Zhou Ruchang
About the Speaker
Zhou Ruchang, a famous red scholar in mainland China, is the first person to study "Dream of Red Mansions" in New China after Hu Shi and other gentlemen, and is well-known at home and abroad as the main force and master of the research school. He was born on March 4, 1918 in Xianshuigu Town, Tianjin. He graduated from the Department of Spanish at Yenching University and taught at West China University and Sichuan University.
Introduction
Among the four classical classics in the mainland, only the protagonist in "Dream of Red Mansions" is a woman, in this book, the author Cao Xueqin said that her daughter is flesh and bone made of water, refreshing and lovely. The man was flesh and bone made of mud, and it was foul and smelly. Why does Cao Xueqin praise her daughter and belittle a man in this way, and why does she use her daughter as the main object of description in this great work? Does this have anything to do with his life experience?
Zhou Ruchang, a famous red scholar, believes that "Dream of Red Mansions" uses a special brushwork, that is, multiple brushstrokes and one stroke for multiple uses. The front looks at a layer of meaning, and when you look at it later, you suddenly realize that he is talking about this. Moreover, in the work "Dream of Red Mansions", the author also uses various methods to express his own feelings. Why did he sing about his daughter and belittle men, which was contrary to common sense in that patriarchal era, and Cao Xueqin borrowed the brushwork of "pretending" to express his mood.
So where did his feelings for his daughter come from? In "A Dream of Red Mansions", the author shows something, and we all remember that there is a plot in "A Dream of Red Mansions", and Xue Xiaomei newly compiled nostalgic poems. One of them is Huaiyin nostalgia: a strong man must guard against evil dogs, and the coffin stone is covered in three positions. Sending a message to the world is contemptible, and a meal knows grace and death. This is the story of Han Xin in the Han Dynasty, when Han Xin was so hungry that he was bullied by vicious dogs when he was a teenager, a woman rescued him. Later, when he made a fortune, he wanted to repay this woman. And Cao Xueqin also had a similar experience in life, when he was poor, he was rescued by a woman somewhere, so Cao Xueqin said, "There are people in the boudoir, and I feel that their actions and insights are all from me."
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Hello friends, and welcome to the Literature Museum. The love of all the friends at the scene for "Dream of Red Mansions" and their reverence for Mr. Zhou made Mr. Zhou vividly tell us the story behind Cao Xueqin's book here, and a three-dimensional Cao Xueqin came alive. This is also part of Mr. Zhou's talk about "Cao Xueqin's People and Their Books", "its people". So what about now, we once again welcome Mr. Zhou with applause to talk about "his book" for us.
Our title is "Cao Xueqin and His Book", the first half of which is mainly about his person, and the following is mainly about his book. However, there is a problem here, this man and this book of him, both have great personalities and are almost inseparable. Talking about his person is also for us to understand his book, and talking about the book also contains the purpose of understanding this person. Why did he make this book? So different. What kind of person is he? What is his mind and heart? One of our main desires to learn is not separated from this, isn't it? How can the author of "Dream of Red Mansions" be separated from his work. Of course, I'm not saying that you should believe my statement, it's an autobiography, and Jia Baoyu wrote it is himself, and you can completely disagree. I'm not that rigid, I mean. In his artwork, he takes Jia Baoyu as the main protagonist, what does he want to express? Mainly about his own mood and feelings, which I think is obvious, you can see it when you open the book. It's not a question of research, it's a question of how you feel.
Why do I start like that? It's that a lot of what I'm saying in the first half is half-talking. For example, when I talk about Pan Deyu, just talking about his creative conditions, there is nothing at a table or a stool. He still has important words, he said that when I read "Dream of Red Mansions", which plot I read, my tears are to use the words we have changed, don't endorse the book. "Tears up to the most". He's a Confucian, he's not an ordinary person, he's a fan of fiction, no. Listen to him, he's not there yet.
He said, if it is said that Cao Xueqin writes about others, his words are very good, but unfortunately I can't memorize it, and I have to talk about it if I do, let's talk about my memory. That means that he writes about this love so calmly. He said that if he hadn't taken it out in his heart, he would have written Zhang San and Li Si, like other novels, or that he had made up a talented and beautiful woman. For example, Cao Xueqin said at the beginning of the book that he originally had a few beautiful poems, and he fabricated two people in order to publish these works that he thought were beautiful. It was all a glimpse, and he didn't really inject his own mood into it. How could he behave in that situation? Pan Deyu said, I know from this, that is, he writes about himself.
