, Genghis Khan. Establish a system of awarding titles to 1,000 households and reward military merits. Establish a guard force system and establish a core force.
4] Genghis Khan's first expedition to the west. Arrange for Mu Huali to continue the war of exterminating Jin, and lead his troops to the west to conquer Khorezm. In the previous wars against Jin and Xia, a large number of artillery, siege, shipbuilding, bridge building and other technical craftsmen were captured. In 1219, he went west and destroyed the kingdom of Khorezm in 1222. At this time, he met with Quanzhen Daoqiu and accepted the suggestion of less killing. In 1225, Temujin returned to the East.
5] In 1227, Western Xia was destroyed. On the eve of the surrender of Western Xia, Temujin fell ill and died. The eldest son, Jochi, was sealed in Khorezm and the area west of it, Chagatai was sealed between Khorezm and Wu'er, the crown prince Wokotai was sealed in the north of the Chagatai fiefdom, and the youngest son, Tuolei, was sealed in his hometown to inherit the legacy of Genghis Khan.
6] In 1229, Ogedai succeeded to the throne, strengthened the power of the Khan, built the capital city and forest, fixed taxes, set up warehouses, set up post stations, set up official divisions, established Zhongshu Province, and improved production. Conquered Goryeo in 1238.
7] In 1234, Jin was destroyed.
8] The Second Western Crusade. Jochi was dead, and his second son, Batu, inherited him, and organized the eldest sons of the kings to lead an expedition to the west, which began in 1236 and invaded Moscow in 1238. This was followed by attacks on Kiev, Poland, and Hungary, and the establishment of the Golden Horde (Russia), the White Horde (Kazakhstan), and the Blue Horde (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan).
9] Möngke was in power. The power of the central government was strengthened, provinces were set up, and princes went out of towns; household registration was counted, taxes were collected, and religions such as shamanism, Buddhism, and Taoism were trusted.
10] Ambush Tubo and Dali.
11] The Third Western Crusade. Hulegu went on a expedition to the west and set out in 1253 to destroy the Abbasid dynasty and establish the Ilkhanate.
2. Economy.
Nomadic.
V. Hui Xiang
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the five dynasties moved westward and established the Ganzhou Uighurs, the Western Uighurs, and the Harakhan Uighurs, and later submitted to the Mongols.
6. Tibet
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the unified regime of the five dynasties collapsed, and in the 50s of the 13th century, it submitted to Mongolia.
7. The Dali regime
The Duan regime was established in 937 and was destroyed by Kublai Khan in 1253.