In modern Chinese, "殤" is simplified to "殇", and "殇, 殂, 殛" are all common Chinese characters in modern Chinese, which are included in the "List of Common Characters of Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988.
1. Funeral. Read wēn. The explanation given in "Shuowen Jie Zi" is: "Fetal failure." From the beginning, the sound of the voice. Duan Yuju's "Commentary on the Text" was rewritten: "Death, violent ignorance." Each book is also ruined. Misunderstanding. Xuanying's books 8, 13, and 14 all quote the "Shuo Wen": "Death, violence and ignorance." "Sound": "Birds, want to die." 'This is right. Because the paragraph note is reasonable and well-founded, we believe that the explanation of the "Shuowen" of the present Da Xu Ben was copied by later generations, and the explanation of "殟" was copied into the explanation of "殰". "殟" is a phonetic character, and the original meaning is sudden loss of consciousness.
(Sudden loss of consciousness)
Wang Yun's "Reading Sentences and Sayings": "Death, cover is phlegm, evil, and I don't know how to do it." It is believed that the original meaning of "殟" is sudden loss of consciousness. "Guangya Interpretation I": "Death, sickness." "Again" pole also. "Sickness" is associated with illness, or sudden, sudden illness.
Wang Yi's "Nine Thoughts, Fengyou": "Looking up and sighing and choking, I will be stunned and revived." Original note: "Indignant [eyes dying] absolutely, Xu Naisu also." "It means: look up to the sky and sigh that I am angry, and I am depressed and angry and I die and recover.
In addition to the original meaning, 殟 is also used as a heart depression. "Guangyun, No Rhyme": "Funeral, stuffy." ”
It also refers to the fact that the object is breathless and rotten. Hu Wenying of the Qing Dynasty "Wu Xia Yan Kao Hao Yun": "If things are not gassy and mold (mildew) rot, they are also called dead." ”
The small seal of 殟 is written as follows:
(殟小篆 writing)
2. 殤 (殇). Read shāng. The explanation given in "Shuowen Jie Zi" is: "Death, not an adult." Death between the ages of 19 and 16 is considered a long death, a death from 15 to 11 is a medium death, and a death between 11 and 8 years of age is a long death. From the sorrow, the injury is provincial. "Morphophonetic characters. The original meaning is to die before the age of twenty.
From the province of injury, the meaning of the sound, sadness is sadness, because of the death of a "minor", which makes people sad.
（殇）
Regarding the death of an adult, that is, dying before the age of twenty, the ancients had a very detailed name. "Release of Names, Release of Funeral System": "Death before twenty." Sad, sad, sad. "Rites and Mourning Clothes": "Nineteen to sixteen years old is a long death, fifteen to twelve years old is a middle death, and eleven to eight years old is a lower death." Under the age of eight, all are unserved. Twenty years of age here refers to men, and women die before the age of fifteen.
Death here, regardless of the cause, as long as it is under the age of 20, it is called "mourning".
("Death" in "Orchid Pavilion Collection Preface")
Wang Xizhi's "Preface to the Lanting Collection": "Gu Zhi is dead and alive as illusory, and Qi Peng is vain. "I knew that the idea of equating life and death was untrue, and that the idea of equating a long life with a short life was a fabrication. Here "Qi Peng" is an allusion, the "death" and "Peng" are mentioned together, because "Peng" refers to Peng Zu, the legendary person who lived the longest, it is said that God bestows a life span of 800 years, and death refers to death at the age of less than 20. Therefore, Wang Xizhi said, "Qi Peng's death is in vain."
"Qing Barnyard Banknotes and Names": "(Tong'er) died with pox, Taisu and Taiqing all cried with poems. ”
In addition to the original meaning, mourning also refers to the war dead. "Chu Ci, Nine Songs, National Martyrdom": "National martyrdom is said to be a person who died in state affairs." Dai Zhen's "Qu Yuan's Notes": "The meaning of mourning 2: Men and women who die without crowns (men are 20 years old; women are 15 years old) are called 'mourning'; The words of mourning are also hurtful. 'National mourning', the death of the country, so it is different from the death of the two. "Died in the service of state, that is, the war dead.
