Research on geographical names in Jiangxi
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Abstract: "Historical Records" records that Zheng Huan Gong "was first sealed in Zheng", and later generations compared the ancient and modern place names with the law, and most of them were said to be in Jingzhao Zheng County, which is really suspicious. Because Sima Qian had an example of mistaking the capital of the vassal states as the first fiefdom, and was accustomed to writing the capital of the princes for a long time and with great influence as the first fiefdom, the "Historical Records" is not as specific and reasonable as the "Shiben" recorded that Huan Gong was the first fiefdom of the forest, and then moved the land. Regarding the name of "Yanlin", later generations mostly mistook it for "Xianlin", which may have been influenced by Zheng Xuan's "Poetry Spectrum" and Kong Shu. In fact, the land of the forest is seen twice in the "Zuo Biography", and the land of Xu Di Lin has little to do with the fiefdom of the first fief of Huan Gongshi, so it seems that it can be ruled out. The Qindi Forest is located in the west of Jingshui, which may be associated with it, so it is inferred that the land of the forest is not in Zheng County (now in the east of Huaxian County, Shaanxi), but in the Fufeng area of Shaanxi, or the land of the first seal of the Duke of Huan. As for the first relocation of the land, it is inseparable from Zheng County, and can be regarded as the old Zheng before Zheng Guo moved eastward.
Keywords: Zheng Huan Gong 棫林 Shi Zheng Duyi changes
The name of the ancient country is mostly the same as the name of the capital. Locating the location of the vassal states in the name of the capital is a common way to find the geographical location of the ancient vassal states. Therefore, if it is necessary to investigate the location of a certain vassal state, it will be more likely to pay attention to its capital. However, due to various factors, the vassal states are not limited to one place, and often move and change. The change of capital in the early period of Zheng Guo in the Western Zhou Dynasty is a clear example. "Historical Records of the Zheng Family" contains: "In the twenty-second year of King Xuan's establishment, friends were sealed in Zheng. "Friends are Zheng Huan Gong, whose first fief is mostly set in Jingzhao Zheng County (now the east of Huaxian County, Shaanxi), and the "Shiben", which is earlier than the "Historical Records", records that "Zheng Huan Gong sealed the forest and migrated to pick up". There is both a contradiction and a certain relationship between the two. However, the process of change is rarely observed by scholars, so it is necessary to explore it in depth to clarify the truth.
1. Zheng Huan's fiefdom is in "Yanlin"
Regarding the fiefdom of Zheng Huan, most scholars have always believed in the record of "Historical Records of Zheng Shijia" that "friends were first sealed in Zheng". When looking for the specific location of "Zheng", he often cited the "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles" and so on, pointing out that it was actually in Jingzhao Zheng County, which lasted for thousands of years and became a definitive conclusion. However, the "Shiben" before the "Historical Records" said that Zheng Huan Gong was the first to seal the forest, and other documents recorded the place as "Xianlin", which is also associated with Zheng County. Due to the differences in texts and the different materials that scholars have received, the issue of Huan Gongshi's fiefdom is still full of doubts and needs to be clarified.
(1) Zheng Huan's Zheng is not Zheng County
Both the "Records of the Historians" and the "Shiben" record the early residence of Zheng Huangong, and the "Shiben" was written earlier, and the "Records of the Historians" may have inherited it. For example, "Shiben Family" cloud: "In the twenty-second year of King Xuan of Zhou, he was named a brother and friend to Zheng. That is, it is completely consistent with the identity of Duke Huan and the time of the first seal as stated in the "Historical Records". And "Shiben Ju Chapter" also recorded that "Zheng Huan Gong sealed the forest", but Sima Qian did not choose the "forest" theory, and the book "Friends were first sealed in Zheng", which had an important impact on the search for the fiefdom of the Duke of Huan in later generations. Zheng and Linlin are not completely unrelated, and they seem to be not the same, which still needs to be slightly analyzed.
Comparing the two theories of the "Historical Records" and the "Shiben" on the fiefdom of the early Huan Gong, it can be seen that the latter is more specific and reasonable. This is mainly because the "Historical Records" said that Huan Gong "was originally sealed in Zheng", and there was no specific correspondence, and later generations pointed to Jingzhao Zheng County when explaining the direction. For example, Bangu's "Hanshu Geography" is in the "Jingzhao Zheng County" article book "Zhou Xuanwang Brother Zheng Huan Gongyi". "Historical Records Suoyin" cloud: "Zheng, the name of the county, belongs to Jingzhao. In the eleventh year of Qin Wugong, 'Chuxian Du and Zheng' are also. However, it is not without suspicion whether this practice of using ancient and modern place names to mark Zheng Shi's fiefdom is appropriate. It should be known that "Zheng" land is not uncommon in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is worth thinking about whether it is only used to refer to Zheng County. A similar situation is like the Yan Kingdom, "Historical Records: Yan Zhaogong Family" contains: "The destruction of King Wu of Zhou, the title of Zhao Gong in Northern Yan. According to archaeology, the fiefdom of the Northern Yan was in the ancient city of Dongjialin, which was not far from the Yanguo cemetery in Liulihe, Beijing. However, the "Hanshu Geographical Chronicle" and the "Historical Records of Suoyin" are all corresponding to Jixian County, which is actually the Warring States Yanshangdu Ji (now Beijing) to say that its original fiefdom is hopeful. It can be seen that once the method of comparing ancient and modern place names encounters the migration and change of the vassal capitals, it may cause confusion.
