Landscape design of botanical science garden from the perspective of biodiversity
Zhang Kai et al
0 Introduction
The Botanical Science Garden is a special park and green space for plant scientific research, exhibition, protection, entertainment and popular science education. It has a mature and stable ecological system and is extremely rich in vegetation resources. Therefore, the botanical science garden is an ideal carrier to show biodiversity and disseminate plant science knowledge. Through the expression of functional zoning, tour guidance, plant space planning, biodiversity creation, and popular science education and publicity, biodiversity is skillfully integrated into the recreational science popularization function of the botanical science garden, and the popular science knowledge of biodiversity is invisibly felt in the landscape, so as to promote the development of scientific quality of the whole people.
1 Biodiversity
Broadly speaking, biodiversity can be divided into genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. The importance of biodiversity for a mature ecosystem cannot be overstated.
1.1 Genetic diversity
1.1.1 The concept of genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is a reflection of genetic variability, mainly within or between many different individuals within or within a population. This also means that a wide variety of genetic variations lead to the individualization of plants, which is reflected in the posture of trees, the variety of leaf shapes, and the wide variety of flower shapes. In our botanical science garden, due to the limitation of geographical environment, there may be some plants that do not fit their growth environment, we can consider the selection of the same plant, but different genetic characteristics. In this way, the plants will be richer in the expression of shape and color, and will also bring more visual experience to people in the harmony with the architectural landscape.
1.1.2 Relationship between genetic diversity and botanical science gardens
In the botanical science garden, the seasonal changes and color changes of plants can make people feel the wonder of the four seasons of plants more intuitively, and the seasonal display makes the plant landscape full of differences. Many of these differences come from the cultivation and improvement of plant genetic shapes, which can be reflected more intensively in the botanical science garden, which greatly increases the scientific popularization of plants. The preferred varieties will be cultivated and planted and popularized in order to enrich the cultivation of urban plants. In addition, plants that have been improved through traits can adapt to changing climates, and can also enrich their colors and complement other types of plants. Through the high-quality environmental conditions in the botanical science garden, we can promote the spread of pollen and seeds among a variety of plants, and also strengthen the breeding association between plants, and further promote the benign development of genetic diversity.
1.2 Species diversity
1.2.1 Status of species diversity
With the continuous development of urbanization, more and more natural green spaces are encroached upon by reinforced concrete cities, more and more native tree species fade out of people's field of vision, and the development of logistics and transportation also provides more possibilities for the invasion of alien species. Therefore, we will find that the native plants around us are slowly disappearing, the plant species have become more and more single, and the green design of the landscape has become boring. The most direct way to restore greening in the current city is to use concentrated planting plantations, which also affects the development of species diversity to a certain extent.
1.2.2 The relationship between species diversity and botanical science gardens
The botanical science garden better shows the diversity of plant species to people who have lived in the city for a long time, especially some native tree species that have faded out of people's field of vision, and returned to people's lives. In the design of the botanical science garden, it is necessary to pay attention to the richness of plant communities and species, and the richness of native tree species, so as to eliminate people's visual fatigue of the green landscape for a long time.
Therefore, on the one hand, the construction of greenhouses in the botanical science garden cultivates exotic species, and on the other hand, the plant landscape construction needs to be adapted to local conditions. More attention should be paid to native plants, which can be controlled by controlling the proportion between them and the richness between species, and can also strengthen the cultivation and reproduction of native species, improve some native plants with strong plasticity, and show their unique posture and beautiful shape at key landscape nodes. In this way, the landscape in the botanical science garden can not only show the alien species, but also enrich the plant landscape of native species, and build various ecological and natural plant communities, so that the botanical science garden can more reflect the original natural landscape.
1.3 Ecosystem diversity
1.3.1 The concept of ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity and species diversity can be said to be an essential part of the presentation of biodiversity, but the most important of these is the diversity of ecosystems. The diversity of ecosystems can be simply understood as the combination of plant communities, animal communities and various habitats within the biosphere. From the perspective of landscape ecology, we show the diversity of ecosystems from a small scale, such as the diversity and complexity of different patches and corridors in the landscape.
In addition, keystone species have a significant impact on ecosystem diversity. As early as the 60s of the 20th century, some scholars have proposed that the existence and abundance of key species in some biota in the sea determine the integrity of a community, and it plays a central role in the entire community, which can make a complete community maintain a relatively stable state for a period of time. Therefore, the key species existing in different environments play a decisive role in the long-term balanced development of relatively healthy and stable ecosystems.
