Wenbo Time and Space / Wen Wenbo Time and Space Author: Li Chang
Cultural relics photography|Du Guanglei
Every good season in April, Luoyang City is crowded with flower admirers. Watching flowers, enjoying the scenery, reading poems, and tasting peony and swallow dishes are the must-have options for foreign tourists to check in to the "Peony Capital".
The poems of the Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi, "Flowers bloom and fall for 20 days, and everyone in a city is crazy" and Liu Yuxi's poems "Only the peony is true to the country, and the capital moves when the flowers bloom", which describes the grand occasion of appreciating peonies in the Tang Dynasty.
Bai Juyi's poem "Buying Flowers" also wrote: "The imperial city is in the twilight of spring, and the noise is noisy. When sharing peonies, buy flowers with each other. There is no permanent price, and the reward depends on the number of flowers". In April in the world, people appreciate peonies, buy peony flowers, and insert them on their heads, and Su Dongpo, a "foodie", also invented the "flower eating method" - beef crisp fried stamen.
Song Yan in Luoyang on March 31, 2024
"Peony Fang, Peony Fang, Golden Rui Blooming Red Jade Room. Thousands of pieces of red Yingxia are rotten, and hundreds of branches are lit up brilliantly. (Bai Juyi's "Peony Fang")
Song Yan in Luoyang on March 31, 2024
"Gu Yu washed the fiber and cut it into white peony. The fragrance is open and the jade is closed, and the silver plate is lightly powdered. (Don Wang Zhenbai, "White Peony")
Peony is known as the "king of flowers". Its color is rich, there are many varieties, yellow, green, flesh red, dark red, silver red as the top grade, especially yellow, green is expensive. The peony flower is large and fragrant, so it is also known as "the national color and the fragrance", and it was designated as the national flower in the Qing Dynasty. There are countless poems, cultural relics and ornaments related to peonies.
In ancient times, the Shangsi Festival on March 3 was also a day for young men and women to go out and date. "The Book of Poetry, Zheng Feng, Qinwei" describes that in March of Zheng Guo, the figures on both sides of Qinshui and Weishui are longing, and two well-dressed boys and girls meet in the crowd holding mugwort for blessings. "Swim to the waterfront again, just hope for more phases, and give the beauty a peony on the occasion of parting ("Weishi and the woman, Yiqi scorn, give it a spoonful of medicine").
The peony here is the peony. In ancient times, peony and peony were not distinguished at first, and later the name of peony and peony appeared, peony is a woody plant, so it is called "peony", peony is a herbaceous plant, which is now called peony. The flower type of the two is similar, the flowering period is only about half a month apart, and the peony generally blooms before the peony. In ancient times, people liked to plant peonies and peonies in the same garden, and the two flowers were in full bloom.
The Han Dynasty has the name of "peony", legend has it that at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang in the new dynasty, Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu was saved in order to avoid pursuit, hidden in the peony bushes of Mituo Temple in Beihao Village, Baixiang County. After Liu Xiu became emperor, he gave the name "Han Peony". "Baixiang County Chronicles" records that when Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu was called the emperor, when he inspected Hebei, he passed through Baixiang and sent a peony poem with a poem: "King Xiao took refuge in the deserted village, and the well and temple were not very desolate." There are only a few peony flowers, and they are loyal to the king. ”
In the Qin and Han dynasties, peonies were recorded as medicinal plants in the "Shennong's Materia Medica", and peonies have entered pharmacology. In the early tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty excavated in Wuwei City, Gansu Province, dozens of medical Janes were found, among which there were records of peony treating blood stasis. People discovered its medicinal value and ornamental value, so it was changed from wild to domesticated.
"Wuwei Han Dynasty Medical Jane": Peony
The first time the peony appeared on the painting scroll may be the "Luo Shen Futu" created by the great painter Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, although the protagonists in the painting are Cao Zhi and Concubine Zhen, the god of Luoshui, mainly depicting their love and the helplessness of separating people and gods. However, in "Luo Shen Futu", several peonies blooming on the banks of Luoshui have left a deep mark in history.