More importantly, when the Historical Records describes the capitals of the Western Zhou vassal states, not all of them truthfully record the places where they were first sealed. For example, Wei Guo, "Historical Records of Uncle Kang's Family" set Uncle Kang's first fief in the old merchant market between the river and Qi, that is, Chaoge (now the northeast of Qi County). The Jin Wen shows that Uncle Kang was called "Kanghou" (such as Kanghou Gui) before sealing the guard, and the "Kang" here has always had two views on the name or the name of the place (country) before. It shows that Kang is similar to Guan, Cai, and Huo, all of which were divided into fiefs at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty. Because Uncle Kang's son is also known as Kangbo, the possibility of both father and son being Kang is very small, so Qing Sun Xingyan said: "Kang Fei is very clear, and the old saying is that he thinks it is the name of the country, yes." "Uncle Kang's first seal is not in Heqi, but in Kangdi, and recently it has been corroborated by Tsinghua Jian's "Department Year", Yun" is the first to build Uncle Wei in Kangqiu······ The Wei people moved from Kangqiu to Qiwei. "Sima Qian's use of Heqi's old merchant ruins to say that Uncle Wei Kang's first fief was actually due to his lack of understanding of the process of his migration and feuding.
Another example is the state of Chu, "Historical Records of the Chu Family" records that King Zhou Cheng divided the Xiong into Chu and lived in Danyang, which seems to indicate that Danyang is the first place of Chu. It's just that this "Danyang" has not been definite for a long time, not to mention that Sima Qian also said that the Chu ancestors were "either in China or in the barbarians", indicating that the Chu people are widely distributed and scattered in one place. For Chu Jun Xiongyi's first residence, a material in the twelfth year of Zhaogong in "Zuo Chuan" may reveal more real information. When King Chu Ling complained that the ancestor Xiong Yi and Xie's father, the poultry father and other "things were done with King Kang", but in the end, "the four kingdoms have a share, and I have nothing alone", the minister Zige recalled the hardships of the first monarch's entrepreneurship, saying "In the past, my first king Xiong was in Jingshan, and the grass was reckless everywhere on the blue wisps of the road, and he trekked through the mountains and forests to serve the Son of Heaven." The "Jingshan" here, some scholars have pointed out that it is in the Jingzhou area of Hubei, but this place is too southerly, and it does not seem to conform to the overall layout of the southern soil in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it is difficult for King Cheng to designate a certain place for the Chu State in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There is another place called Jingshan or Chushan in the area of Shangxian in the northwest of Xichuan, which provides clues that the Chu people once lived here. It is located in the vast area between Jingshan in the north of Huashan and Shangxian and Xichuan, which is between Zongzhou and Chengzhou, or as the fief of Chu at the beginning.
In addition, there is circumstantial evidence, "Chinese Jin Yu VIII" once recorded that when King Cheng was in the Qiyang League, "Chu was Jing Barbarian······ Set up a watch, and keep the fire with Xianbei", Chu Jun, who participated in the Qiyang Alliance, should be Xiong Yi, and he was able to participate in this alliance in person, indicating that he lived not far away in Jianghan at that time. The new material "Chu Ju" that has recently appeared in Tsinghua Jian seems to be used as evidence that Xiong Yi was originally sealed as a non-Danyang. It records the ancestral residence of Chu, "to Xiong Yi and Qu."
, so that the Gang Bu Bu, migrated to Yitun". According to research, Yitun is not Danyang, but a small place name in Danshui Zhiyang (in present-day Xichuan County), and the Jingzong where Xiongyi's ancestor Mane Xiong lived was in the Central Plains (near present-day Luoyang). Another scholar analyzed that "Chu Shijia" said that Xiong Yiju Danyang should be a general reference and belonged to the Danjiang River Basin, while "Chu Ju" recorded Xiong Yitun is a real record.
In short, although it is not at fault to locate the three kingdoms of Yan, Wei and Chu according to Ji, Qixian and Danyang, these capitals have nothing to do with the first feudal places of each country. This may be related to the fact that Sima Qian chose to establish the capital for a long time, and the well-known and influential national capital was used to determine the geographical location of the vassal states, which could not faithfully reflect the migration paths of various countries. Following this reasoning, it is probably inappropriate to rely on Zheng County of the Qin and Han dynasties to correspond to the "Zheng" of the first seal of Duke Huan.
