Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty really controlled the economy, it was after he organized the war against the Xiongnu and depleted the treasury that he formally carried out reforms, he searched for a lot of talents in this area, and inherited the practice of selecting talents in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially commercial talents, and there was no longer such a thing for two thousand years until modern times.
I. Mulberry Sheep
Sima Qian, a great historian and thinker, also contracted the vice of light business, thinking that the country should not speak for profit, and should not compete with the people for profit.
Therefore, Guo Xianyang and Kong were only big farmers in the east, and they received salt and iron affairs; Xianyang, Qi Zhida boiled salt, Kong only, Nanyang Daye, all caused a lot of gold, so Zheng said it at that time. Hongyang, the son of Jia in Luoyang, is scheming, and he is thirteen years old. Therefore, the three of them said that they were good and good.
Dongguo Xianyang made his fortune by boiling salt, and Kong was only famous for his iron smelting, both of whom were representatives of the handicraft industry and worked in the government. Sang Hongyang is the child of a merchant, the first in the world, he doesn't need to count at all, and he is a figure in the middle court of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty at the age of thirteen.
In the first year of Yuan Feng, Sang Hongyang was the captain of Su Du, leading the big farmers, and only the salt and iron in the world were used for generations. Hongyang to the officials of their own market, and the competition with each other, so the thing is leaping, and the world is given or not to pay for its expenses, but to ask the Ministry of Agriculture to put dozens of people, the branch of the main county, each often the county is the salt and iron officials, so that the distant country is endowed with the merchants who sell when their goods are expensive, and indoctrinate each other. If you are leveled in Beijing, you will be entrusted by the world. The summoning officials and all the tools of the car are all dependent on the big farmers. The officials of the great peasants are all the goods in the world, and they sell them when they are expensive, and buy them when they are cheap. In this way, if the rich businessmen have nothing to make a profit, they will reverse the original, and all things must not be freed. Therefore, the world is suppressed, and the name is "Pingzhun". The Son of Heaven thought so, and allowed it. So the Son of Heaven went north to Shuofang, east to Taishan, patrolled the sea, and returned to the north. The rewards were more than 100,000 horses and hundreds of thousands of dollars, all of which were taken from the big farmers. Hongyang also asked the officials to be appointed to make up for the officials, and for the sinners to atone for their sins. So that the people can enter the Su Ganquan with their own differences, so that they can recover for life, and do not tell the truth. Other counties are in an emergency, and all the farmers are in their own way, and Shandong Caoyi is six million stones. In the middle of one year, Taicang and Ganquan are full. All the things in the rest of the border valley lost five million horses. The people do not benefit the world, but the world uses it. So Hongyang gave the lord the left long, and the gold was another hundred catties.
The method of equalization is that the common people do not need to personally transport the taxes to the capital, because the farmers who are far away, although it is only 30 taxes and one, but the transportation costs are expensive, and the freight exceeds the taxes, and now it is directly handed over to the local government's equalization department, according to the information of the central equalization department, it is transported to the counties and counties that lack this material to be sold, and the government can earn the difference. Here, the benefits to the peasants are huge, but the merchants are miserable, and the transportation fees cannot be earned, and the hoarding and hoarding cannot be earned.
Salt & Iron Conference
Sang Hongyang finally replaced Kong only as a big farmer, he put forward the law of equal loss and the law of equalization, buy cheaply and sell expensively, and crack down on businessmen hoarding and plotting huge profits, this idea of stabilizing prices is his greatest contribution to history, and it is of great benefit to the life of urban residents and the economic life of the country. The point is, he also made a lot of money, which supported the huge expenses of Emperor Wu of Han. He terminated the lawsuit, but suggested selling the official, which was really undesirable.
Before the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was promoted to the Imperial Historian and became one of the Three Dukes, and was the minister who assisted Emperor Zhao.
The Book of Han and the Second Chronicle of Food and Goods recorded:
Emperor Zhao ascended the throne for six years, and Zhaojun raised virtuous and literary scholars, asking the people about their sufferings and the need for education. They are all willing to lose the official position of salt, iron, and wine, and do not compete with the world for profit, regard it as thrifty, and then educate and prosper. It is difficult to promote sheep, thinking that this is the great cause of the country, so the system of four yi, Anbian is enough to use the foundation, and it cannot be abolished. It is to play with the prime minister Qianqiu to stop drinking.
These so-called "virtuous literary men" were able to be recommended, apparently representatives of the exploiting class, the salt and iron official camps, blocking their road to prosperity. Ordinary landlords and bureaucrats who are also engaged in salt and iron commerce will not be registered as merchants, so they are particularly resolute in their opposition. Of course, Sang Hongyang adhered to the policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and argued with everyone alone, which was the Salt and Iron Conference. Of course, he retreated and abolished the monopoly on liquor to appease the anger of those people.