Jin "Luo Shen Futu" volume Gu Kaizhi
The cultivation of peony as an ornamental plant began in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. According to Wei Xuan's "Liu Guestjia's Words" in the Tang Dynasty, it is recorded: "Yang Zihua of the Northern Qi Dynasty has painted peonies, which are very distinct. Zihua North Qi people, then know the peony for a long time. Yang Zihua is the beloved minister of Gao Zhan, the ancestor of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and is also considered to be the "Peony Holy Hand". Su Shi sighed in the face of peony: "Danqing wants to write about the color of the city, and there is no Yang Zihua in the world." "Yang Zihua painted a lot of murals in Chang'an and other places, but there is no trace of them today. There is only one volume of Song Lin's "Northern Qi School Book Map", which is the only scroll painting of the Yang family that we can see today.
This is the tangled peony pattern of the Yungang Grottoes of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is said to be the earliest peony pattern so far. Under the influence of Buddhism, the peony patterns and vine patterns in the Wei and Jin dynasties formed a peony pattern with entwined branches, which was unique and vivid, implying endless growth and prosperity.
In the Sui Dynasty, the number and scope of peony cultivation began to gradually expand, and the cultivation of peonies began to be introduced in the gardens of the royal gardens and dignitaries at that time. In 604 AD, Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty succeeded to the throne and opened up a hundred miles of land in Luoyang for the West Garden, which was the first time that peonies were artificially cultivated and entered the royal garden. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was curious about flowers and stones, and went to the south of the Yangtze River three times to search. And sent people to plant the peonies collected from all over the country in the West Garden. According to the records of the Tang Dynasty: "Emperor Yang opened up 200 miles of land for the West Garden, and ordered the world to enter flowers." Yizhou into twenty peonies, there are flying red, Yuan Jiahong. Drunken Yan Red, Cloud Red, Tianwai Red, Yifu Yellow, Yan'an Yellow, Xianchun Red, Trembling Wind Jiao and other precious varieties. ”
It is said that in order to see the peonies clearly on the platform, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty asked the florists to cultivate peonies on the high floors, which stumped everyone. A florist named Qi Luheng from Caozhou, Shandong Province, who is best at cultivating peonies, chose 20 trees of 10 species, including apricots, peaches, pears, mulberries, locust trees, Tsubaki trees, and jujube trees, for grafting experiments. Ten gardeners participated in the experiment, each of them was responsible for grafting a tree, the other nine were unsuccessful, only Qi Luheng succeeded in grafting on the Tsubaki tree. Three years later, the peony grafted on the Tsubaki tree bloomed, towering into the clouds, Emperor Yang of Sui stood upstairs to watch the peony, clear and beautiful, people called it "Loutai peony".
The cultivation center of peony in the Tang Dynasty was in Chang'an, because it was first liked by the emperor, it was introduced to the court, and Tang Gaozong had repeatedly convened the ministers to feast on the double-headed peony.
Peony is famous all over the world, and the female emperor Wu Zetian has played a great role in promoting it. "The hometown of the Queen of Heaven is also in the West River, there are many fragrance houses, and there are peonies under it, and its flowers are special. In the Tang Dynasty Shu Yuanyu "Peony Fu" record, "Xihe" is Wu Zetian's hometown - Wenshui County (now Wenshui County, Shanxi), which is rich in peonies, Wu Zetian ordered the peony of Xihe Jingshe to transplant the inner court, which formed a top-down promotion and planting boom in Chang'an, and the peony also quickly spread from the palace to the high-level temple, the mansion of high-ranking officials and nobles, and finally flew into the homes of ordinary people, and the peony quickly integrated into the Chang'an culture.