(2) The name and prestige of the forest
If Jingzhao Zheng County is not the corresponding place of Zheng Huan's official feudal, then the "Shiben" "Lin" theory highlights its existence value. "Shiben Residence Chapter" contains: "Zheng Huan Gong sealed the forest and migrated to pick up. In some classics, "棫林" is also written as "Xianlin". Zheng Xuan's "Poems, Zheng Spectrum": "At the beginning, King Xuan sealed his mother and brother in the land of Xianlin in Zongzhouji, which was for Zheng Huangong, and now Jingzhao Zheng County is his capital. Kong Shu: ""Geographical Chronicles" cloud 'Jingzhao Zheng County, Zhou Xuan's mother and brother Zheng Huan Gongyi', is Huan Gong Feng Jingzhao Zheng County, so Yun Jingzhao Zheng County is its capital. Its place is called the salty forest, so it is called the "land of the salty forest". Since the Qing Dynasty, most scholars have been influenced by it, such as the Qing Liang rope said: "The forest, that is, the old Zheng Xianlin, was also sealed by the mother and brother of the queen of Xuan." Qian Kun also said: ""Poems" Zhou Xuan Wang Feng mother and brother friends in the Xianlin land of Zong Zhougi, "Shiben" as the forest, Xian, the shape of the characters is similar and wrong. Chen Mengjia quoted the "Book of Rites and Funerals" "Dafu Shi to salt" note "salty or for the tree", advocating that the forest should be made of salt. Some commentators believe that the fiefdom of Huan Gongshi is actually a salty forest and has nothing to do with the forest.
The ancient sound "棫" belongs to the department, and "salty" belongs to the invasion department, and there is no possibility of transfer, when there is a mistake. The king of the Qing Dynasty quoted him and said: "Xian is regarded as or, and the borrowed word of 'or' is also borrowed." The ancient sound or such as 棫, so 棫 is made or, or similar to the shape of the salty character, because it is mistakenly made salty. Li Xueqin believes that Wang's statement is very likely, but it cannot be ruled out that Zheng Huan's residence was originally in Xianlin, and it was changed by mistake due to the practice of the forest. Yu Wanli clearly pointed out that the Xianlin is regarded as a forest, which seems to be undoubted. In contrast, it is still preferable to use the king's quotation. A similar example is "Historical Records: The Biography of Lü Buweilie": "(King of Qin) moved the empress dowager to Yu Yong. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a single engraved copy of "Historical Records Suoyin", which quoted "Shuo Yuan" cloud in "Lu Chuan": "Moved to the Empress Dowager Xianyang Palace." This book "Shuo Yuan" is "Yang Palace". There is no Xianyang Palace, and there is no Yang Palace. Qinghuang Shisan pointed out, "Those who make Xianyang are wrong······ The next words welcome the Empress Dowager Yu Yong, as the Yang Palace, and the Yang Palace is in Ju County. It can be seen that the word "棫" is mistaken for "salty" from time to time.
In addition, the inscription of the Western Zhou Dynasty appears as a person with "salty", or as a personal name, such as "Bo Xian's father" ("Mingtu" 1629), or to indicate the end of the matter, such as Deding's "birth of martial arts from the pickaxe, salty." ("Mingtu" 2266) and the vast majority of the "Xian" followed by nouns/verbs examples, how to respect "Wang Xianhe" ("Mingtu" 11819), Gao Shan cover "Xianli" ("Mingtu" 13345), raccoon dog "Xianyi" ("Mingtu" 13319), etc., "Xian" is used as an adverb, and it is rare to see "Xian" as a place name. On the contrary, there are many place names from "or" in Yi inscriptions, such as Cai Gui's "Wang Zaihui" ("Mingtu" 5398), Chang Yongxuan "in Xiahui" ("Mingtu" 14796) and so on. The double rhyme of the two voices is completely passable. Another inscription appeared"
Lin" place name, Tang Lan pointed out that this word from "or", down from Zhou, that is, Lin. Probably because it is in the area of Zhouyuan, so from Zhou. Qiu Xigui also thinks that Lin Dang is pronounced as 棫林. When the Sanshi Pan is remembered and the field boundary is surveyed, it is said that "descending, two seals" ("Mingtu" 14542), in which "棫" is used as a place name, which is undoubted. From this point of view, the former sages mostly said that Zheng Huan's fiefdom was "Xianlin", which is really not creditworthy, and "Xianlin" should be a mistake for "Xianlin".
As for the forest and the land, scholars mostly rely on Zheng Xuan's "Poetry Spectrum" and Kong Yingda Shu to associate it with Jingzhao Zheng County. Later generations, such as "General Dictionary", "Yuanhe County Atlas", "Inclusion Chronicle", "Poetry and Geography Examination", etc., all of them are their own. In fact, since Zheng Xuan and Kong Yingda both recorded "Yanlin" as "Xianlin" and called it a mistake, the designation of their location will inevitably be greatly discounted. In addition to this, there are other differences such as Jingyang theory, Liquan theory, Fengxiang theory, and Fufeng theory. In fact, there are two views in "Zuo Biography", and there are differences between things and things. "The Sixteenth Year of Xianggong": "In the summer and June, Qi Shi was defeated, second to Yanlin. Yang Bojun said: "Linlin, Xu Di, now the northeast of Ye County, Henan. It has the same name as the fourteenth year of "Biography" Qin Di Lin. Or think that this place may be the place where Huan Gong was first sealed, and the initiator may be Qiu Xigui. When he analyzed the inscription, he agreed with Tang Lan's view that the forest in the inscription was the same as the forest, but he did not support the Tang family's determination of the land in the area of Fufeng and Baoji in Shaanxi, and advocated that the forest of the inscription was entirely likely to be the Xudi forest contained in the sixteenth year of Xianggong (557 BC) in the "Zuo Chuan", in the northeast of Yexian County. An important basis for Qiu's judgment of the land of Guizhong is that the "Bo Rong Hu" in the inscription is interpreted as "Bo Rong Yu Hu", and "Hu" is the place name, or in Yuncheng, Henan, east of Ye County. When you look into it, you have a lot of intentions.
