In 1644, with the Jurchen iron cavalry led by Nurhachi entering the pass, the Ming Dynasty, which had existed for more than 200 years, collapsed, and the reason why this dynasty was widely studied by later generations is that there were too many wonderful, rich and profound contents in the 200 years of its rule, and there were too many regrets.
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I remember that year, Mingyue's set of "Those Things in the Ming Dynasty" was born, setting off a "Ming history fever", attracting many fans, and expanding the scope of discussion and research. Half of his life is full of regrets".
To this day, there is a saying that is widely spread: in the history of the Ming Dynasty for more than 200 years, there was no minister, no tribute, no harmony, no invasion, the Son of Heaven guarded the country, the king died in the community, the soldiers were buried on the battlefield, and the children were martyred, compared with the later Qing Dynasty, it was not too good.
There is powder and black in this world, and "Ming Hei" thinks that there are too many problems in the Ming Dynasty, and there are many problems with emperors, civil servants, military generals, eunuchs, and ink officials, and the Ming Dynasty does not seem to be intolerable, and there is no Ming Dynasty to open up a huge territory without the Ming Dynasty, and so on. Of course, the reason why the history of the Ming Dynasty is interesting is that the Ming Dynasty was the last Han dynasty, and it also seems to gather the circumstances of the previous dynasties, political, economic, and cultural situations.
For example, in the political seizure of power, captured and returned, keen to study carpentry, decades of behind-the-scenes manipulation, cricket and so on, they have different styles, but also powerful and powerful, trying to reform, gangs, loyal and outspoken, flies and dogs, and so on all kinds of big and small officials appeared, and they showed off their glory.
Culturally, the Ming Dynasty was rich and diverse, with Yangming, Taizhou, Jiangmen, Chongren and other schools of thought holding their own theories, and emerging classics such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Dream of Red Mansions" and "Golden Vase Plum", as well as literary and artistic talents such as Wen Zhengming, Zhu Zhishan, Tang Bohu, and Xu Zhenqing, the four great talents of Jiangnan, who left many stories in the community.
Economically, the Ming Dynasty was open and energetic, with the exploration of "Zheng He's seven voyages to the West", which expanded the maritime trade and expanded the political influence, but it seemed to miss the global "Age of Discovery" in advance.
Therefore, the seemingly closed exterior of the Ming Dynasty actually contained an open core, and the extensive exchanges between China and the West during the period were far inferior to those of the latter Qing Dynasty. If you look at it as a story, the open, interesting, vivid, and colorful Ming Dynasty is always fascinating, so later generations can't help but regret when they talk about the fall of the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty fell, and many people in later generations commented that some people in the Ming Dynasty said that it was the dispute between the Donglin Party and the Eunuch Party, forming gangs and factions, and causing chaos ······ the dynasty; Some people say that it is a natural disaster for many years, the people are not happy, and the children are eaten, which finally provoked the people everywhere, Zhang Xianzhong, Li Zicheng and others raised their banners, raised their arms and shouted, and responded in clusters, which broke the dragon vein ······ of the Ming Dynasty; Some people say that it was a series of manipulations by the feudal government, rich households accumulating wealth and speculation, serious increase in officials, and a series of riots that caused the people to stand on the wall, have no food, or have no fixed place to live, and wander, which gave Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong the opportunity to ······; Some people say that Chongzhen is cowardly and incompetent, self-serving, suspicious by nature, lacking courage in employing people, lacking means in politics, and lacking in military strategy, which makes the already sidelined imperial power even more empty, unable to resist foreign enemies externally, crisscross the country, and unable to rectify the rule of officials and appease the army and the people internally, and so on.
The superposition of all these factors finally gave Nurhachi a chance that he never dreamed of, he only relied on thirteen pairs of armor to raise troops, and only about 100,000 people entered the customs, and in the chaotic fighting and struggle of the late Ming Dynasty, he easily seized the world of the Han people, you must know that Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong at that time did not hold hundreds of thousands of troops. Speaking of this, I can't help but sigh, Chongzhen forced the queen and concubine to commit suicide on Meishan, and killed his children with his own hands, and hanged himself on the crooked neck locust tree, which can be regarded as preserving the last dignity of the Ming Dynasty.
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The joy of history lies not only in its regularity and inevitability, but also in its contingency and uncertainty.
In the late Ming Dynasty, after Wanli (specifically the fifteenth year of Wanli), seventy or eighty years since Chongzhen escaped from the Forbidden City, emperors, officials, eunuchs, merchants, students, businessmen, etc. had a round of fierce operations, so that the Ming Dynasty from the body to the bone marrow, full of holes, and problems everywhere, and all the disasters of all this have already been indicated, but the Chongzhen Emperor, who took over the "mess" in a hurry, was "forced" to become the last mourner of this collapsed empire.
Judging from the result, it was the death of Chongzhen's last incompetent rule, but from the process point of view, the empire began to collapse from Wanli, and the Qing people revised the "History of the Ming Dynasty" in the evaluation of "the death of the Ming Dynasty, the real death of the Shenzong", which was also recognized by the Ming Dynasty relics, and the emergence of general concerns about the future of the Ming Dynasty was in the Wanli period. For Emperor Chongzhen, he was the third tragic emperor after Zhu Qiyu and Zhu Changluo.