At that time, the inner and outer temples of Chang'an, including Ci'en Temple, Wanshou Temple, Xingtang Temple, etc., are famous for peonies, and it is said that the two bushes of peonies in the bathroom courtyard of Ci'en Temple can bloom as many as five or six thousand, which is amazing. There is Pei Shiyan Shiyun: "Chang'an cherishes the remnants of spring when he is young, and strives for the mercy of the purple peony." ”
Tang Dynasty poet Xu Ning's "Three Nine Mo Flower Season, Thousands of Households and Thousands of Cars Look at Peonies." Fight for Jiangzhou Bai Sima, five years of scenery memories of Chang'an. ("Sending Bai Sima") describes the grand occasion of peony appreciation in Chang'an City. Xu Ning also wrote a poem "Peony": "Who doesn't love peony flowers, occupy the good things in the city." It is suspected to be the work of Luochuan God, and it is beautiful to break the morning glow. ”
One day in the spring of 743 A.D. (the second year of Tianbao of Tang Xuanzong) or 744 A.D. (the third year of Tianbao), Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei watched the peony flowers in the Agarwood Pavilion in the palace, and summoned Li Bai to enter the palace to write a new movement. Li Bai entered the palace and wrote three poems on the golden flower paper, one of which is the "clouds want clothes, flowers want to look, and the spring breeze blows Revlon." The so-called "Revlon" refers to the peony flowers stained with crystal dewdrops to make them more colorful.
Luoyang used to be the Tokyo of the Tang Dynasty, the transportation is convenient, the trade is prosperous, the city is full of gardens, there are almost every family planting peony tradition, the wind of flower appreciation is very prosperous, known as the "peony kingdom". According to Liu Zongyuan's "Dragon City Record" record: "Luo people Song single father, good peony planting, where peony changes thousands of species, red and white fighting color, people can not know its technique, Tang Emperor Li Longji summoned to Lishan, planted peony 10,000 copies, color samples are different. "It can be seen that the level of planting was very high at that time.
In the Tang Dynasty, the planting area, scale, variety and popularity of peony were greatly improved, which established the status of the king of flowers, and the national color and fragrance of peony also reflected the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.
Since the Tang Dynasty, flower and bird painting has gradually become an independent specialized painting discipline, and peony and peony have gradually become important subjects of flower and bird painting.
Tang hairpin lady Zhou Fang Liaoning Provincial Museum
Zhou Fang, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Jingzhao (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), was born in the aristocracy, moved the court and the opposition with the name of a noble lady who was good at painting, and left behind the "Hairpin Lady Picture", which is the only one in the world that has been recognized as the only painting of the Tang Dynasty lady. The dogs, cranes and Xinyi flowers in the "Hairpin Lady" show that the characters are active in the palace full of spring, the four concubines and two maids, teasing dogs, holding fans, holding flowers, and making butterflies, the lines are simple and round, round and powerful, and the colors are rich and rich.
Detail of "Hairpin Lady" (ink and color painting on silk created by Zhou Fang in the Tang Dynasty)
The five ladies are "half-breasted", wearing chest-length garnet red or tuan-patterned brocade skirts, with high buns on their heads, hairpins of peonies, peonies, lotuses, etc., thick daisy dyed wide eyebrows, gold between the eyebrows, and "a little peach blossom on the red lips", which is a typical dress and makeup of the Tang Dynasty. It shows the charm and charm of the women of the Tang Dynasty, gentle and moving, which shows the love of the ancients for peony hairpins.
Red Flower Mountain Bird Diagram Bian Luan
Flower and bird painter Bian Luan, good at painting flowers and birds, plants, bees, butterflies, finches, cicadas, to paint "broken branch flowers" (do not paint the whole plant, only draw the part of the broken branches) is the most famous. The peonies he painted, the flowers are red and light, and the colors are moist, just like the real image of peony flowers. Bian Luan's pen is light and sharp, the color is bright, the perversion of the poor and weak hair, and the fragrance of flowers. Bian Luan also made the first "Peony" mural on the wall of the west tower of Chang'an Baoying Temple.
Bian Luan often went in and out of the palace garden, and had the opportunity to see and sketch the rare birds and flowers in the forbidden garden, and peacocks and peonies became the main objects of his depictions during this period. According to the records of "Xuanhe Painting", Bian Luan's scrolls with such themes include "Hesitant Peacock Picture", "Peacock Picture", "Peony Peacock Picture", "Peony White Pheasant Picture" and "Peony Picture". Although there is no authentic copy of Bian Luan's "Peony Picture" handed down today, we can still get a glimpse of the regulations of the peony painted by Bian Luan through the painting fan peony in the "Hairpin Lady" made by Zhou Fang, a contemporary of Bian Luan.
Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" recorded: "Bian Luan is good at painting flowers and birds, which is extremely exquisite, and as for the mature mountain flowers, they are all written all over the place...... Flowers and birds crown in the generation, and there is handwriting. As a generation of masters, Bian Luan used the unique Gongbi and heavy color method to create his flower and bird painting art, which has always been regarded as the ancestor of flower and bird painting by art historians, and has had a great influence on future generations of flower and bird painters. For example, the famous flower and bird painters Diao Guangyin and Knee Changyuan in the late Tang Dynasty, as well as the Huangqian School of Painting in the early Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, all directly inherited his painting style.
Three-color treasure pattern plate Tang Henan Museum collection
Treasure pattern sunflower mirror Tang Liaoning Provincial Museum collection
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the peony ornament appeared in the style of group flowers and deformation, and the biggest modeling feature was that the center of the circle was prominent, the flower shape was huge, and the composition was full. There are three main types: symmetrical, balanced and suitable patterns. Baoxiang flower is an auspicious pattern in ancient China, it is not a flower in reality, but a lotus, peony, chrysanthemum, pomegranate flower, moon season or sunflower as the main modeling, embellished with flowers and leaves, the shape is luxurious and dignified, so it is called "Baoxiang flower", also known as "Baoxian flower", it embodies auspicious and happy wishes in Buddhism, is the ideal flower shape of holiness.
As the king of flowers, peony is mostly used to express auspicious, rich and beautiful themes. If the peony and pulsatilla are painted together, it is called "rich and whitehead". This painting by Xu Xi, a famous ancient Chinese painter of flowers and birds, matches peonies with magnolia and begonias, so it is named "Yutang Rich and Noble Picture".
Five generations of Xu Xi's "Yutang Wealth Map" in the collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei
The picture is a vertical scroll painting, with peonies, magnolias, and begonias covering the whole frame, and two azaleas located among the flowers.
Another feathered wild fowl is painted on the rocky edge of the lake below.
Branches, leaves, flowers and birds, first outlined with an ink pen, and then applied with color. Magnolia, peony, begonia, white elegant, pink coquettish, in the stone blue paving, more dignified and beautiful charm. This method of painting with dots and dots on the paper, leaving no gaps, is obviously influenced by Buddhist art.
Although Xu Xi lived outside the academy, he still enjoyed a good reputation in the Li Jing and Li Yu dynasties. It is said that the later lord Li Yu was very fond of his works, collected many of his famous deeds, and hung his paintings in the palace.
This kind of palace decoration painting, which is called "shop hall painting" and "decoration hall flower", according to the "Picture and Hearing Journal": "It is intended to be dignified in position, pun luo clean, and do not take the natural state of business." "The picture of "The Wealth of the Jade Hall" that we see here may be this kind of decorative painting hanging on the wall. But the difference is that this painting is outlined with light ink, the shape is vivid, and the color is applied with light color, giving a sense of super elegance and elegance, from which it is not difficult to see that Xu Xi can also work exquisitely and intricately integrate flower and bird paintings.
In the Song Dynasty, the peony cultivation center moved from Chang'an to Luoyang, when Luoyang people not only love flowers, plant flowers, but are better at cultivating new varieties, peony "is not good if it is not grafted", they use grafting methods to fix bud changes and excellent varieties, which is the most outstanding contribution of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Ouyang Xiu loves peonies, "he was a guest of Luoyang flowers". In the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030), Ouyang Xiu, a 24-year-old jinshi, stayed in Luoyang, Xijing, to push officials. Xijing peony is diverse, the flowers are clustered, the flowers are like a brocade, Ouyang Xiu's "Xie Guanwen Wang Shangshu Hui Xijing Peony" recorded peony varieties have "Yao Huang", "Wei Hong", "Belt Basket", "Splash Ink", "Crane Ling" and so on.
