With the spring blossoming and summer scorching alternately, this is the ideal time to grow Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage is the main vegetable in autumn and winter, the planting area is relatively large, the Chinese cabbage has high nutritional value, good quality, and is one of the vegetables that people love. June to November every year is the off-season of vegetable production, due to the hot and humid climatic conditions are not suitable for the production of leafy vegetables, the formation of the off-season of vegetables on the market, spring planting Chinese cabbage can be listed in the off-season of autumn vegetables, the sales price is high, the economic benefits are good. In order to achieve high quality and high yield of Chinese cabbage, the key is to grasp the technical essentials of each production link. In this paper, we will introduce in detail the aspects of variety selection, soil preparation and base fertilizer application, sowing season, seedling transplanting, water and fertilizer management, cultivating and weeding, and pest control.
1. Variety selection is very important for the growth of Chinese cabbage. Varieties that adapt to local climate characteristics, have strong stress resistance, and have good product quality should be selected. The specific species can be determined according to market demand and personal preference, and carefully check the instructions on the seed package when purchasing to ensure that the selected variety meets the needs. Choose varieties with early maturity, rapid growth, short growth period, heat and waterlogging resistance, disease resistance, fast balling speed and good commerciality. Now cabbage is basically hybrid seeds, are purchased from seed stores, so when buying to pay attention to the date of planting vegetables, cabbage seeds can be maintained for 3-5 years, but after three years, the germination power of seeds is significantly reduced, and 1-2 years of seeds are mainly used in production, so pay attention when buying seeds.
2. Soil preparation and fertilization: Applying sufficient base fertilizer is an important step to provide a good soil environment for Chinese cabbage. Plough the soil to 25-30 cm to make the soil loose and aerate, increase the ability to retain water and fertilizer, and at the same time apply sufficient rotted farmhouse fertilizer, and with an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer, to achieve balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, to ensure the nutrients required by Chinese cabbage in the whole growth period. Chinese cabbage has a long growing period and requires more fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to reapply the base fertilizer, generally 3000 kg of rotted manure per mu as the base fertilizer, the fertile land can be appropriately reduced, and the thin land should be applied more. Bottom fertilizer can be fully sprinkled before ploughing the land, turned into the soil, it is best to use two-thirds of the bottom fertilizer before ploughing the land into the soil, one-third applied to the soil surface, mixed into the soil surface when breaking the soil. This method can meet the needs of Chinese cabbage in the early and late growth periods. If the amount of manure is small, it can also be applied in the sowing hole at one time, mixed well, and then sown or transplanted.
3. Sowing: In most areas of the mainland, the temperature gradually rises in late spring and early summer, which is suitable for the growth and development of Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage is planted in the open field in late spring and early summer, and is generally sown in early and mid-April. Early varieties must be planted at a temperature of 13°C or higher. Cabbage cultivation can be transplanted by seedlings or directly sown, generally speaking, the yield of direct seeding is higher than that of seedling transplanting, and the maturity is early, and now most places are cultivated by direct seeding.
Generally, hole sowing is mostly used, and after the land is prepared for furrowing, the hole is dug according to a certain row of plant spacing. The width of the hole is 15-18 cm, the depth is 3-5 cm, and the bottom of the hole should be slightly flat. Sow 20-25 seeds per hole, then cover with 1-2 cm of fine soil, and after sowing here, pour thin human and animal manure water. During the sowing period, if the weather is dry, water the bottom of the plant once to ensure the moisture needed for the emergence of seedlings, and then cover the soil. After sowing, it can not be watered every day, so as not to harden the soil and affect the emergence of seedlings, and the sowing amount per mu is 150 grams. When planting in high temperature and dry weather, the sowing amount should be appropriately increased. In order to improve the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage, it is recommended to use seedling transplanting for planting. Spread the seeds on the prepared seedbed at a suitable temperature and humidity, and plant them when they reach 3 leaves and one heart. During the transplantation process, attention should be paid to protecting the root system and minimizing root damage.