It's a pity that Sang Hongyang is still more selfish, he wanted to recommend his son to be an official, but it didn't materialize, so he was wronged and was killed for rebellion, which is a pity.
It is very strange that the record of that meeting, "Treatise on Salt and Iron", has been handed down to this day, and we know that Sang Hongyang has the idea of using both law and Confucianism, which is very similar to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is really a good pair of monarchs and ministers.
Second, the hole only
Danong Shang Yan Tie Cheng Kong only, Xianyang said: "Mountains and seas, the treasure of heaven and earth, all should belong to Shaofu, Your Majesty is not selfish, to belong to the great farmer." The original recruits were self-sufficient, because the official utensils were used to boil salt, and the officials and the prison basins. The floating people want to manage the goods of the mountains and seas, so as to get rich and envy, and benefit the people. Its frustrating arguments are hard to hear. Those who dare to boil salt in private iron casts will have their left toe and submerge into their utensils. If the county does not produce iron, the small iron official belongs to the county. "Make Kong only and Dongguo Xianyang pass on the salt and iron of the world, as the official government, and the rich people of the salt and iron family are officials. The officials are miscellaneous, and they don't choose, but they are more than a person.
Da Nong, that is, Da Si Nong, originally called Zhi Su Nei Shi, was the government's Minister of Finance; Shaofu, was the emperor's personal Minister of Finance, and the benefits of the mountains and seas were all owned by Shaofu, and now Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took them out and handed them over to the government, and transferred them to the management of Da Si Nong. Dongguo Xianyang and Kong Wei were both experts in the salt boiling and iron smelting industry, and they worked in Dasi Nong and worked as salt and iron workers, and their ideas to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were: The salt and iron official camp, the government recruits workers, and does not allow "floating food strange people" to boil salt and smelt iron; there must be many people who oppose the salt and iron official camp, and they must not listen to it; they are severely punished for boiling salt and iron without permission, and the tools and things produced are confiscated; and small iron officials are set up in counties that do not produce iron.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty listened to them and put them in charge of the salt and iron official camp, and they recruited a lot of talents who became rich from the boiling salt industry and iron smelting industry, obviously, these experts are willing to serve the government, of course, they can not be engaged in the boiling salt industry and iron smelting industry now, and they also have a helpless mentality.
And Kong only made the world caster, and worshiped as a big farmer in three years, listed in Jiuqing. And Sang Hong sheep is a big farmer, and he is responsible for all the accounting, and he is slightly lost to the goods.
Kong was only in charge of the iron smelting industry, and his results must have been good, otherwise, why would he have been promoted to a big farmer in three years? A big farmer is one of the nine kings, with 2,000 stones, only less than the third gong.
Sang Hongyang is a young man, at this time, under Kong Wei, he is in charge of "losing evenly", that is, the circulation of goods, buying cheaply and selling expensively, and making money for the country.
No matter how you criticize Sang Hongyang, the most profitable industries in that era were salt and iron, followed by wine, because every household has to eat salt every day, and every household has to use iron tools, as for wine, most people like to drink, salt and iron are official, or monopoly, which has made a great contribution to the country's financial revenue, and the rulers have implemented a monopoly policy throughout the ages, but the monopoly of goods is different.
3. Dongguo Xianyang
Fourth, Yang Ke
Whether it is the salt and iron official camp, or the average loss is even, the money obtained is always not enough for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it is necessary to use it for wars, water conservancy construction, and foreign envoys...... Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed a Bu Shi as a big official, because Bu Shi voluntarily contributed money to help the country fight the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that everyone would learn the Bu style and contribute part of their property, but he was disappointed. As a result, the "calculation" began, that is, the collection of property tax. Most of the wealthy will evade taxes, and concealing their assets is their usual method, so they have introduced a "whistleblowing", and those who report can get half of it.
It was Yang Ke who presided over the complaint.
Yang Ke has been sued all over the world, and most of the people above the middle family have been sued. It is to dispatch the imperial Shi Tingwei to supervise and divide Cao, that is, to govern the county and the country, to get hundreds of millions of people's property, tens of millions of slaves and maids, hundreds of hectares in Tianda County, more than 100 hectares in small counties, and the same is true for houses. Therefore, the merchants and above broke the high rate, and the people stole good food and clothing, and did not care about the industry of animal storage, and the county officials had salt and iron money, so they used it to spare.
Merchants bought a lot of slaves to make money for their production, and bought a lot of land, and slaves farmed for them to make money, which was a remnant of China's slave society, and this method continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
If the property tax is conscientiously implemented, the state revenue will increase a lot, but most people hide it, so these people will go bankrupt as soon as they are sued by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Of course, the side effect is that everyone makes money, secretly eats good clothes, and runs out of money.
It should be said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was able to continue to attack the Xiongnu, continue to build water conservancy, and continue to manage the frontier, and Yang Ke had merit.