First, Ye County is less than 50 miles southeast of Pingdingshan City, and the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty should be in the area of Xuezhuang Township, Pingdingshan. In addition to the Zheng land in Wanggi, according to the "Chinese", the area most likely to have contact with Huan Gong was between Yu and Xu, and this place was also separated from Ye County, which did not fit the scope of Huan Gong's life activities. Furthermore, according to the inscription, it should be that the Rong people attacked first, and then "led the division and the division to chase the royal Rong in the forest, and fought against the Rong Hu". ("Mingtu" 5379) According to the text, he led his subordinates and Shi Shi to pursue the Rong people, and when they reached the land of the forest, they should catch up with the enemy, and then the two sides began to fight. If "Hu" is understood as the name of the place, then the forest where the Rong people chased will become a land of snakes' feet, and it seems to be more concise and clear to directly record leading the army to fight in Hudi. From this point of view, Tang Lan's view of the word "Rong Hu" as the view of the Rong tribe should be more credible after Shang Zhiru's argument. Third, Qiu also quoted the ancient book "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and the words of Chen Zhan, and regarded Zheng's father's hill as the material proof that Zheng Guo was established in the East at the beginning. However, the first title of Duke Huan was in the twenty-second year of King Xuan (806 BC), and it can be seen from the words of Chen Zan in the annotation of the "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles" that in the second year of the Marquis of Wen of Jin, that is, the second year of the defeat of King Youwang (769 BC), Duke Huan obtained the "Hill of Father Zheng", which should be decades after he lived in the forest, and will not hinder the statement that the first Duke of Huan was sealed in the "Shiben". Commentators say that Zheng Huan Gong was sealed in the front, and lived in the hill of Zheng Father's in the back, that is, the original fief should have Zheng Land, not after the hill of Zheng Father, he was called Zheng Huan Gong. Therefore, Huan Gong Shi Feng Ye County near the east of the forest, this article does not take
The other is Xiqilin, that is, the place where the Jin princes went after conquering Qin Jijing in the fourteenth year of Xianggong (559 BC) in the "Zuo Chuan". "Historical Records of Qin" also recorded this battle: "(Qin Jinggong) in the eighteenth year, Jin mourned Gongqiang, several princes, led to the defeat of Qin, and defeated the Qin army. The Qin army left, and the Jin soldiers chased after them, so they crossed Jing and returned to the forest. Qing Wang Xianqian talked about the "Shiben" and said: "The Qin Chronicles" Jin mourned the Duke of Jin to chase the Qin army, crossed Jing to the forest, and now there is no test for the pickup. "This forest has been linked to the fiefdom of Huan Gongshi. In fact, according to the "Zuo Biography", the general location of the forest is still clear. Due to the discord between the Jin generals and commanders, the purpose of serving Qin was not achieved. The Jin led the princes from east to west, and after crossing Jingshui, they were stationed on the west bank of Jingshui. After that, Zheng Sima took the lead in advancing in the direction of the Qin division, and the princes' divisions all followed, and the army arrived at Qilin and did not advance again. According to the analysis of the route of Qin, Lindang is in the west of Jingshui, the east of Yongcheng (now Fengxiang), the capital of Qin, and there is still a considerable distance from Yongcheng, so the Jin people call it the battle of delay. According to this deduction, Jingyang is too close to Jingshui, Zhengxian is in the east of Jingshui, Fengxiang is in the west of Qilin, all of which are difficult to coincide with the marching route of the campaign, only Liquan and Fufeng are located between Jingshui and Yongcheng, which is in line with the geographical characteristics of the army reaching in Lilin and not reaching Yongcheng. However, there is no place name related to Liquan in Liquan, and this place may be based on the Hou Li coordinates in the 13th year of Chenggong (578 BC) recorded in the "Zuo Chuan" in the battle of the allied army to attack Qin, and the coordinates of Hou Li in "Shi Sui crossed Jing and returned to Hou Li", and the credibility is not high. Among all the theories, only the Fufeng theory may be close to the facts.