Xie Guanwen, Wang Shangshu, Hui Xijing, Peony Source: Ouyang Wenzhong Public Collection
The custom of appreciating peonies is more prevalent in Luoyang folk, Ouyang Xiu found that "the customs of Luoyang, about good flowers, in spring, there are no nobles in the city are flower arrangement." When the flowers bloom, the condition of the Shishu is to travel". At that time, Luoyang City, whether it was a private house or an official court, was full of peonies. Ouyang Xiu visited the people all over the people, made a detailed investigation of the history, cultivation, varieties and customs of Luoyang peony, and wrote China's first peony monograph "Luoyang Peony Chronicle".
Yao Huang, named after the Yao family's cultivation
Yao Huang, a traditional variety, first appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu's "Luoyang Peony Record" recorded: "Yao Huang, a thousand leaves and yellow flowers, comes from the Yao family. The emergence of this flower has not been ten years now. "Pale yellow, Tolau type. The plant shape is erect, the branches are thin and hard, the flower buds are rounded and pointed, the mouth is open, the leaves are rounded, and the flowers are behind the leaves. This flower is brilliant, Tingting jade, the ancients to "Kao" reputation. There are more than 100 varieties of Luoyang peony in the Song Dynasty, many varieties can be called precious and extraordinary, "Yao Huang" and "Wei Zi" are known as "the king of peonies" and "after the peony".
Song peony picture page collection of the Palace Museum, painting peony flowers after Wei Zi
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the cultivation center of peony moved from Luoyang and Kaifeng in the north to Tianpeng (Peng County, Sichuan), Chengdu, Hangzhou and other places in the south. In these cultivation areas, the better varieties from the north are first introduced and crossed with a small number of local varieties (natural hybridization), and then more and better ecotypes suitable for the climatic conditions of the south are selected through grafting and sowing. Lu You's "Tianpeng Peony Spectrum" describes more than 70 varieties of Luoyang peony, and says: "Peony is the first in Zhongzhou, Luoyang is the first, and in Shu, Tianpeng is the first." ”
Lu You's "Tianpeng Peony Spectrum" also mentions a famous flower called "Oubi", "Bihua is a product, and the name is Oubi." Its flowers are shallow and blue and bloom the latest, unique out of the Ou family, so it is surnamed. "Oubi is a light green peony flower, which is cultivated by the Ou family, so it is called Oubi. It is said that "the year of tribute is forbidden, and the price is on Yao Huang." Taste the close ministers, and the outer court does not know it. Later, Obi also became one of the traditional Chinese colors, which was named after this flower.
Opy
The porcelain of the Song Dynasty was developed, and the peony pattern was a common pattern on the porcelain, and the expression techniques included carving, printing, painting, etc., and the forms were single branches, cross branches, broken branches, string branches, and entwined branches.
Northern Song Dynasty Yue kiln celadon turtle button peony pattern lid jar
Northern Song Dynasty white porcelain carved peony pattern lid jar
Northern Song Dynasty Yaozhou kiln blue glaze carved tangled branch peony pattern bottle
Song entwined peony pattern rhombic mirror
Unlike today, at that time, it was not only the custom of viewing flowers, but also hairpins. As long as the peony is in full bloom, regardless of men, women and children, regardless of whether they are high or low, beautiful or ugly, will have a peony on their heads.
Everyone wears peonies, but where do so many flowers come from? This question was presented as early as "Shaw Brothers Wenjianlu". Shao Bowen, the son of the author of the book, Shao Yong, grew up in Luoyang. According to the book, when the peony flowers bloom, the day is the time for people to visit the garden to enjoy the flowers, and in the evening, the citizens "arrive at the twilight flower market, sell flowers in the cage, and the poor also wear flowers to drink and have fun." The cloud cage is the bamboo cage. That is to say, there is a flower market in Luoyang City at night, and peonies are sold in bamboo cages, and people will buy and wear them regardless of whether they are rich or poor. Wang Anshi's younger brother Wang Anguo once served as a professor in Xijing Guozijian, and his poem "The wind is clear and the green curtain is spring, and the dew is wet and the cloud cage sells flowers at night", which describes the lively scene of the Luoyang flower market.
