Historically, cultural education in the Anhui River area was very prosperous, especially in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Yangming lectures spread rapidly in the Anhui River, and the number of colleges increased sharply, opening up a cultural atmosphere. In 1563, Luo Rufang founded the Zhixue Academy in Xuancheng, combining the concept of psychology with political indoctrination, "seeking truth from reality with solidity, and responding to practical things with practical learning", and the governance effect was obvious. Although the Zhixue Academy changed its name many times in the Qing Dynasty, the atmosphere of advocating "duxing" and "physical use" has been passed down.
Reverence for learning and nurturing talents
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Zou Shouyi, Wang Qi, Qian Dehong, Wang Geng, and a group of other scholars conducted lectures in the Xuancheng area. In the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), Luo Rufang became the prefect of Ningguo. Luo Rufang, character Wei De, trumpet Jinxi, Jiangxi Southwest City people, representative of the Taizhou School, is the great dramatist Tang Xianzu's teacher, his ideas have an important impact on Tang Xianzu's drama creation. Luo Rufang actively advocated lecturing, and talked about the study of ancient and modern life with Xuancheng gentry Gong Anguo and Shen Pet, as well as Zhou Yi of Taiping County, Cha Duo, Zhai Tai, Xiao Lianggan and others in Jing County, which made Xuancheng's lectures reach a peak.
In the forty-second year of Jiajing, Luo Rufang founded zhixue academy at the third peak of Lingyang after the Jingde Temple in Xuancheng City. "Zhixue" comes from the Analects of The Analects for Government, and Zi Yue: "I have five out of ten and aspire to learn, thirty and stand, forty without confusion, fifty and know the Mandate of Heaven, sixty and obedient, seventy and do not exceed the rules of the heart." "In the middle of zhixue college is the lobby, and then there are five trees in the lecture hall, forty trees on the left and right, more than 200 acres of land, and 14 taels of land rent in front of the house, as offerings and funds for the worship. Subsequently, Xuancheng County Ling Jiang Tai built the Wanling Jingshe in the west of Zhixue Academy and the right side of the Silk Division. Zhixue Academy and Wanling Jingshe became the centers of Xuancheng's lecturing heyday, and Luo Rufang asked Yu to inspect, supervise, and inspect the three stations, and transfer the rent to be issued as a supply for the lecture and the needs of Wang Yangming's ancestral shrine. In addition to Luo Rufang's personal lectures, he also invited Gong Anguo, Mei Shoude, and Shen Pet, who lived in the countryside, to give a lecture at zhixue academy, and the three were called "three gentlemen of zhixue", and hundreds of thousands of scholars who came to visit from afar were often hundreds of thousands. The Interpretation of the Xuantan Direct Interpretation records part of Luo Rufang's lectures in Xuancheng, which was later included in the Siku Quanshu Bibliography Series.
The establishment of Zhixue Academy promoted the local culture of Xuancheng and had a profound spiritual enlightenment for Confucian students, and most of them later entered the army. The idea of psychology makes the reader "moved", and then "worked hard" and eventually "rose", which was transformed into a driving force for entering the world.
Lecture on township covenants
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, some local clans and their gentry played an important role in local governance. As a local official, Luo Rufang paid attention to local social governance, and at the Zhixue Academy, he wrote the "Ningguofu Township Covenant Precepts", and he hoped that the content of the clan covenant would be publicized and implemented in the form of lectures.
Since the Ming Dynasty, since Zhengde Jiajing, social governance at the grass-roots level, especially public security issues, was mainly accomplished through the implementation of the armor protection system. The armor protection system is highly targeted and has an effect on punishing those who commit crimes, but it cannot make the people aware of "improper behavior" and are reluctant to do so, that is, it is difficult to eliminate people's desire to commit adultery from the root.
Luo Rufang, as a descendant of the Taizhou School, inherited its characteristics of popularization. When governing local society, Luo Rufang can learn from history, combine reality, and connect communication between the whole society. In the academy, he combined the "Six Sayings of the Sacred Sayings" with Confucian classics such as the "University" and expounded them in popular language, urging everyone to obey them, "Not only do they enjoy welfare, but their descendants will also flourish for a long time." If you are contrary to morality, if you are in the training, you are a stubborn person, the small one is disdainful of the township, the big one will be killed by the law, and the wealth will not be protected! Still in the picture. In Luo Rufang's view, to calm the party, pure customs, moral indoctrination is an indispensable and even the most important means, which is the starting point and purpose of his implementation of the township covenant. He believes that through the moral indoctrination of the township covenant, it can not only receive the effect of protecting the armor; it can also clear the source and straighten out the social atmosphere, just as the so-called "Dun De Li governs the source with cleanliness" and "gathers people's hearts and tends to the trend."