First of all, Fufeng is located in the "Zheng" land seen by Jinwen in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Three years pot Mingyun: "Only three years of September Ding Si, Wang Zaizheng, feasting, calling Uncle Zhao, tin lamb." ("Mingtu" 12441) This vessel comes from the No. 1 cellar of Baicun in Fufengzhuang, which is the place where the Wei family eats. Bearing in mind that the king of Zhou held a feast in Zhengdi, Weishi was called to participate, and his residence should be close to Zhengdi, where the palace of the king of Zhou is located. It shows that "Zheng", which is the place name of the Western Zhou Dynasty, may be in the territory of Fufeng County. If Zheng Huan's early fiefdom is not in this Zheng, but points to Jingzhao Zheng County, if Weishi wants to attend the king's feast, it will be a long way to go, and it will be difficult to make this trip.
Secondly, Fufeng has clues related to the forest. Chang Xuan Mingyun: "King Mu is in Xia, King Mu feasts, that is, Jing Bo, Tai Zhu shoot, King Mu contempt Chang Si is Jing Bo." ("Inscription" 14796) Remembering that King Mu held a feast in the Xiaqi Palace, and summoned Jing Bo and others to participate in the shooting ceremony. Scholars point out that "the maker of the vessel performed the ritual of shooting in the king's house, and went to the place of the well." The "Xiaxi" where King Mu's palace is located should be close to the residence of Jingbo Caiyi, which is in the area of Fufeng Famen. Xiawei and the forest can be linked. Scholars mostly come to Fengxiang according to Yongyou Qiyang Palace as the location of the forest, but the Qiyang Palace is not only in Yongxian County, but also can be seen in Fufeng. "Sanfu Huangtu" contains: "Qiyang Palace, made by King Qin Zhao, in the northeast of Fufeng County, Qizhou. "Fufeng County Chronicles", "Guanzhong Shengji Map Chronicles" and "Reading History Fangyu Minutes" all say that the Yang Palace is 30 miles northeast of Fufeng County, and the Qiyang Palace may be named because it was built in the south of the mountain with dense forests. Fufeng has a place name related to the forest, which provides an important basis for the fiefdom of Zheng Huan to determine here.
Moreover, the "Epitaph of Guanzhong Mausoleum" written by Qi Guangzong of the Ming Dynasty once recorded that Zheng Huan Cemetery was in Xiguo. It seems to be used as circumstantial evidence that Zheng Shi's fief is not Zheng County. "Yi Zhou Shu Wang Hui" and "Ram Biography" in the second year of the Duke of Yu (658 BC) all called Yu Guo, and Xiguo is Xiyu. The mausoleum of Zheng Huan appeared in the land of Xiyu, and its original fiefdom was adjacent to it. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, it was common to have a combination of residences and burials, and aristocratic cemeteries were not uncommon near their fiefdoms. Outside the country, such as the Yanguo Tomb of Liulihe, the Zengguo Tomb of Yejiashan in Suizhou, and the Weiguo Tomb of Xincun in Junxian County, are all in their respective capitals. The tomb of Uncle Jing in Zhangjiapo in Fengxi is also consistent with the fiefdom of Uncle Jing. If it is said that Zheng Huan Gong died and was buried in the first sealed place because of nostalgia for his homeland, it should be reasonable. As for why the Huan Cemetery appeared in the territory of Xiyu instead of Zhengdi, there is the greatest possibility, that is, since Huan Gong moved out of his original feudal Zheng land, the land originally belonged to Zheng was later occupied by the Xiyu family.
Xiyu Shiju Baoji area, there are few objections. However, the Xiyu recorded in the "Guanzhong Mausoleum Epitaph" may not be its major sect, but should be a group of Xiyu who moved to Zhengdi. There is the existence of the Xiyu branch in the territory of Fufeng, which has been confirmed by the inscription. In 1974, a batch of cellar bronzes were unearthed in Fufeng Qiangjia Village, including five pieces of bronze ware with inscriptions, including Shi Wangding, Ji Gui, Shi Yu Zhong, etc., and the era of all instruments was concentrated in the world of the common world. According to research, the family has been the "teacher" of the dynasty for generations since the "Lie Ancestor Yu Ji", and it is actually the small sect of the Xiyu family. Moreover, according to the Bronze Age, the Yu Ji clan had settled in Zhou Yuan at the latest by the time of Xiaoyi, and the bronzes in their cellars may be related to the fact that they were appointed to govern the Xuan Palace people. It is likely that this small sect of Xiyu will occupy the land of the first fiefdom of Duke Huan in the future, resulting in the cemetery of Zheng Huan being recorded in the territory of Xiyu. There is another possibility, that is, the Yu Ji clan, which developed from the middle period, later annexed the Zheng land of the first feud of the Duke of Huan, and then gave it a small sect to establish the Zheng Yu clan, and the fief was near here. It is like separating the small sect Jing Shu's clan from Jing Bo's own family, and after the Jing Shu's power is flourishing in the second half of the middle period, he will build another Zheng Jing clan from Zheng Di. Therefore, it is not unfounded to speculate from the fact that the small sect of Xiyu lived in Fufeng and Huan Cemetery in Xiyu and set the Zhengdi of Huan Gong's first residence in the Fufeng area.