Cao Xueqin opened the book and said, "I have gone through the ups and downs, I am dressed in brocade and hakama, wearing silk, and I am sweet and fat." Eat rice, good wine and good rice. However, half a life is ruined, and nothing can be accomplished. This is very precious, but I am ashamed and regretful, and then I say, "Repentance is useless." I've done this, I regret it, what's the use? But I'm ashamed of myself. The meaning of this sentence is that I myself am so untalented and unlearned, unfilial and incompetent, I simply don't know how to say it, I am worthless, what is the point of me writing about these things of myself? But this turning point is the most important thing at the bottom, if I don't write, "There are people in the boudoir, I don't want to write about self-protection." That is to say, I am not human, I can't write this, and my family ugliness can't be publicized.
However, I have taken what I know to know the intimate witnesses and heard, and there are people in the boudoir. What does "Lili" mean? "Lili" is clear and clear, and he will not write the words casually. If I don't write, I put so many girlfriends, their knowledge and behavior, "behavior" is "behavior", some of the performance is above me, I don't write that I am worthless. But how can I do this when I drown them out at the same time? How can I get by in my heart? That's why I have perfunctory the stories I am going to tell about these experiences, the hidden truths.
Everyone pay attention, this word, "perfunctory" is perfunctory, today's ordinary people's usage is perfunctory, not serious, not responsible, that is called "perfunctory". So-so, perfunctory, and set things up. Today's understanding is limited to this meaning, in fact, in Cao Xueqin's time, this "dressing" is "shop", and "Yan" is from this to push, open up, expand, is that meaning. Here, of course, there is an artistic component, not a dead account. Then you are asking, why are you talking about this today, if you don't talk about this, how do you understand "Dream of Red Mansions"? Who wrote it? This question must first be solved.
I'm going to say this from my vantage point, and I'm not saying that every single one of you has to agree with our humble opinion.
If Mr. Song Xiangfeng's words were to be believed, he would have been basically locked up in an empty house and in great mental pain. This kind of behavior and thoughts of oneself, the spiritual realm, and the secular people, including the parents in their own families, cannot understand it. What should I do, I want a little paper, I want a little ink, I write, I write me, write an autobiography, that doesn't work. I have to use an art form, "pretend", how can I pretend? What am I pretending? "Nuwa refining stones to make up for the sky". So the popular book,There is a not very short paragraph at the beginning called "The author is from the cloud". It was someone else who memorized it for him, but for more than 200 years, it was mixed into the text, and everyone read this at the beginning. Some people are stuck in such a paragraph, what is this called, what does this mean, it's not good-looking, it's not interesting, just close "Dream of Red Mansions".
But this paragraph is very important, it is to express myself, why I am making this book. "The author Ziyun, because after experiencing a dream, hid the real thing, borrowed the psychic theory, and turned to the book "Stone Records". Look at these few words, whose business, I have experienced such a time, "dream" is a fake word, if this thing passes, it is like a dream, it's as simple as that. He was trying to cover up, but he himself leaked it out, "so he hid the real thing", isn't that "dream" the real thing? If he is really a dream, why should you hide it, that "dream" I have experienced that real thing, I can't write about it.
I have to hide it now, and I also pretended to be a Nuwa refining stone, which later became a psychic jade, and wrote it in such a way to make the book "Stone Records". How clear is this statement. This is to tell the reader that I am what I am, that I am writing about me, that I can't say that it is me, that I will say that it is the rock. And the things I experienced were like dreams, and I couldn't write them as they were, I had to hide them. The so-called concealment is not to mention a word, but to change it and perfunctory. The so-called artistic, that's what it is. This is a large garden of the whole human art. If we use the term literary critic, it probably means that he writes about this character vividly. That "life" is a wooden edge, and a feather on the right is a "feather".
Chairman Mao said back then, when he talked about "Dream of Red Mansions", he said that you see Cao Xueqin wrote Sister Feng alive, and this sentence is lifelike. "Like life" is like living, not really alive. I like to chew words, but the character written by Cao Xueqin is not like life, that is alive, right there. His speech and demeanor, his voice and smile, are all here for you, right here. What's the matter, he's not like life, he's life. I don't know how to say it, we have an old word, I can barely borrow it, that is, it is well written, it is written lively, and that person is about to come out, and when he calls his name, he comes, how good is this. But today's people, even this is rarely used, and it is about to come out, when you call, you came, this Sister Feng, this Daiyu, this Baochai. You see, what kind of magical power it is, I can't explain it, but that's how I feel. You asked me to tell the book, I started here, and the story in it is not that it is okay to tell this and that, it is like a puppet show. When this person is playing Zhu Bajie, he doesn't move the other little puppets, and the old puppet shows are like this.