4. Field management
1. Seedlings: After the cabbage seedlings are seedlings, they are divided into three seedlings, and the first time is in 1-2 true leaves, and the seedling spacing is about 3 cm. The second time in 3-4 true leaves, the seedling spacing is about 5-6 cm, and 3-4 seedlings are left in each hole. The third time is to set the seedlings when there are 5-6 true leaves, and only 1 seedling is left in each hole. In the process of homogenizing seedlings, it is necessary to pay attention to removing weak seedlings and diseased seedlings, leaving large seedlings and strong seedlings. 3. Cultivating and weeding: Regularly cultivating and loosening the soil to keep the soil loose and breathable, and reduce the impact of grass shortage.
2. Watering and fertilizer management: Chinese cabbage likes to be moist and avoid stagnant water, so it should be watered in the morning and evening, and should not be too diligent. Combined with irrigation for top dressing, follow the principle of "light application of seedling fertilizer, heavy application of cauliflower fertilizer" to promote the vigorous growth of Chinese cabbage. Irrigation or drainage should be carried out in a timely manner according to weather conditions and soil moisture to prevent damage to cabbage caused by drought or waterlogging. There are often high temperature and dry weather in the seedling stage, and the seedling root system is weak, so the seedling stage must pay attention to water and fertilizer management, which can be watered with light manure and once a day during the drought period. If there is a lot of rain at the seedling stage, you can not water it. Keep the soil moist so that the rosette leaves are thick and green. If the cabbage encounters a long drought after entering the rosette stage, it must be watered in time, otherwise it will affect the yield of leaf bulbs. Water and fertilizer management should also not be neglected.
3. Top dressing: Appropriate top dressing before and after the cabbage enters the rosette stage to increase the nutrient supply of the plant and make the leaves more fat and tender. There are often high temperature and dry weather in the seedling stage, and the seedling root system is weak, so the seedling stage must pay attention to water and fertilizer management, which can be watered with light manure and once a day during the drought period. Cabbage grows vigorously in rosette leaves, which is an important stage of yield formation, and requires more water, so it is necessary to pay attention to topdressing once. It can be mixed with 10-15 kg of urea, 10 kg of superphosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate, and applied to water to promote the vigorous growth of rosette leaves. In case of rain, fertilizer can also be applied, but it must be applied far from the roots, deep holes, and covered with soil.
The rosette leaves of Chinese cabbage grow vigorously, which is an important stage in the formation of Chinese cabbage yield, and it requires more water and fertilizer, so it is necessary to pay attention to the application of top dressing once. It can be mixed with 10-15 kg of urea, 10 kg of superphosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate, and applied to water to promote the vigorous growth of rosette leaves. In case of rain, fertilizer can also be applied, but it must be applied far from the roots, deep holes, and covered with soil.
The balling period is the period when Chinese cabbage grows the most in its life, and it is a critical period for the formation of products, so it requires the most fertilizer and water. After the balling begins, it is necessary to top dressing 1-2 times, and 15-20 kg of urea, 10-15 kg of superphosphate, and 10 kg of potassium sulfate can be used per mu to start topdressing at the beginning of balling. Or use 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as root top dressing, spray every 7 days or so, a total of 2-3 times. In the middle stage of balling, in order to promote the firming of the Chinese cabbage core, it can also be top-applied with fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer again.
4. Cultivating and weeding: Regularly cultivating and loosening the soil to keep the soil loose and breathable, and reduce the impact of grass shortage. Cultivating and weeding is an essential job. Regular shallow hoeing can not only eliminate weeds, but also play a role in loosening the soil, retaining water and fertilizer. It should be noted that manual or mechanical methods should be used for weeding as much as possible, and herbicides should be avoided to affect the quality and safety of Chinese cabbage.
5. Pest control: Problems in pest control. It is necessary to strengthen field inspections and deal with problems in a timely manner. Adopt the principle of prevention first, early treatment and small treatment, and scientifically and rationally use comprehensive prevention and control measures such as biological pesticides and low-toxicity and high-efficiency chemical pesticides to ensure the healthy growth of Chinese cabbage.
In short, in order to obtain high-quality and high-yield Chinese cabbage, we must strictly control all production links and adhere to scientific planting. Only in this way can we taste more delicious Chinese cabbage and contribute to the green development of agriculture.