2. The relationship between Zheng Huan's first move and Zheng
"Shiben" recorded that after Zheng Huan Gong sealed the forest, he followed the word "migration". Song Zhenyun at the end of the Han Dynasty: "The forest and the picks are both old place names." Feng Huan Gong, is named Zheng. "The forest and the picks have been the residence of the Duke of Huan, and the forest has been as before, in the wind Zhengdi. As for why "pick" is called Zheng, most scholars fail to find out the reason, but regard it as a form of "郐". Such an interpretation not only lacks a reliable textual basis, but also makes it impossible to explain the relationship between Shi and Zheng reasonably. In fact, Chen Mengjia, Tang Lan and others have already pointed out that the land may be the old name of Jingzhao Zheng County, although it has not been deeply identified, but it is quite reasonable. Here I would like to make another argument on the relationship between Shi and Zheng to insist on this.
Pickup, in fact, is the fake word of "郃", and "migration" can be interpreted as "migration". "Lao Tzu" "will want to die", and Ma Wangdui silk book A book is "will want to pick it up". Pick up the passage of She, "Interpretation": She, Yun "and make negotiation". "Han Feizi Yu Lao" is Xi, and "Erya Interpretation" clouds: "Xi, Heye." "Poetry New Year" "Qia is better than its neighbors", Mao Chuan: "Qia, Heye." "Poetry Daming" has "in the Yang of Qia", and "Shuowen" is "in the Yang of He". Pickup, negotiation, cooperation, and 郃 are all the words of the Ministry of Arrest, and they can all be passed. According to this reasoning, the location of "picking" can be linked to the "Yang of Qia (He)" mentioned in "Poetry Daming". The fourth and fifth chapters of "Da Ming" clouds:
The heavenly prison is below, and there is a life to gather. King Wen is the first load, a match made in heaven. In Qiazhiyang, in Weizhixiang. King Wen Jiazhi, Dabang has a son. Dabang has a son, the sister of the sky. Wending is auspicious, and welcomes Yu Wei in person. The boat is built as a beam, and its light is not revealed.
The poem mainly records the fact that King Wen married the eldest concubine. The poem "Dabang" is the country of Xin, and the "son of the state" is the great concubine from the country of Xin. In order to show the importance that King Wen attached to the marriage of Zhou and Xin, King Wen personally welcomed Yu Wei. The poem called "in the Yang of Qia, in the Wei Zhixiang", is closely related to the location of the ancient Xin country, and the ancient and modern scholars rarely have different words, and most of them are set in the area of Haoyang. Zheng Xuan, Kong Yingda, Zhu Xi, Gu Zuyu and others all hold this view. There are also believers today.
In fact, the practice of first interpreting "in the Yang of Qia" as Qiayang, and then linking it with He(郃) Yang seems to be reasonable on the surface, but it is contrary to the meaning of poetry. King Wen's marriage to the eldest concubine was a matter of his early years, when King Wen had not yet migrated to Feng and was still living in Qixia. According to Kong Shu, the so-called Qiayang and Weixiang are the home countries of Daji. However, Qishan is in Weibei, and Haoyang is also in Weibei, and from Qishan to Haoyang, you can pass through Jingshui and Luoshui, but it is impossible to pass through Weishui. If King Wen lived in Weibei when he welcomed his wife, then the mother of the eldest concubine should be in Weinan.
According to the literature, there should have been more than one Xin state in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and there was a difference between the surnames Ji and Jiang. There is a Xin state in the eastern and western regions of present-day Henan, which has nothing to do with the Xin state of King Wen's marriage. The Guanzhong Xin Kingdom is not in the area of Haoyang County (at least at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Xin was not in Haoyang), which is evidenced by the unearthed bronze inscriptions. In 1975, a Shang tomb was found in Nanpu Village, Weinan, Shaanxi, and 52 bronzes were unearthed, including a Shang Dynasty willow leaf spear with the inscription "Xinyi."
3 characters ("Ming Tu", 17587). Xin and Xin both belong to the real department, and Yi has the meaning of "country", and the inscription "Xinyi" can be used as "Xin country" solution. This is similar to the name of "Feng Shi" unearthed at the Feng Ho site, not a personal name. According to the excavation briefing, "the Xinyi spear is an artifact of the Shen Kingdom. There are no Xin bronze artifacts unearthed in Haoyang, and Xinyi spears unearthed in Weinan Yangguo, which provides important clues for the study of Shang and Zhou and Youxin history." The Xinyi spear came from Weinan County on the south bank of Weishui, indicating that the Xin State may be in Weinan at this time, which is more poetic than the Heyang theory. Only in this way can King Wen take the eldest concubine who originally lived in Weinan Xin Kingdom to the north bank of Weishui by boat as a beam, and he will "welcome Wei in person" here.
In addition, the poem "in the Yang of Qia, in the Wei Zhixiang", should be regarded as a way of language expression, and can not be effectively linked with the so-called place names of Haoyang. There are many examples in the "Book of Songs", such as "The Emperor's Sun", "The Yang of Juqi, the General of Wei";
Palace" "Marquis Yulu······ "Shuoren", "the son of the Marquis of Qi, the wife of the Marquis of Wei", etc., are said before and after, or in the same place, or colleagues, or the same person, but the expression is different. According to this, it can be seen that Qia and Wei Ershui should be in the same place. "In the Yang of Qia" is the north of Qia (He) Shui, south of Weishui. According to Guanzhong Xinguo, the "Yang in Qiazhiyang" can be set in Weinan County, Shaanxi (now known as Weinan City), that is, the land can also be set in Weinan. The original Jingzhao Zheng County, later renamed Huaxian, is now Huazhou District, Weinan City. In this way, the land and Zheng County can be said to be close to the same.