1.3.2 The relationship between ecosystem diversity and botanical science gardens
The botanical science garden has a unique advantage in showing ecological diversity, and the combination of species communities of various types of plants has formed a small-scale ecosystem with different plant landscape characteristics.
In the construction of botanical science garden, attention should be paid to the cultivation and selection of key species in the plant community. On the one hand, it plays a benign role in maintaining the long-term stability between various plant communities in the garden, and on the other hand, from the perspective of large-scale planning, it plays a guiding role in the awareness of urban construction to maintain ecosystem diversity and protect key species, so as to carry out ecological construction in future urban development and form an ecological civilization urban landscape.
2 The role of biodiversity in the landscape design of botanical science gardens
One of the typical representatives of biodiversity in the city is the botanical science garden, which provides a good space environment for the growth of all kinds of plants, and it can meet the needs of plant diversity protection and ecological sustainable development.
Different plant varieties, the living environment and material needs of the community are completely different, in the landscape design and plant layout in the garden, we should follow the principle of adapting measures to local conditions, reasonably match plant varieties, create a variety of suitable environments, and make full use of various resources in the plot. The adaptability of different plants to light intensity can be divided into light-loving plants, semi-shade-tolerant plants, shade-tolerant plants, etc.; for the different degrees of soil acidity and alkalinity, some plants like to survive in acidic soils, while others are alkaline-tolerant; terrestrial plants and aquatic plants have great differences in their adaptability to water. Therefore, the rich and diverse environment created in the landscape of the garden can better meet the healthy and stable growth of more plants.
Plants grown in the botanical science garden are at risk of certain pests and diseases. Biodiversity can prevent the impact of pests and diseases on the plants in the garden to a certain extent, and avoid the large-scale landscape damage that occurs when a single plant encounters pests and diseases.
In short, biodiversity plays an important role for different plants, and the diverse plant communities can not only coordinate with each other to form a stable ecosystem in a complete botanical garden, but also give visitors a sense of landscape diversity.
3 Landscape design of the Road Area Biodiversity (Chuxiong) Science Popularization Demonstration Park
3.1 Significance of project construction
Relying on the construction of Chuyao Expressway, the "Landscape Design of Road Area Biodiversity (Chuxiong) Science Popularization Demonstration Park" thoroughly implements General Secretary Xi Jinping's thought on ecological civilization, and establishes the ideological tenet of "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" and "joint efforts to protect and not engage in large-scale development". It is of great significance to comprehensively promote the construction of beautiful highways in Yunnan Province, effectively reduce the impact of highway construction on the ecological environment, and to popularize science education on biodiversity conservation along the expressway and effectively improve visitors' awareness of ecological and environmental protection.
3.2 Project Overview
The project is located next to the Chuxiong North Toll Station of Chuyao Expressway, about 11km away from Chuxiong City. Covering an area of about 2.7hm 2, the Road Area Biodiversity (Chuxiong) Science Popularization Demonstration Park, inspired by the architectural design of germinated leaves, conveys the vigor and vitality of life, the venue is divided into three parts: indoor exhibition hall, greenhouse exhibition area and outdoor exhibition area, is a comprehensive venue integrating science education, interactive experience and other functions.
3.3 Landscape zoning of the Science Garden
The science park is mainly divided into the entrance welcome area, the center of the building display area, and the building outside the building display area.
3.3.1 The entrance pre-function area should be divided into plant communities
(1) Typical vegetation forest in Chuxiong. The main entrance covers an area of 620 m2, with a length of 47 m and a width of 15 m, and is the first important node to enter the park. The entrance is dominated by the LOGO landscape wall, the duty room and the display of the typical vegetation forest in Chuxiong.
The node selected the national second-class protected plants fragrant fruit tree and large-fruited jujube, the first-class key protected tree species Yunnan yew in Yunnan Province, and the endemic plant of Chuxiong Santai walnut to create a typical vegetation forest landscape in Chuxiong.
(2) Xerophyte "community". The xerophyte "community" covers an area of 415 m 2, with a length of 57 m and a width of 3 m.
(3) Terraced flower fields. Covering an area of 618 m 2, the terraced flower field is 52 m long and 12 m wide, combined with the simple and neat façade characteristics of the comprehensive exhibition hall, creating a height difference of the site, and selecting lavender, verbena, pink raspberry and other flowering plants to form a simple and atmospheric flower landscape.