About Zhu Qiyu, in 1449, Zhu Qiyu's elder brother Zhu Qizhen, instigated by the eunuch Wang Zhen, was captured in the battle of Tumubao, he was ordered to take over the throne, and respected Zhu Qizhen as the emperor, and cracked the crisis of the Ming Dynasty in the defense of Beijing, and made great efforts to turn the tide, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, but after Wara was put back to Zhu Qizhen, he failed to treat his brother well, put him under house arrest in Nangong, and later made a change to the crown prince (Zhu Jianshen was established by the empress dowager), In 1457, Zhu Qiyu suddenly fell seriously ill (it is said that he was poisoned), Zhu Qizhen and some of the old ministers waited for the opportunity to move, launched a change to seize the door, and was also placed under house arrest by Zhu Qizhen, and died in less than a month, and was also denounced as "unfilial, unkind, unjust, filthy and virtuous, and the gods and men were angry", and abolished his emperor title, and gave him the title of "戾", called "King of Yuer".
About Zhu Changluo, encountered the first national capital dispute, stayed up for more than 20 years of the prince, happily went to office, healthy, ruddy, full of energy, as a result of a month of violent death, the violent death also left the Ming Dynasty three confusing, but also one of the most mysterious cases of the "Red Pill Case", it is said that after Zhu Changluo ascended the throne, the concubine Zheng, in order to please him, gave him eight beauties, so Zhu Changluo, who sang every night, exhausted his essence, and continued to indulge in pleasure after taking the elixir of Congzhe, causing a violent death. In this incident, some people say that he was killed by Zheng Guifei's conspiracy, after all, Zheng Guifei wanted to abolish Zhu Changluo when he was still the prince and set up his son Zhu Changxun as the prince (the dispute over the national capital), and then caused a struggle between the Donglin Party and the Eunuch Party (Wei Zhongxian). For Zhu Changluo, it was bad luck and fate, and for the political situation, this matter added snow and frost to the decadent late Ming Dynasty.
During his reign, Chongzhen issued three edicts (the most in history), the first time, because of the peasant army uprisings led by Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong and others, especially Nanjing was captured, the mausoleum was destroyed, and the palace was burned... , there are three entry disturbances after Jin. The second time, the rebel army revived, and the Qing army broke through the pass in many ways, and the momentum was even more victorious, and the soldiers and civilians suffered heavy casualties. The third time, the establishment of the Great Shun State, internal and external troubles were stirred up repeatedly, and the empire was almost destroyed. The emperor's sins generally seem to be sinful, but in fact they are subordinate ministers. The three edicts of self-sin are also the three nodes of the final demise of the Ming Dynasty. Three times he was forced to do so, three times he was forced to do so, each time he was more humble and helpless than the other, and again and again he heralded the fall of the dynasty.
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In the first ten years after Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne, the atmosphere of the Ming Dynasty was still exciting. As a result of Zhang Juzheng's reforms, the problem with Mongolia has been resolved in the north, with the Jurchens in the northeast, and in the interior, various popular uprisings are also being quelled. In particular, Zhang Juzheng implemented the "One Whip Law" and cleared the land, which brought great surprise to the finances of the Ming Dynasty. It's just that the lazy government and love of money of Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun and the Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youzhen's hard work and dedication have formed a sharp contrast, and it is easy for everyone to think that the death of Ming will die in an instant, and the general trend has gone.
When the Ming Dynasty died, during which emperor's term of office, for what reason, and how long a certain emperor reigned, these questions are all contingent and uncertain.
The drama of history lies in the fact that the Wanli Emperor was the longest-reigning emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and among all the emperors of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, worked hard to govern the country and became the emperor for 31 years, and Zhu Di, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, was the emperor of the Ming Dynasty for 22 years. And Zhu Yijun (Wanli Emperor), who was lazy and greedy for money, sat on the throne for forty-eight years, and the children and grandchildren of the long-sitting king were short-lived. Zhu Yuanzhang's crown prince Zhu Biao died before he could succeed to the throne; Zhu Di's crown prince Zhu Gaochi was in charge of the country for more than 20 years, and after his father's death, he died less than a year after he succeeded to the throne; Zhu Yijun's son Zhu Changluo died after serving as emperor for less than a month. This is another kind of accidentality, and the inevitability of history is always full of accidents, so that future generations have to think about the reincarnation and cause and effect of fate.
"There are only 100-year dynasties in history, where have we seen a dynasty of 1,000 years? Not to mention that after 100 years, will there be no king in the Central Plains? If there is a king, we will have to join it. "It's a trend, it's an inevitability.
Historically, the Wanli Emperor was in a dynasty whose vitality had not yet declined, and a group of courtiers led by Zhang Juzheng did their best, carried out innovation, and sought to rejuvenate the country, but they also encountered Empress Dowager Li, Feng Bao and others interfering in court politics and self-interest.
The vastness of history is like smoke and dust, and the comments of later generations are like green mountains, many things can no longer be verified, but the answer given by history is indefensible, and the Wanli Emperor may have opened the "Pandora" box of the Ming Dynasty, but the descendants of later generations, courtiers, sons, and students can be without fault?
Graphic | Network (Invasion and Deletion)