Again, the Qing Dynasty "Shaanxi Tongzhi" contains: "Pick, "Department of the book" Huan Gong dwells in the forest, migrates to pick up, are ancient place names, self-styled Huan Gong is named Zheng, Huazhou East has picked up the village, and now the vulgar is a stone. "The stone and the stone are all returned to the Zen button, and the stone belongs to the Duo Department, and the stone is picked up in the Ministry of Arrest, which can be passed. And "Water Classic: Weishui Note" "passed east through the north of Zheng County"; Weishui is to the east, and Shiqiaoshui is south to Maling Mountain······ Its water north to the west of Zheng County, there is a bridge on the water, although the bridge collapses, the old traces still exist, go to Zheng County ten miles in the east, so the world is named after the bridge water also. From this, the original Weishui East should have West Stone Bridge Water, named after the bridge water, it can also be called Shishui, and it may have a causal relationship with the ancient Shishui that has long been extinct. Shishui is north of Zheng County, indicating that the gleaning land may also be north of Zheng County. And the "Minutes of Reading History and Public Opinion" also contained: "Ancient Zhengcheng is twenty-five miles northeast of (Hua) Prefecture. "Quasi-this, in the place of about twenty-five miles northeast of the original Zheng County, it seems that traces of gleaning can be found. Coincidentally, there are place names of Shi Village and North Shi Village on the south bank of Weishui more than 40 miles northeast of Huaxian County. Except for a slight error in the distance, it is suitable for matching with ancient geographical works. For this reason, the relocation of the head of Zheng Huan to the area of Jingzhao Zheng County should be established.
After Zheng Huan Gong moved out of his original fiefdom, the first place to move was in "Shi", that is, the original Jingzhao Zheng County, thus forming a new capital. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Song Dynasty thought that the name of "picking" was Zheng because of the title of Duke Huan. In fact, the original Jingzhao area had the existence of "Zheng" long before Feng Huan Gong. The geographical composition and organization of Zheng in the Jin texts of the Western Zhou Dynasty are very complex, not only Fengxiang and Fufeng can be included in the scope of "Zheng", but also the figure of "Zheng" can be found in the area east of Zongzhou. In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yongyu Mingyun:
Only at the beginning of the tenth and second year, Ji Ding Mao, Yi Gong entered the Son of Heaven, Gong is out of the fate, Xi Shi Yong Ji Tian: Yin Yang Luo, Jiang Wei Shi lay father Tian······ Gong Nai ordered Zheng Situ
Father, Zhou people are the engineers
、
Shi and Yi people are Kui's father, Bi Ren is the same teacher, Fu Yong Ji Tian, Ji rate to perform the Song sentence of the Turkic Xinjiang, worship the head of Ji forever, and take a leave of absence from the son of Yang. (Mingtu, 6230)
The inscription mainly describes that Yigong received the king's order to give Shiyong land, and then Yigong ordered Zheng Situ and Zhou people to handle the land delivery and other matters. The land given to Shi Yong by the king of Zhou contains two parts, in addition to the original land of the master and the layman, the land in the area of Yin and Yang Luo is newly given. "Yin Yang Luo" means both sides of Luoshui, that is, the north and south of the Luohe River in Shaanxi, and the Luoshui source comes out of the southwest of Huazhou District, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, and the junction of Linwei District and Lantian County. The chief person in charge of the land settlement was Cheng Situ
Father, it means that Shi Yongxin's land is within the jurisdiction of Zheng Situ. Moreover, this vessel was unearthed in Lantian County, Shaanxi, and Lantian North is connected with Hua County, which should be in the "Zheng" region mentioned in the inscription.
In the twelfth year of Zhaogong (530 BC), "King Ximu wants to be unbridled and travels the world······ The sacrificial father wrote the poem "Prayer" to stop the king's heart, and the king was confiscated in the palace. "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" quoted the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and said: "In the first year of King Mu, the palace was built in Nanzheng. "Nanzheng is in Jingzhaozheng County, that is, Huaxian County, Shaanxi. Some scholars pointed out that the site of the Gion Palace is in the northwest of Huaxian County, Shaanxi, and the Zheng Palace should refer to the Gion Palace. If this is the case, the "Zheng" of Huaxian County should also come from Zheng Di and Zheng Palace in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it can be called "Zheng" long before Feng Huan Gong, and it is not because of Feng Huan Gong that it is called Zheng. The land is in Zheng County, so it is logical that the name "pickup" is Zheng.