"The Outer History of Confucianism" is guilty of such a disease, one by one, out of this person, out of this person to tell this person's story. This person finished speaking, finished, none of his business, and then came out to say goodbye. No one is next to anyone, which is not the case with "Dream of Red Mansions". "Dream of Red Mansions" lies down in front, and there must be a response in the back, and the surface in front is this layer of meaning. If you look at the back, if you look at the back, it suddenly dawns on you, it's like this, two sides. This is a big feature that is not found in other novels.
And then there are its artistic characteristics, which is the term I created for him, which is my statement, not necessarily good. He will multi-use, and he will multi-use, and he writes about this subject goal, and he uses many pens to concentrate it. This stroke, that stroke, the back stroke, before and after, left and right. Then, when you look at it, you don't understand, you think it's all irrelevant, and then you look at it all at once, and these pens, many strokes, are all focused on this goal. He writes about him, like a painter, he paints a character, not just a stroke. Tick today, tick tomorrow. There is a head, and there is hair, and there is a garment, and there is a belt, and so on. Finally, this spirit is complete, perfect, this is called multiple strokes. This is true not only for people, but also for everything. Write Rongguo Mansion, use multiple pens, Leng Zixing said first, you don't know anything, you see what Rongguo Mansion is, you don't know anything. He spoke in a small hotel on the outskirts of Yangzhou, a stroke. And then whoever enters the house, see what the gate looks like, a stroke. Then went in to see there, Lin Daiyu arrived at the main hall, she raised her eyes and saw that the Rongxi Hall plaque, all kinds of decorations, and another stroke. I can't list them, but you'll understand that as soon as you hear it. This big yard, a few yards, this look at the photo, no. Zhou Rui's family, from which house did you receive the order, you give these 12 palace flowers. How she goes, whose window she passes through, which corner door she goes out of, who she hands over in the end, and she has to return to her life when she comes back, this is the rule. This is the courtyard where the Rongguo Mansion is written. Of course, this is not to say that this is the only goal. This pen is wonderful, that god. When you see this, you simple brain, that's what he wrote. Wrong, he wrote a lot of things, how many levels, how many characters. Look at it, how he writes about sending palace flowers, and when he goes to Xichun, Xichun says, hey, I just told Neng'er, I will also shave my head as a sister-in-law, where can I wear the flowers you sent. A lump is here, and later Xichun is a monk. You see this, this little joke, no one cares, all at once. Who did she go to, for example, Lin Daiyu, Zhou Rui's house is Mrs. Wang's house, and she doesn't have much contact with these people, and she doesn't care about it, this is a special errand given to her by Aunt Xue. She was helpless and went to Miss Lin. What was Lin Daiyu's first sentence? As soon as I looked at the flowers, I knew that others wouldn't pick the ones that were left and wouldn't give them to me. Listen, you all like Lin Daiyu, but I don't like it. Tell me, what do you think of Zhou Rui's family after hearing this? People just drop by and send them one by one, and there is no one who comes first, and there is a route. No one picked it, so I left this one for you, and another stroke, Lin Daiyu's temperament, came out. It's all like this in the future, there are too many examples, we don't have time today, if there is a chance, I will talk about Lin Daiyu's mouth.
Is it over? No, when she was ordered, it was Aunt Xue who was at Mrs. Wang's, and the two old sisters said that it was homely, and when she came back, Aunt Xue had already returned to her own house in Lixiangyuan. She had no choice, so she went to Lixiangyuan again and went to Xue's house to make an errand. At this time, I saw a little girl, and when she asked, she knew. This is the year the crutch was abducted, Xue Pan killed people in Yingtianfu, Nanjing, that little girl. Tell me, what did she say when she saw this Xiangling? If I remember well, ask her, how old are you? Where are you? Zhou Ruijia said, I am still very sad here after listening to it. Zhou Rui's family is still a kind-hearted person, very pitiful. And then there are important words, saying that Xiangling looks like that, and has the style of Xiaorong's grandmother in Dongfu. It's so important that I can only say that. We don't have that time today, and I don't have that much energy. There are many things in this later article, why do you want to lay this pen, you see, one stroke is multi-purpose, multi-stroke, it can be seen that it is so thick. That pen is so wonderful, so superb, you can't fathom it, you read it once, read it three times, I don't think it's good.
