Before modern times, disputes between people and people, groups and groups, and countries were all under the banner of God, which can be described as a fight between gods and gods, or a holy war. After the influence of "humanism" was growing day by day, in some countries began to emerge in the name of the people and in the name of the people, under the banner of serving the people, to challenge the theocracy and the secular royal power that it cared for.
It was against this background of the times that Marx's theory, which advocated materialism, practiced socialism, and aspired to communism, could not be popularized in the middle of the 19th century in the old capitalist countries such as Germany, neighboring France, and Britain across the sea.
An important reason for the former is that Christianity, as the "state religion," has been precipitated in European countries for more than 1,500 years, and its influence has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, while the "humanism" represented by the Enlightenment has only been established for one or two hundred years, and has been jointly suppressed by political and religious forces in Europe and the United States, and its influence has not yet spread to the intellectual class. As a result, materialism lacks the psychological soil and political conditions for the rapid spread of materialism in the West.
In addition, the development of capitalist relations of production is still on an upward trend in Europe and the United States, the contradictions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat still have a lot of room for manoeuvre, and there is also a lot of room for further adjustment and optimization.
The roaring Republic of China is very different. Due to the subtle influence of Cheng Zhu's science, the Han intellectuals originally favored the "rationality" with an atheistic spirit. Mr. De and Mr. Sai, who were promoted by the strong ships and cannons of the West and the New Culture Movement, joined hands to tear the "rationalization" into strips of rags. The Han Chinese intellectuals, who rely only on the spirit of atheism, can easily accept materialism—once they are "converted," it will not be difficult to bring the masses of the people with them.
As for socialism, it's the same as this. For the Republic of China, where the hierarchical social value system under the emperor's rule collapsed but did not collapse, the foreign powers oppressed and the warlords fought each other, not only the workers who accounted for a small proportion of the population, but also a considerable number of intellectuals were also proletarians, and the peasant class had no property to cover their bodies and not have enough food and clothing. Although Marxism only emphasizes the advanced nature of the working class, it does not prevent the proletarian intellectuals and peasants from taking it as a mantra for salvation.
Russia succeeded in practicing Marxism-Leninism ahead of the Republic of China, and the former Soviet Union was created. It is very different from the actual situation of the Republic of China, but the subjective and objective situation is similar, and it is also because the influence of Christianity (Russia has accepted its branch Orthodox Christianity) is not deep, and materialism is relatively easy to accept.
In 882 AD, Russia established the Principality of Kievan Rus' with Kiev as the center. When Archduke Vladimir introduced Christianity to the duchy in 988, the Ross multitheistic religion flourished, and the two coexisted for a long time. In 1238, Kievan Rus', which had been divided into a dozen small states, was incorporated into the Golden Horde by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu, and did not gain independence until 1480. Tsarist Russia was the name given to Ivan IV after his coronation in 1547, more than 300 years after the victory of the October Revolution.
Ivan IV was tyrannical during his lifetime, busy slaughtering at home and expanding externally. Bishop Philip of Moscow was strangled for denouncing him. In the course of the development of Tsarist Russia, the influence of Christianity on the Russians is not profound. Coupled with the fact that Russia trans-Eurasia and was the first to introduce machine industry and Marxism, its working class matured earlier than the working class of the Republic of China at the same time - so the Bolsheviks spread in Russia first.
Marxism-Leninism is people-oriented, which is both materialism and "humanism". To this day, Marxism-Leninism is still the world's most advanced ideological and theoretical system of "humanism." It guided the former Soviet Union, China, and other socialist countries to overthrow the theocracy and monarchy formed around one god, to defy the imperialist reactionary government that violated the revolutionary doctrine, to repel the interference of the great powers, and to take the lead in realizing a people's democracy in the world under the system of public ownership, in which there is no god and his spokesman, and there is only a people's democracy in which people are governed or governed.
As long as the people still worship the "false gods" who lack the value of creation (creation) and have no form and aura, they will become accustomed to naturally worshipping the powerful human, material, and financial resources that are stronger than them, and the "idols" who own and dominate them. This is the seed of hierarchical fission that is still dominated by the value orientation of personal origin and material wealth, and the "inequality of capital" in today's world, which is deeply rooted in the psychological soil of the people.
