Han Jing, Director of the Medical Consortium Office of Tonghua Central Hospital
"Health Lecture Hall" invites Han Jing, a member of the Jilin Provincial Health Science Popularization Expert Database and Director of the Medical Consortium Office of Tonghua Central Hospital, to give a special lecture on "Scientific Feeding and Nursing of Neonates".
1. How old is a baby called a newborn?
In medicine, babies who are born up to 28 days after the umbilical cord is tied are called newborns. People are accustomed to calling babies who are not yet one month old as confinement babies.
2. Physiological characteristics of newborns
In addition to eating is a happy life of sleeping. Newborns sleep about 18-22 hours a day, and have not yet established a circadian rhythm, waking up 2-4 hours to feed, and the amount of milk varies from person to person.
I can't see it yet, but I can hear it. The baby's ability to adjust the visual focus is poor, and he can't see clearly when he is far or near; the gentle call can make the baby turn his head to find; and refuse the interference of high frequency and strong sound.
Weak immunity. The baby's own immune function is not fully developed, the antibodies from the mother are not comprehensive, and the natural barrier function is weak (skin and mucosal barrier, blood-brain barrier, etc.).
3. How to tell if the baby can eat enough?
Number of feedings: 8-12 feeds per day.
Listen to sounds: During feeding, your baby sucks rhythmically and can hear a pronounced swallowing sound.
Look at the pee: For the first 2 days after birth, the baby urins at least 1-2 times a day. From the 3rd day after birth, urination should reach 6-8 times a day.
Look at the stool: After birth, at least 3-4 times a day, dark green meconium. After the 3rd day of life, you can pass soft and yellow stools 4-10 times a day.
4. How to care for common physiological phenomena of newborns?
(1) Physiological weight decline
In the early postnatal period, due to long sleep, less eating, and more water loss in the body, the weight gradually decreases, about the 5th ~ 6th day to the lowest point, generally down 6% ~ 9%, as long as the feeding is appropriate, generally after 7 ~ 10 days to return to birth weight, called physiological weight loss, parents do not need to worry.
(2) Physiological jaundice
In the first few days of life, too many red blood cells in the body are destroyed, producing a large amount of bilirubin, a metabolite. However, the liver function of newborns is still immature and cannot metabolize bilirubin out of the body in time, resulting in excessive unconjugated bilirubin in the blood, resulting in the phenomenon of yellow staining of skin and mucosa. It usually appears 2-3 days after birth, peaks in 4-5 days, and subsides in 10-14 days. Treatment is usually not required.
（3）粟粒疹
The tip of the baby's nose and the wings of the nose can be seen, pinhead-like, yellowish-white, which is caused by the accumulation of sebaceous glands and is a sign of maturity. It is visible in almost every newborn. No special handling is required.
(4) Leucorrhea and false menstruation
Some female babies will have false "menstruation" and "leucorrhoea" within a week after birth, why does this happen? Mainly because the fetus is affected by estrogen in the mother's body, there will be vaginal epithelial hyperplasia, vaginal secretions, endometrial hyperplasia and other phenomena. After delivery, the estrogen in the body will gradually decrease as the fetus is no longer affected by the mother's estrogen, resulting in the shedding of the endometrium, white discharge and a small amount of bleeding in the vagina. Generally, it disappears in 2-3 days and does not need to be treated at all.
(5) Neonatal erythema
An allergic reaction may be caused by intestinal absorption of an allergen. It usually occurs 2 to 3 days after birth. The rash is a multiformeous erythema of varying sizes with ill-defined margins that spread across the head, face, trunk, and extremities. The newborn is generally well and has no discomfort. It resolves in 1-2 days.
(6) Neonatal dehydration fever
When the room temperature is high, when the clothes or wrapping are too much, the heat dissipation through skin evaporation and sweating leads to insufficient water in the body, and the child will have a fever, which generally occurs in the 2nd ~ 4th day after birth. You can add or remove clothing or adjust the room temperature as appropriate.
(7) 螳螂子
Newborns have a thick layer of fat on the cheeks of the mouth, called buccal fat bodies. This structure facilitates the sucking of the nipple and facilitates the sucking action. Some newborns are born with two large buccal fat bodies, and through sucking exercise, they are more developed and protrude to the oral cavity, that is, the so-called "praying mantis". As the child grows older, buccal fat gradually disappears.
(8) Horse teeth
Soon after the baby is born, the gum mucosa appears as small, white flexible particles that resemble tooth tissue, called epithelial beads, commonly known as "horse teeth". It is actually the founder of teeth, an inanimate thing that slowly disappears. The child did not feel any discomfort. We must not forcibly cut the "praying mantis" and scratch the "horse teeth". This can cause a serious infection that can lead to sepsis, which can be life-threatening.
(9) Enlarged breasts
Due to the influence of estrogen, progesterone, lactin and oxytocin in the mother's body, some newborns can have breast engorgement in both men and women. Some will also secrete milk, which will gradually disappear after 1-2 weeks. At this time, do not squeeze the nipple, if squeezing will cause breast inflammation, nipple redness, suppuration, severe cases can cause sepsis, life-threatening.
(10) Pioneer head or tumor
When the fetus is delivered through the birth canal, the blood circulation in the soft tissues of the skull is obstructed due to the pressure on the head. Because the fetal head is larger than the birth canal, the fetal head is compressed by the soft tissues during the expansion of the birth canal, the venous return is blocked, and the water extravasation causes the soft tissue edema of the scalp, which is the pioneer head or tumor production. Generally, it will resolve on its own 2-3 days after birth, with no health impact and no need for treatment.
(11) Red urine
In some newborns, due to the lack of urine, urate excretion in the urine increases, making the urine appear red. Breastfeeding can be increased for further observation. If it does not get better or even worsens, you need to go to the hospital for treatment in time.
(12) Leaking milk
Leaking milk: After the newborn feeds, milk flows out of the corners of the mouth, and even spits out the milk that has been eaten. Causes: The stomach is horizontal, loose at the top and tight at the bottom. Coping method: correct breastfeeding posture, make sure to latch on to the nipple when feeding, and avoid eating a lot of air. After feeding, slowly erect the newborn, gently pat the back, wait for the air to drain before putting it down, and sleep on the right side.
Broadcast frequency: Jilin News Comprehensive Radio FM91.6 \AM738
Column: "Health Lecture Hall"
Broadcast time: Saturday and Sunday 17:00-17:30
Program hotline: 0431-85815111, 85815999, 85815199
Article source: Original Jilin News Comprehensive Broadcasting
Image source: Reprinted from Tonghua Central Hospital
Editor: Zi Xin
Review: Huai Nan
Producer: Zhao Min, Zhong Xiao
Poke the small flower in the lower right corner to share it with more people