On the other hand, there is my personal feelings, which use various methods to express his own feelings. Why did he aspire to write "There are people in the boudoir", why did he worship women so much, and why did he belittle men. It's hard to say, it's not just the water that's made of mud. That one has become a cliché, and we won't talk about that today. He said that this daughter has a good nature, good talent, and good virtue. Men write that there are no good men. I often laughed to myself, and when we sat down, I was a bearded object, and I could deeply understand my daughter's state of mind. But there is no way, I am in this position, I can only speculate. Now the question is whether Cao Xueqin is faulty, this problem of men and women, yin and yang, one yin and one yang, this is a natural righteousness in ancient times. Why do you favor women over men, that is a mistake in ancient times. When Bai Juyi did "Song of Long Hatred", he was moved by Yang Guifei to say. Since Yang Guifei has been favored like this, he said, "So that the hearts of parents in the world will not be reborn as men and daughters." At this time in the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi pointed out this point, saying that parents all over the world want to give birth to boys in their hearts. But because Yang Guifei is particularly favored, it seems that the parents' hearts have changed, and they will not be reborn as men and girls. On the other hand, this statement has already taught us that it has always been patriarchal. He wanted to write about the woman, this woman, and he wrote this especially about the fate of the time. My feeling is that he writes about Miss, and the young grandmother is good, lifelike, and alive. I didn't write about the maid, I wrote more wonderfully. He was very sorry for these maids, at that time, the poor family, about ten taels of silver or less, bought a little girl, and raised it to be a handmaiden. What is the saying called? You don't know much, it's called a girl. I bought it in the house and became a servant girl, and I suffered that sin, so don't say it. Cao Xueqin saw that she was really ...... with Yu Xin , this is not unbearable, sympathy and pity are right, but this word is too ordinary and too light. His feelings are beyond expression. To write, to write in such a way that we can only praise and praise. There are no ready-made words that I can use, where does his affection for women come from, and he also has actual life feelings.
Let me give you an example, everyone still remembers Xue Xiaomei's new compilation of ten quatrains of nostalgic poems. On the surface, it is a riddle, and there is a mundane thing in each poem, which is a common and commonly used thing in daily life. In fact, in addition to this mystery, there is another layer of intention, which is what I just said, multi-purpose, which is a good example. I mean, the first song "Red Cliff Sinking Water Does Not Flow", this is Cao Cao's allusion. Cao Xueqin's ancestor, not to mention, from Wei Wen and Wei Wu, Emperor Wei Wu is their ancestor. This is the first list of the surname Cao. There is a Huaiyin nostalgia at the bottom, which is the story of Han Xin. Han Xin Sanqi King of the Han Dynasty, he looked at how to say, "A strong man must guard against evil dogs and bullies", a strong man, a big man, a big husband, he has no food, he is poor and a beggar, and he asks for food at other people's doors. This watchdog is going to be "bullied by vicious dogs", where does this come from? "When the coffin is set in the position of Sanqi", this means that Han Xin later made a fortune and was named the king of Sanqi. At that time, he was "bullied by vicious dogs", and later he became the king of Sanqi. The third sentence says, "Send words to the world and stop despising it", that is, I will pass on the words to you, ordinary people, you have heard Han Xin's story, don't laugh at others, who were later the king of Sanqi. When he was poor, when he was almost begging for food, he was bullied by vicious dogs. But don't look at him being bullied by vicious dogs, and you should be contemptuous, despised, and despised. In the fourth sentence "the grace of a meal is known when you die", when Han Xin was a teenager, when he was poor, he had nothing to make a living and fished there at the edge of the city. Fishing is probably fishing for some fish. There was a woman washing clothes by the moat, and he was so hungry that he was going to die and couldn't stand up. And a woman who was doing laundry, when she saw that he was pitiful, brought him bread to eat. This Han Xin is also very greedy, if someone gives you a meal to save you, it's over, no, he's hungry, he comes to this place every day and eats other people's meals. That woman is really a piece of true love, giving him food every day and counting food, which has become an allusion. said that he was greedy and greedy, and he was useless, Han Xin. Why are you writing this, obviously, in the records of the Qing people I just mentioned, there are people who live in the homes of relatives and friends without food and clothing. Relatives and friends often come to people like him, and people don't welcome them. There are also records that people later issued an eviction order, you go, we don't support you, this Cao Xueqin. Cao Xueqin was almost as hungry as Han Xin was at the beginning. In his own experience, there was a woman who did not know who or where, and he was relieved in this way, otherwise he would have starved to death. Therefore, he will never forget the talent, wisdom, virtue, and kindness of his daughters and women in his life, and I must thank them. As a result, he produced such a kind of "Dream of Red Mansions" that stands up to the sky and is immortal.