(4) Cherry blossom community. The cherry blossom forest covers an area of 832 m 2, with a length of 105 m and a width of 11 m, mainly Yunnan cherry blossoms, supplemented by Japanese late cherry blossoms and winter cherry blossoms to ensure the longevity of the flowering period.
(5) Rhododendron plant community. In the rhododendron community, various species of rhododendron were used as middle-layer shrubs to create rhododendron forests, and the upper tall trees were used to form a shady environment suitable for the growth of rhododendrons, and other small shrubs were used to create rhododendron habitat landscapes.
(6) Bamboo plant "community". According to the growth characteristics and ornamental effect of bamboo, the representative species of each type were selected, the scattered bamboos were mainly moso bamboo and purple bamboo, and were planted in sheet form as the background and peripheral isolation of the bamboo garden; the dwarf bamboos were mainly Phyllostachys philipensis and Phyllostachys philipensis, and the ribbon was planted on the periphery of the scattered bamboo; and the clustered bamboos were mainly bamboo, golden bamboo, and Buddha belly bamboo, which were planted on the lawn in groups.
3.3.2 Exterior display area
The plant composition of the display area outside the building is richer and more diverse, and the creation of plant communities can better reflect the diversity of the landscape, including the edible botanical garden, the medicinal botanical garden, the rosaceae plant community, and the wet plant community.
(1) Edible botanical garden. Based on the model of forming small experimental fields of low ground cover in Chuxiong, some local edible plant species were popularized for people, such as green thorn tip, caragana, Shanglu, Dichong golden lotus pomegranate, etc.
(2) Medicinal botanical garden. Based on the model of forming small experimental fields with low ground cover in Chuxiong, some local medicinal plant species were popularized for people, such as Mimenghua, East Perilla, Yunnan Astragalus, Cassia and Banxia.
(3) Rosaceae plant community. The park sets up a 12m long vine flower gallery, the park nearly 100 varieties of the month, the use of a variety of engineering and technological means to combine popular science display with landscape leisure, display a garden to display rose "community" and other popular science knowledge.
(4) Hygrophyte "community". With the national second-class protected plants in Chuxiong area and China's endemic fragrant fruit trees as the core, combined with the atrium waterscape to create a "community" landscape of local floodplain plants in Chuxiong, and with Yunnan native tree species such as Yunnan Runnan, rib fruit tea and other aquatic plants to create a rich waterside rest and ornamental space.
3.3.3 Exhibition area in the building
(1) Cold greenhouse. The design is based on the natural features of Baicaoling. The middle of the site is piled high, and the surrounding area is dominated by rhododendrons, and appropriate fir trees, green skewers and podocarpus are added to represent the pine trees of Baicaoling. The highest place is mainly dotted with primrose, dandelion combined with large mosses to reflect the highest point of Baicaoling, Maotai Mountain. It presents a miniature landscape of a natural rare botanical garden, a natural horticultural field and a museum of rare flowers and trees.
(2) Thermal plant greenhouse. Imitate the climatic conditions around the lower altitude of Chuxiong to create plant habitats, and select its representative pachybark tree "community" to create a thermal plant "community" landscape, mainly displaying the national second-class protected plant dragon palm and the country, and at the same time forming a "community" of orchids and ferns in the lower layer of trees and corridors, showing the biodiversity landscape of Chuxiong at low altitude.
3.4 Project Outcomes
As the country's first road area biodiversity science experience hall, the road area biodiversity (Chuxiong) science popularization demonstration park closely follows the characteristics of road area biodiversity of Chuyao Expressway. With the "integration of all things, the beauty of the road area, and the window of ecology", it shows the characteristics of Chuxiong's typical biological community, the ecological protection and restoration technology of the road area, and the law of ecological succession, and vividly interprets the beautiful scene of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
4 Conclusion
The completion of the Road Area Biodiversity (Chuxiong) Science Popularization Demonstration Park not only shows the biodiversity in the group, but also becomes a science education base, which plays an exemplary role in leading future urban construction to pay more attention to biodiversity. It fully demonstrates the use of biodiversity to create landscape diversity, and the diversity of plant communities through landscape diversity, which complement each other and complement each other, creating a high-quality ecological environment where people and nature live in harmony.
In the future urban construction, biodiversity will be the key to the construction of urban green space ecosystems and parks. The Road Area Biodiversity (Chuxiong) Science Popularization Demonstration Park has successfully realized the combination of biodiversity display and green space landscape design of popular science education through practice. Its landscape diversity design ideas based on plant diversity will provide an exemplary role for the scientific popularization, cultural education, leisure and entertainment of biodiversity.