(Oil painting "Kokusai")
The small seal of 殤 (殇) is written as follows:
(How to write the small seal of the martyrdom)
3. Death. Pronounce cú. The explanation given in "Shuowen Jie Zi" is: "Death, death." From the beginning, and the voice. "Yu Shu" said: "Xun is killed. '[歺作], the ancient text is from 歺, from the work. "Morphophonetic characters. The original meaning is death.
殂, also known as "徂". Wang Yun's "Reading Sentences and Sayings": "The words of the dead are also. Going, going. This is said to be the one who can't bear to die his monarch, and he will die. "When we modern people tell others that their relatives have passed away, we still often say "gone" and "go back to our hometown", which is unbearable and shy in our hearts.
The "Book of Yu" here, Duan Yuju's "Notes on the Interpretation of the Text": "As the Book of Tang". "This book of "Shangshu Shundian": "The emperor is falling. "That is: Emperor Yao has passed away.
(Statue of Emperor Yao)
Regarding the ancient glyphs of the funeral, it is said that "from the death, from the work", Gui Fu, Wang Yun, and Zhu Junsheng all believe that it is from the sound of death. "Saying": "At first, stop also, and once die." Song Bao's "Harmonic Complement": "At first glance, and in the same part, the sound is similar. Shang Chengzuo's "Examination of Ancient Texts in the Text": "The ancient text is dead, when the cloud is dead, it is the ancient text of death." "Death, mourning. ”
Zhuge Liang's "Teacher Table": "The first emperor did not start a business, and the middle way collapsed. "The first emperor had not completed half of the great cause of unifying the Central Plains, but he died halfway. The use of "殮" is also a remark that the courtiers can't bear the death of the monarch. The fourteenth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions": "I recently heard that the grandwife of Ningguo's tomb died. The use of "殂" is also a slander from the position of King Beijing.
(Qin Keqing's funeral)
The small seal of the 殂 is written as follows:
(殂小篆 writing)
4. Death. Read jí. The explanation given in "Shuowen Jie Zi" is: "殛, Shu also." From the beginning, urgently. "Book of Yu": 'Died in Yushan. '" Morphophonetic characters. The original meaning is to punish and kill.
"Erya Commentary": "Death, punishment." "Collection Rhyme, Vocational Rhyme": "Death, death." ”
"Book Tang Oath": "There are many sins in Xia, and the destiny of heaven will die." Sun Xingyanshu: "Xia sin is in heaven, and I will punish him." "It's because the Xia Dynasty has committed many crimes, and God has ordered me to kill it.
(被殛的夏桀Image)
In addition to the original meaning, 殛 has two uses:
(1) Pass the "pole". This is the example of "Yu Shu" said: 'Died in Yushan'" in the "Shuowen". Duan Yuju's "Commentary on the Text": "The name of the martyrdom is ...... the "Yaodian" "Martyrdom", which is a pretense of extreme (extreme), not a special killing. "Shu Shundian": "The flow works together in Youzhou, the donkey is in Chongshan, the three seedlings are in the three dangers, and the cangs are in Yushan." ”
Kong Chuan: "Death, channeling, release, and exile are all punished." Different texts, the body of the description. Kong Yingda Shu: "The exile moves to his residence like a flowing water, and the name of the crime is justified, so the prophet says, the one who releases it makes it live, the name of the one who escapes is abandoned, and the name of the martyr is condemned, all of which are exiles." The meaning of this passage is to exile the Gonggong to Youzhou, the Ludou to Chongshan, the Sanmiao to Sanwei, and the Kun to Yushan. The cangs here were exiled because of poor water control, and were not killed. The use of "殛" pretends to be the usage of "pole (pole)".
(Flood control)
(2) Punishment. "Shu Kanghe": "Shuang Weitian punished me, and I don't complain." Yang Yunru "Shang Shu Xuan": "Punishment for Lianwen, death is also punishment." "How I wish God would punish me, I have no complaints.
The small seal of 殛 is written as shown in the figure:
(殛小篆 writing)
([Shuowen Jiezi] No. 793, some pictures come from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original copyright owner)