Luo Rufang often gathered local clans at Zhixue Academy to give lectures on the "Township Covenant", combining the concept of mind learning with political indoctrination. For example, when filial piety is mentioned, even prisoners in custody participate in the lecture. There were two brothers in Xuancheng, and because of the uneven distribution of family property, they could not fight for a long time, resulting in the brothers turning against each other, and the lawsuit was appealed to Luo Rufang's case. Luo Rufang, who was lecturing at the Zhixue Academy, said: "This is a place to read and lecture, and if you want to file a lawsuit, please go to the official office." The brothers insisted on not leaving, and Luo Rufang said, "If you want me to judge, you can do it, but you must first listen to my lesson." So, the two brothers were arranged to sit in the back row and listen to the lecture. In view of the actual situation, Luo Rufang temporarily talked about the topic of brothers' mutual friendship, and he said emotionally: "When I see brotherly love and respect, I am even more happy and envious; and when I see brothers quarreling and conflicting because of misunderstandings, my heart is not at peace for a long time." I think that brothers with the same roots can turn obedience into harmony! After saying these words, Luo Rufang shed tears. At this time, the two brothers suddenly hugged each other and cried bitterly, and they took out the lawsuit written in their sleeves and burned it in public. They claim to be villains, and today they have met great sages, can they still be regarded as human beings if they do not change their minds and correct their crimes? They also took out the disputed property and used it for the ancestral fields of the family sacrifices.
In fact, Luo Rufang did not listen or read the words, but moved them with affection and touched them, and the years of accumulated grievances were dissolved, and the brothers respected each other and gave in, and reconciled, which was the most perfect ending. Luo Rufang was well aware that it was difficult for Qing officials to judge family affairs, and it was precisely because they all insisted on their own opinions that they were reasonable, and disputes could not be resolved for a long time, and the best solution was to make them realize their mistakes from the heart: brothers' love and righteousness were far more than the struggle for interests, so that disputes could be resolved from the source.
Useful throughout the ages
During Luo Rufang's stay at the Ningguo Mansion, he was indoctrinated and practiced, and there was no whipping sound in the county hall, and he only lectured on Shuixi and Zhixue, taking the worship of learning and cultivating talents as a lesson. In 1565, Luo Rufang was examined by the officials and received the comment that "Luo Ningguo is a real and good official". Soon, Luo Rufang's father died, and he left Xuancheng to return to his hometown to guard the funeral. The students and scholars of Zhixue College wept goodbye and did not give up. They sang along the road: "During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Royal Palace Jun, the present Ming Dynasty Luo Fu Jun, before and after the Hui De Zheng jun; brothers contended for the field and suddenly became a concession, and the Lingyang layer was heard in the world." "Some people have even been following and sending Luo Rufang to his hometown in Jiangxi."
Most of the scholars who participated in the lectures at Zhixue Academy had a complicated relationship with the teachers of the Mind School, and most of the scholars had at least followed two or more teachers, such as Zha Duo, Zhang Tang, Qi Yan, Gong Anguo, Mei Shoude, Shen Pet, Zhou Yi, and others, who had experience in traveling with Wang Qi and Qian Dehong of Zhejiang Middle School, Wang Geng and Luo Rufang of the Taizhou School, And Zou Shouyi and Ouyang De of the Jiangyou School. Although there are differences in methods among the different schools of mind, they basically share the same views on the two important issues of conscience and non-use.
Mei Shoude, who once served as an official in Zhejiang, Shandong and other places, "regarded true cultivation as a body everywhere, applied things as a matter of course, took Lun Changwu as the original sect, and took the practice of anti-dedication as the field." Wang Jing of Nanling believed that "the study of the Sacred Gate is based on physical practice, and true knowledge is precious." Gong Anguo "studied the principles of life exhaustively, practiced deeds", and taught his disciples to "seek truth from facts, and do not say anything in vain".
Among the students who listened to the lectures at the Zhixue Academy, many people embarked on the path of eunuchs, and they successively became officials in various places, the primary task of protecting the border and the people was the primary task, and the indoctrination of morality and ethics was a method often used.
Zhixue Academy's lectures pay attention to the way of being close to the people, the people, and the daily use of the people, highlighting the "dedication" and "physical use", and using Cheng Zhuzhixue to "practice" and correct the "emptiness" of Wang Xue, so as to achieve "respect for morality and Taoism".
Xuancheng Zhixue Academy is an important place for Luo Rufang to implement the governance of township covenants. Since then, Zhixue College has changed its name many times, and during the Ming Dynasty, the college has been renamed Tongren Guild Hall and Zhengxue College, and during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it has been renamed Jingting College, but the atmosphere of application and anti-dedication has been transformed and passed down from generation to generation. (Source: Learning Times Author: Xia Jianwei)