On the other hand, this shows that as the people's psychological tendency to believe in one god weakens and they increasingly recognize "humanism", the contradiction between the satisfaction of their psychological needs for "belonging" and "self-esteem" and the "humanistic standard" on which the corresponding value object is measured and the traditional "divine enlightenment standard" becomes more intensified and integrated.
Today, the Christian world, the Islamic world, and the Jewish state of Israel all run parallel to two sets of ideological and theoretical systems, one is the humanism that has emerged for two or three hundred years, and the other is theology that has continued and evolved for thousands of years.
Among them, the reformers of Judaism defined this religion as an ethical monotheistic religion that coexists in complete harmony with science and reason, and pursues the principle of universal harmony and unity of peace, justice, and harmony among all peoples throughout the world. In other words, even if the intellectual elite of the Jews believed in a single God, they understood it on the shoulders of scientific giants such as Newton, Planck, Einstein, Tesla, and Hawking, and identified it as the "hidden" "creator" behind the universe and its laws that have not yet been fully understood. This does not prevent them from developing science, art, and democracy in perpetuity on the premise of believing in one God...... Together with other nations, we will achieve world harmony.
Christianity actively engages with science and incorporates the latest scientific findings into its theological system in a timely manner. It repeatedly emphasizes three points: first, top scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, etc., were Christians; second, these scientists believed that they developed science with the help of God's inspiration and Christian theology; and third, the more science developed, the more it proved God's greatness, holiness, and infinity......
Islam is as confident as Judaism, sticking to the rigor of the Qur'an, and science, art, and democracy can only innovate within the framework of its theological system. Compared to the countries of Christendom, Israel, the countries of the Islamic world are relatively conservative. They are actively developing science and technology, introducing the world's most advanced scientific and technological civilizations, and maintaining and promoting the divine and divine revelation of Allah as their first priority.
That being the case, the hierarchical social value systems of Christendom, Islam, and Judaism will continue to develop. "Humanism" will only serve it for a long time to come. However, the contradiction between the two, because the latter inevitably promotes the humanistic tendencies and actions of the people's psychology, leads to more and more intense and frequent value chaos and class struggle.
In this era, the world is rapidly secularizing, "humanism" is becoming more and more popular, and theological systems are forced to retreat. According to the "USA Today 2006" survey conducted by Gallup in the United States, 88 percent of French people verbally admit to believing in Roman Catholicism, but less than 5 percent often go to church on Sundays, and 60 percent of believers say they have never entered church.
In the UK, only 28% of respondents believe that religion is an important part of everyday life. For centuries, professionals believed that the United States had a more widespread Christian faith than Europe, but a 2007 poll found that Christianity in the United States was on the same decline as Europe.
The results of a survey of 51,000 U.S. residents conducted by the U.S. Commission on the Characteristics of Religious Belief are a marked change from similar surveys 15 years ago. Fourteen per cent of those who said they had "no faith", 23 per cent of men and 18 per cent of women under the age of 35 admitted that they had no association with any religious group, and 43 per cent of Catholic believers said they did not participate in any church activities.
In contrast, Muslims are exceptionally firm in their faith in Allah. The five prayers a week, for devout Muslims, are "a time for physical restraint and spiritual reflection," a "customization" from the Allah, and a "shield" from Hell for eternity...... Theological guidelines such as these have guided countless followers of Islam to draw a clear line between self-consciousness and modern life.
Accumulating wealth over many years to make a pilgrimage to the holy sites of Mecca is also considered part of the Muslim faith. For devout Muslims, the Hajj is an important measure to improve morality and purify the soul. "Every year, more than 2 million believers from all over the world come to the place where the Prophet Muhammad was born and first revealed by Allah".
Such an attitude, in the eyes of most Westerners today, is a sign of backwardness and even ignorance. Liberals even believe that it is unbearable for the secularized contemporary to eat one less meal - what will the world be like in the future? secular or sacred, human-oriented or divinely enlightened, man speaks to himself and does his own thing, and God is boundless and indifferent - it will remain.
Chapter 3 Man's faith is right and wrong for 5,000 years
Chapter 5 Since he became a god, man has fallen into the abyss
Human Nature: The Theory of Creation: The Awakening of Human Nature