The ancients appreciated peonies, and drinking wine to help the fun was an indispensable step. Ouyang Xiu once said, "When you think of the past, every flower must sell wine". And the "foodie" Su Shi left the method of "eating flowers", he said in the poem "Looking at Peony in the Rain": "I can't bear the sludge and sand, and the cow crisp is fried." In another song "Mingqing Peony in the Rain", it is also said: "Tomorrow's spring flowers are not old, so they should not endure the frying." It can be seen that his love for peonies is not limited to appreciating flowers and wearing flowers, but also includes eating flowers.
Of course, in addition to the crispy fried peonies, the ancients also included blanching soup, honey soaking, gravy and so on. In a sense, this can be regarded as an alternative "appreciation of elegance and vulgarity".
Song entwined peony pattern blue and white porcelain smoker
The peony decoration of the Song Dynasty gradually got rid of religious influence and moved towards realism. The theme of flowers and birds has become the most basic decorative theme, and the application of peony pattern can be divided into folk and official. Equilibrium was the most important type of peony pattern in this period. In addition to the most important round and square shapes, there are waist circles, polygons and peach shapes.
Song green glazed peony pattern pillow
Song-Jin three-color peony pattern waist-shaped pillow
Southern Song Dynasty painted Kaiguang leaping deer peony pattern lid jar
Liao Sancai is dominated by yellow, white and green glazes, with strong ethnic characteristics, and at the same time integrates traditional patterns such as peonies.
Liao three-color glaze peony butterfly pattern octagonal plate
Liao three-color glaze peony double butterfly asked begonia plate
Liao cylinder tile kiln white glaze tick fill black glaze entwined branch peony respect
Liao-golden-white glazed pink peony pattern plum bottle
Liao-golden-white glazed pink peony pattern plum bottle
In order to strengthen the management of Tao Zheng, the Yuan Dynasty first set up the "Fuliang Porcelain Bureau" in Jingdezhen, and the firing process of porcelain developed rapidly. The peony pattern is more complex than that of Song Liaojin. In addition to the pattern with peony as a single theme, peony and the combination with chrysanthemum, camellia and pomegranate flower are more common. Peonies are also mostly combined with dragons and phoenixes and unicorns.
Yuan Longquan kiln blue glaze entwined branch peony pattern bottle
Yuan white glaze black color peony pattern large jar
Yuan blue and white glaze red carved strange stone flower picture lid jar collection of the Palace Museum
The whole body of this lid jar is decorated with blue and white glaze red, decorated with various lotus petal patterns, curly grass patterns, back lines, tangled branch patterns, drooping Ruyi cloud head patterns, water ripples, and folded branch peony patterns, the blue and white lotus petal patterns are rich in color, and the red patterns in the glaze are relatively dark, low-key and elegant. The abdomen is piled up on all sides of the double diamond-shaped beads to open the light, and the carved mountain stone, peony, chrysanthemum and other four seasons garden scenery in the open light are very beautiful.
In the first year of the Yuan to the Great Year, the glazed embossed dragon wore the peony pattern amphora three-legged furnace in the collection of the Palace Museum
The peony pattern is engraved in the abdomen of the furnace, delicate and realistic, exquisite and moving, the three dragon heads are carved on the three legs respectively, the angry eyes are round, and the majesty is majestic. There is movement in stillness, and there is stillness in movement, which adds to its sense of stability and solemnity.
Since the Ming Dynasty, the center of peony cultivation has shifted from Luoyang to Caozhou, which is today's Heze in Shandong. Heze peony planting has a history of hundreds of years, known as the ornamental peony top product, so in addition to "Luoyang peony in the world", there is also "Heze peony in the world, the world peony out of Heze" said.
In the thirtieth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Xie Zhaozhe wrote in "Five Miscellaneous Works": "In a hundred miles, the fragrance is welcome, and it is planted in the garden of the family, such as vegetables." So when the peony is in full bloom, Heze presents a different style like a colorful glow. At that time, the county annals recorded: "Every time the flowers are in the middle of spring, they go out of the city to the east, and they are like steaming clouds."
Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, said in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Although the peony bears seeds and sprouts on the roots, it is called 'peony', and its flower red is called 'dan'." The origin of the name "peony" was explained.
