Opposite the Heilongjiang River in Mohe County, Daxinganling Region, Heilongjiang Province, Albazino, a small town in the Amur Region of Russia, was formerly called Yaxa. Yaksa is located at the point where the Emur River flows into the Heilongjiang River, opposite the estuary, at latitude 53°23′26". This area is rich in fishing and hunting resources, and the rods are beaten to scoop the fish, and the pheasants fly into the rice pot.
The Battle of Yaksa during the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty took place here.
The Heilongjiang River (river) was known as Heishui in ancient times, with Hailar River-Erguna River as its source, with a length of about 4,344 kilometers, with the Onen River-Shilka River as its source, with a length of about 4,416 kilometers, and with the Krulun River-Erguna River as its source, with a length of about 5,498 kilometers. The Yellow River is about 5,464 kilometers long, which is slightly shorter than the Krulun River-Erguna River-Heilongjiang River, but the upper and middle reaches of the Krulun River are in Mongolia, and the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River are in Russia, and the Yellow River is still the second longest river in the mainland, second only to the Yangtze River.
The average flow of Heilongjiang is 11,400 cubic meters per second, ranking third in the mainland, second to the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.
There is a section of the Heilongjiang River that divides China with Russia, and Russia is called the Amur River.
The Emur River is a tributary of the Heilongjiang River, the ancient name of "Murowei Water", originating from the eastern foot of the Daxing'an Mountains, about 469 kilometers long.
The Daur [wò] ethnic group is one of the ethnic minorities in the north of the mainland, living in a vast area on both sides of the middle and upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River, and at the end of the Ming Dynasty, it developed into a walled city at the mouth of the Emur River, with a wooden wall, that is, the city of Yaksa, which was the residence of the Daur head people. Yaksa is a Manchu name, meaning "collapsed Jiangwanzi", which should be related to its location at the confluence of two rivers.
In ancient times, the Daur people hunted very regularly. In late winter and early spring, the deer fetus is hunted; in the two or three months of spring and summer, the main thing is to hunt deer to obtain precious medicinal materials such as deer antlers; in the autumn, the main thing is to hunt roe deer to obtain meat and animal skins; and in the winter, it is mainly to hunt sable, squirrel and other fine-haired animals to obtain animal skins.
The Daur people are also good at fishing, especially digging ice on the icy river to catch fish.
The Qing court's management of the Northeast was completely different from that in Guannei. There are governors, governors, and political envoys in the Guannei, and they are in charge of military affairs and civil affairs. The Northeast focuses on military affairs, with three generals: General Heilongjiang, General Jilin, and General Fengtian (Liaoning). The Qing Dynasty subordinated the Daur people to the Eight Banners and compiled them as Niulu.
Tu - Yaksa City
In 1650 (the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty), the Russian Cossacks invaded the Heilongjiang River valley on the mainland, forcibly occupied our territory, and occupied Yaksa. The Russians built castles and colonized Yaksa. At that time, the Qing court was busy destroying the Southern Ming Dynasty and preparing to unify Taiwan, and regarded the Tsarist Russian invaders as "dead and cannot be returned to their roots", and did not pay attention to it. When the matter in the south was over, the Kangxi Emperor decided to send troops to conquer the Russian invaders.
From 1685 to 1686, the Qing Dynasty attacked twice to recover Yaksa from Tsarist Russia, which is known as the Battle of Yaksa.
In May 1685 (the twenty-fourth year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), Peng Chun, the capital commander, was in charge of military affairs in Heilongjiang and led an army of 3,000 to the expedition. The army set out from Aihui and advanced by land and water to the city of Yaksa, killing more than 100 Russian soldiers and capturing more than 700 people.
Tsarist Russian overseer Tolbuzin vowed not to return to Yaksa at the surrender ceremony, and led more than 700 people to evacuate, and 40 Cossacks did not want to return to Russia, and were organized into the Kangxi Russian Guard.
The Russians did not return to China at all, and in July and August, after the Qing army withdrew, they made a comeback and deployed more than a dozen artillery pieces to strengthen the city defenses.
In the summer of 1686 (the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), the Heilongjiang general Sabusu led an army of 2,000 and set out to Yaksa again. The Qing army dug trenches and built fortifications and besieged the city of Yaksa for 10 months. Tsarist Russian overseer Tolbuzin was killed by shelling, and only 150 of the more than 800 Russian troops remained, and they sued for peace again.
In 1689 (the 28th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing Dynasty signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchu with Russia. It is stipulated that China and Russia shall be bounded by the Outer Khing'an Mountains and the Ergun River, and that the south of the Outer Khingan Mountains shall be Chinese territory. As the site of the war, Yaksa was still in the Qing Dynasty, but the Russian army destroyed the city of Yaksa, so the troops were withdrawn.
In 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Aihui with Russia, in which the Qing Dynasty ceded more than 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of Heilongjiang and Wai Xing'an Mountains.
In 1860 (the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing Dynasty signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing with Russia, in which the Qing Dynasty ceded about 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of the Ussuri River (including Sakhalin Island) in present-day Heilongjiang Province, and also lost Yaksa.
Tsarist Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River Valley, and the Daur people in Jiangbei were forced to move south, and now they are mainly distributed in Qiqihar City's Meilis Daur District, Fularji District, Fufu County, Longjiang County, Aihui District of Heihe City and other places.