In the eleventh year of the Yin Gong (712 BC), the "Zuo Biography" contains the words of Zheng Zhuanggong: "My ancestor is here. Du Note: "This, now Xinzheng, Henan." Old Zheng, in Jingzhao. And the sixteenth year of Zhao Gong (526 BC) in "Zuo Biography" also said: "In the past, my ancestors, the Duke of Huan and the merchants were all from Zhou. Du Note: "Zheng Ben was in Zhougi, and Duke Huan moved eastward and joined the merchants. The "Zheng" in Ji before the eastward migration of Duke Huan mentioned by Du Pre should be understood as the "old Zheng" in the preface, that is, "picking" the land, not referring to the land where Duke Huan was first feuded. Because before Zheng Guo moved east to Xinzheng, Huan Gong had already migrated once in Zong Zhouji, that is, the "Shiben" said that the forest to the gleaning land, and the settlement place of Huan Gong before the eastward migration was in Zheng County, not the land of the first sealing of the forest. Because the influence of Jingzhao Zheng County is greater, it can be regarded as the old Zheng opposite to Xinzheng.
In addition, Tsinghua Jian's "Zheng Wengong Asks Taibo" appears in a similar sentence to "Zuo Chuan", cloud: "Xiwu first Jun Huan Gong and then from Zhou", the "later out" here is thought to refer to Zheng Zaiji's surname in the state of the state after the seal, but other scholars pointed out that "'later out' is a dialogue with the 'first seal' in the "Zheng Shijia" 'Friends were first sealed in Zheng', and 'first seal' and 'later out' are longitudinal comparisons of Zheng Guo himself before and after. If it is said later, supplemented by the Du Note of the "Zuo Chuan", it seems that the "Zheng" of Jingzhao, where the Duke of Huan moved eastward, was already a place of "later exit", or it may prove that the "Zheng" of the "Historical Records" "originally sealed in Zheng" was not Zheng County, and it should be another place, which also illustrates the rationality of the record of the "Shiben" from the side.
epilogue
Gong Zheng Huan was the first feudal monarch of Zheng Guo, originally the prince of Zhou Li and the younger brother of King Xuan, and was later sealed by King Xuan in Zong Zhouji as a feudal monarch. However, about the initial place of its feud and its migration path, it has been obscure for a long time, except for the ancient book "Bamboo Book Chronicle" that recorded that Huan Gong moved to Zheng's father's hill because of Keyi, "Shiben Ju Chapter" records that he "sealed the forest, migrated and picked", or truly reflects the process of residence change in the early days of Huan Gong, which is worthy of attention. However, many scholars have interpreted the forest in the "Shiben" as Jingzhao Zheng County, and "migration" is understood as "migration". This treatment not only simplifies the eastward migration of Zheng Guo, and regards it as a two-point and one-line move from the fiefdom to Xinzheng, but more importantly, the geographical relationship between Zhenglin and Zheng County, which is a one-to-one correspondence between the former sages, has many flaws in the method of argumentation, the former may be misled by Zheng Xuan's "Poetry Spectrum" and Kong Shu's name "Xianlin", and the latter mainly uses the method of literal falsification, in fact, this geographical cognition is more unreasonable in interpreting the change of Huan Gong's residence.
"Historical Records of Zheng Shijia" said that Zheng Huan Gong "was first sealed in Zheng", and later generations used the method of comparing ancient and modern place names to explain that "Zheng" was Jingzhao Zheng County, which may be unreliable. From the capitals of Yan, Wei and Chu contained in the Historical Records, it can be seen that Sima Qian lacked a true description of the migration path of the princes' capitals, and the statement of the initial seal of the Zheng Shijia did not faithfully reflect the change process of the early Zheng Kingdom. Judging from various materials, the "Shiben" records that Huan Gong began to seal the forest, which should be related to Sima Qian's "first seal in Zheng", but the forest is not in Jingzhao Zheng County, designated by later scholars, but is one with the Qindi Linlin mentioned in the "Zuo Chuan", and its place is located in the area of Fufeng in present-day Shaanxi. This can be deduced from the Qin route in the 14th year of Xianggong (559 BC) in the "Zuo Chuan", and the clues that the Jinwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty shows that Fufeng has the place name of the ancient forest, and Fufeng is located in the "Zheng" land of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Even the Zheng Huan Cemetery is recorded in the territory of Xiyu, which coincides with the annexation of Zheng Di by the Yu Ji clan of the small sect of Xiyu and the residence in Fufeng.
As for the first move of the Duke of Huan, it is inappropriate to rely on the literal form to correspond to the land, but it should be linked to the "Yang of the Emperor of the Book of Songs" in the "Book of Songs, Daming", so that the land should be in Jingzhao Zheng County, but the "picking" land was not named Zheng because of the Feng Huan Gong, in fact, as early as before the Feng Huan Gong, the "pick" was in the Zheng land of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Compared with the future Zhengdu Xinzheng, it can be regarded as the old Zheng before Zheng Dong's migration.
Author: Ye Xianchuang Source: "China Local Chronicles" 2023 Issue 2 Draft: Geng Yu Editor: Du Jialing Proofreader: Song Shanran Reviewer: Wang Hongqin Editor: Geng Yu (Due to the limited content of the layout, please refer to the original text for the content of the article notes)
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