Ming Longquan kiln carved tangled branches peony pattern jade pot spring vase Palace Museum collection
This piece of jade pot spring vase fired in Longquan kiln in the Ming Dynasty is decorated with a peony pattern, a total of six layers of ornamentation, curly grass pattern, lotus petal pattern, banana leaf pattern, and back pattern symmetrical paving, showing grace and luxury.
Ming Longquan kiln celadon open phoenix wears peony pattern plum bottle
Ming gold silk inlaid with jade inlaid treasure peony flower top silver hairpin, Linhai Wang Shiqi tomb unearthed
The peony pattern of the Ming Dynasty is abstracted, which highlights the flower head image of the peony and weakens the entwined branches. The petals of this period tend to be rounded and have veins outlined by thin lines.
Ming enamel hollow peacock peony figure embroidery pier, enamel
Ming blue and white peony pattern jade pot spring vase
Ming's "Ink Peony Drawing" axis Xu Wei painted
Xu Wei's large-scale freehand peony has no ancients. He does not use color, only splashes of ink, both the flower heads and leaves are dyed with large brushstrokes, and only the branches and veins are drawn with lines.
The main artistic feature of Xu Wei's flower paintings is the combination of literati painting in content and ink freehand techniques in form. The ink method not only sees the ink halo that is impregnated at will, but also has the appropriate control of the shade, vividly conveys the different temperaments and rhymes of flowers and fruits in the freehand, and opens a new way of ink and wash freehand flower painting, and Chen Chun is called "Qingteng Baiyang", Zhu Qi, Shi Tao of the Qing Dynasty and Li Xian and Li Fangying in the Eight Monsters of Yangzhou, as well as Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi and other painters in modern times are influenced by his painting creation.
In the Qing Dynasty, Heze became the national peony cultivation center, until the 29th year of Qianlong (1764), the governor of Shandong has been paying tribute to the Qing court, and the precious peony in the Forbidden City came from Heze.
The peony ornament of the Qing Dynasty has clear veins and simple lines, emphasizing open space. On the one hand, it is richer and more gorgeous in color, and is often used as pastel and enamel depiction. On the other hand, the portrayal is more realistic and detailed.
Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty painted an enamel peony pattern flower basket in the collection of the Palace Museum
The flower basket is in the form of begonia petals, with a beam on it, and the whole body is covered with blue enamel glaze, and the peony pattern is depicted with pink and purple enamel, as well as many green leaf decorations. Large peonies bloom on the baskets, and the enamel is incomparably colorful.
Qing Kaiguang ribbon peony pattern heraldic plate, enamel
Qing Jingdezhen kiln blue and white double phoenix entwined branch peony pattern jar
Qing Kangxi blue and white baby play peony pattern porcelain plate
Qing colorful lion peony pattern porcelain jar
Qing gold carved treasure octagonal box collection of the Palace Museum
The style of gold inlay in the Qing Dynasty is flourishing, the craftsmanship is exquisite, and the pattern is delicate. The gold openwork inlaid treasure octagonal box is the first to do. The whole work is mainly carved and engraved, and is covered with delicate floral patterns. In the center, tourmaline is carved into the shape of a peony, supplemented by jadeite leaves, and the surrounding area is skillfully set with 318 gemstones such as rubies, sapphires, jadeites and tourmalines. The overall effect is brilliant and dazzling.
Late Qing Dynasty figures, floral embroidery cloud shoulders Zhengzhou Museum collection
Late Qing auspicious Ruyi floral embroidery cloud shoulder Zhengzhou Museum collection
A beautiful shawl takes a long time to be embroidered, and the embroidery processes include sheet embroidery, bead embroidery, plate gold, beading, seed embroidery, etc. The style and material of the cloud shoulder can also highlight the wearer's personality and status. The above two cloud shoulders all present a continuous process, and each layer of embroidery pieces is connected and layered on top of each other. The theme of each layer of embroidery is also different, peonies, vines, leaves, fruits, swaying when walking, metaphor for complete peace and endless life.
Picture | Du Guanglei
Typography | Xiao Xie
Design | Yin Lisa