Then I got a lot of messages and a lot of questions. I have a question, which may be of great concern to everyone, and I would like to hear Mr. Zhou's views on this issue. Who do you think is Yan Zhai, and what is the connection between Cao Xueqin and Yan Zhai?
Fat Yan Zhai is the big name of the last book, "Fat Yan Zhai Re-evaluates the Stone Record", this is the fixed name. This name is from the 19th year of Qianlong Jiaxu, and that year, the name of Jiashen was set. That is to say, Cao Xueqin agreed to include the commentary of Yan Zhai as an integral part of this great work. This is a commentary, and it is the definitive version of the official "Stone Record". If there is no comment, it is still an early draft, and it should be understood as such. Just think about it, is the status of this Yan Zhai important? It's too important, it's not that Jin Sheng sighed and criticized "Water Margin", and later generations sighed and wrote their feelings and feelings in the book after reading it, no. This is the two of them at the same time, the relationship is very close, you do it there, I will approve it here, such a thing. Criticism is a real part of "Dream of Red Mansions", and this must not be forgotten, it is not an additional text, it is not dispensable. The second thing I know from their tone is that their relationship is too cordial, not ordinary relatives. It is a lot of criticism from the standpoint of a woman, a woman, and I say a feeling, a tone. This is also very clear, so what is the matter with this? This is found in the book, and on a certain occasion, he approved it, and I was also present. Fang Guan is hot, I also have to take off my clothes. Who is this? And so on, a number of points, bridging together, is Shi Xiangyun, Shi Xiangyun's original form. Shi Xiangyun appeared, he only appeared in the twenty times, and he appeared again in the thirty-first time, and he didn't mention a word before, this Shi Xiangyun is the second half of the work. Understood, so Yan Zhai said, "The book is not finished, Qin". One word is called "Qin", what kind of tone is this?, I call Cao Xueqin, others also criticize that you should say Cao Xueqin, people call it "Qin", "The book is not completed, Qin is gone for tears, and the rest of the cry is gone, and the tears are exhausted". "I hope that the Creator, God, you will create another celery and a fat, and the two of us will be happy under the Nine Springs." What kind of words are these? Let me tell you honestly, if it weren't for the relationship between husband and wife, how could he speak like that? This is in line with many records, and the true version of "Dream of Red Mansions" was not tampered with 120 times by Gao E. Seventy-eight times later, the plot is completely different from today's book.。 After that, Xiangyun Baoyu was poor to what time, almost became a beggar, and finally suffered a lot of hardships, and suddenly met again and became husband and wife. There is a "bride" in Duncheng Dunmin's elegy, saying that Cao Xueqin is dead, "the bride is floating in the twilight", and there is also a "bride", that Cao Xueqin can't close her eyes after she dies, "her eyes are twilight", she can't look at it, who is this? These clues are taken together, and I put forward my humble opinion, that is, to help and even remind Cao Xueqin, you don't write about the "Fengyue Baojian", you write about our women. Many people write about men, and "Water Margin" is written about robbers, men with eyebrows who open black shops and eat human flesh. Fat Yan Zhai has a great merit, helping him sort out and copy, right, this person's credit is too great, and many of his tones are women. I think, to put it simply, that's a lot to say, number one, she's a character in the book. Second, she is female. Third, the ethical relationship between her and Cao Xueqin is extremely intimate, and it cannot be separated from his creative literary career, thank you.
Mr. Zhou's speech is the best on-demand for us. I want to take apart the word "knowledge", Mr. Zhou said, Cao Xueqin's "Dream of Red Mansions" and his book. In other words, if we know the people, we know the books. Only by knowing his books can he better understand his people. The two are also mutual, interactive. So Mr. Zhou, who can be said to be a national treasure master-level red science expert, gave us such a lesson in simple terms and vividly, which will be very enlightening for us to understand Cao Xueqin's family history in the future, study the relationship between Cao Xueqin's life and his creation of "Dream of Red Mansions", as well as the many characters and artistic personality of "Dream of Red Mansions", and we will also benefit from it very much. So finally, let us thank Mr. Zhou Ruchang for his wonderful speech with warm applause.